Review of Education, Administration and Law (REAL) (E-Journal)
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Impact of Environmental Regulation and Sustainable Development on Economic Growth
Full text linkAccess to stable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly power has the potential to raise a country's human development index (HDI). However, there are unforeseen effects to economic growth, such as environmental damage caused by overconsumption of energy. Major changes to the world's ecology have resulted from the growing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. This research delves into the interplay between various energy sources, GDP growth, environmental legislation, sustainable development, and the HDI. The time series data used in this research spans the years 2000–2020. The degree of correlation between two variables may be determined using the Granger causality test. The correlations among the variables, both long-term and short-term, may be determined using the Course Mistake Alteration model. In order to meet the growing need for energy, policymakers should support and promote these renewable liveliness bases as a feasible alternative to traditional energy sources, taking into account the expected results. To reach the goal of reducing carbon emissions by 2030 set by South Asian countries, current environmental laws need to be tightened
Nexus between Women Empowerment and Sustainable Development in Low-Income Countries: Insights from Panel ARDL Model
Full text linkThis analysis investigates the impact of women's empowerment on sustainable development in low-income countries using a panel dataset from 2001 to 2020. For data estimation, panel unit root techniques, Pedroni cointegration test, panel ARDL and causality tests are used. Panel ARDL long-run outcomes point out that the variables women empowerment, human capital, life expectancy at birth, and trade openness are positively and significantly related to sustainable development, while the variable agriculture growth has a negative and significant impact on sustainable development in low-income countries. Keeping in view the study outcomes, it is concluded that women empowerment is playing an important role in influencing sustainable development in low-income countries, so policymakers of these countries need to improve the status of women by providing health, education and employment facilities for women to improve the sustainable development of a country. 
Building Psychological Capital: Role of Perceived Authentic Organization Behavior and Perceived Inclusion
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This study investigates the mediating role of perceived inclusion in the relationship between perceived authentic organizational behavior (AOB) and psychological capital, while examining the moderating influence of leader-member exchange (LMX) on the link between perceived AOB and perceived inclusion. Employing a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were gathered from employees of Islamic banks across six major cities in Pakistan (N=254). Using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS, we tested a moderated mediation model. Results indicated that perceived AOB positively influenced psychological capital through perceived inclusion, which served as a significant mediator in this relationship. However, the moderating effect of LMX on the AOB-inclusion relationship was not supported. This study addresses a notable gap in the literature by examining antecedents of psychological capital, focusing specifically on AOB, rather than the extensively studied construct of authentic leadership. Grounded in social exchange and LMX theories, this research contributes novel insights by applying a moderated mediation model within the distinct context of Islamic banking in Pakistan, offering implications for understanding organizational behavior and employee well-being in culturally specific work settings
Challenges Faced during Teaching Practicum at the University Level: Perspectives of Prospective Teachers
Full text linkTeaching practice is crucial for becoming successful teachers in the future and gaining knowledge on how to teach students effectively. In this regard they faced different challenges during their teaching practice period. This study aimed to understand the major challenges faced by teachers during their teaching practicum period at fifteen universities in District Multan. The researchers used a descriptive research design and surveyed students from three universities: Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, University of Education Lahore (Multan Campus), and Women University Multan. The education department and practicum students were highlighted. The study included 655 students in the department of education and 339 students as a sample. This study used a survey research design to collect data on teaching practicum challenges faced by prospective teachers at the university level. A questionnaire was developed with 39 statements, rank order, and open-ended questions. Supervisors, expert opinions, and a pilot study validated the questionnaire. The results showed acceptable reliability at 0.77 and 0.87, with a response rate of 84.75%. The data was analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic methods, examining teachers' and supervisors' perceptions of challenges and solutions. The study found that prospective teachers face challenges in textbooks, curriculum, school management, administrative support, workload, classroom environment, and lesson planning. Female teachers face more challenges, while inadequate teaching methods and administrative opposition are less common
Punjab Sahulat Bazaars Authority: Pakistan’s Only Statutory Body Transitioned from Company to Authority, with Naveed Rafaqat as the Force Behind this Distinguished Milestone
Full text linkThis paper discusses institutional change at the Punjab Sahulat Bazaars Authority (PSBA) that was a Section 42 company that changed into the only statutory agency that supplied subsidized basic commodities in Pakistan. The study is based on the official records, third-party evaluations, and government publications as the research is conducted with the help of a document-based qualitative methodology with an embedded quantitative analysis to evaluate PSBA in terms of its legal, financial, and operational framework. Results indicate that during the tenure of Naveed Rafaqat Ahmad, PSBA has been doing better than peer institutions in the price control, digital innovation, governance, and service delivery. The major projects are the price relief of up to 35 percent, the system of free home delivery all over the province, solarized bazaars, and the assistance of female traders. Benchmarking information proves the fact that PSBA is at the high level of performance and fiscal efficacy. The paper finds that PSBA transformation is a replicable study on the citizen-led reform within the Pakistani government and how a transformational leadership and legal empowerment strategy can be used to underpin institutional excellence in less-developed economies
Reforming Post-Arrest Bail in Pakistan: Lessons from a Comparative Study with India
Full text linkThis research paper presents a comparative analysis of the legal frameworks governing post-arrest bail in India and Pakistan, with a focus on the statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and procedural safeguards that are involved. Although both states share a common legal heritage which is rooted in British colonial law, however, they have diverged in their approaches to bail, which are influenced by their respective constitutional mandates, legislative developments, and sociopolitical landscapes. This comparison is essential in order to understand how these legal systems are balancing individual rights with societal security and how judicial discretion are shaping bail in each country. For this purpose, this paper examines constitutional provisions besides main statutory provisions of the Indian and Pakistani criminal procedural laws, the role of judicial discretion and evolving jurisprudence of the post-arrest bail. This study offers insights into potential legal reforms, with an aim to enhance fairness and consistency in bail practices, through juxtaposing these principles in India and Pakistan. This study concludes that Pakistan should consider restructuring its bail procedural laws and system, and it suggests reforms taking into account the benefits of India’s progressive legal framework, to ensure consistency, fairness, and the protection of individual rights. This research also recommends future studies on balancing bail and incarceration, through focusing on judicial discretion and the application of the principle of proportionality
Teaching Approaches of Madaris Teachers in Pakistan: A Gender and Location Based Study
Full text linkThe teachers use teaching methods and techniques in their classrooms with clear goals and intentions to teach. These teaching approaches might be teacher-centred, intended to transfer information, or student-focused, intended to change students’ understanding. Apart from various contextual and personal factors, such as gender and institutional location, they can also explain the differences and variations in these teaching approaches. Literature on approaches to teaching in public schools is available. However, there is insufficient literature about Madaris teachers across the globe. In Pakistan, Madaris are parallel educational entities that cater to millions of students. Therefore, the current study identified the teaching approaches of Madaris teachers in relation to the gender and location of Madaris. Under a survey research design, data were collected from 790 Madaris teachers in Punjab. An ANOVA statistical test revealed that the interaction of gender and location could explain the difference in Madaris teachers’ preferred teaching approaches in Madaris in Punjab. Male teachers in rural and urban areas had a higher conceptual change student-focused approach and a higher information transfer teacher-focused approach. The Pakistani government and private sectors should design teaching training programs according to the particular curriculum in Madaris and assist Madaris with instructional teaching reforms.
 
Empowering Small and Medium Enterprises Performance Through Dynamic Marketing Strategies and Innovations
Full text linkThe primary objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of marketing strategies, product innovations, and process innovations on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This research aims to provide insights into the effective utilization of all three of these components in order to achieve a competitive advantage. This study aimed to assess the performance of 210 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by evaluating their sales volume. The participants for this study were selected from the target population as provided by the SMEDA. Descriptive and regression analyses were employed in order to evaluate the effects of innovation. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant impact of both product and process innovations on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, the research conducted revealed a significant impact of marketing strategies on the overall performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In summary, this study highlights the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) incorporating marketing, product, and process innovations in order to fully realize their capabilities and achieve long-term growth. By utilizing these three factors, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can strengthen their position in the market and flourish in the ever-changing business environment.
 
Examining the effect of Ethical Leadership on Psychological Well-being of Employees in the Service Sector Organizations of Lahore, Pakistan
Full text linkThe present study investigates the impact of ethical leadership on the psychological well-being of employees within service sector firms located in Lahore, Pakistan. The current study examined the mediating role of organizational identification. The present study employs strata that are determined by sector and employee level, as it is limited to white-collar workers who possess the ability to provide insights on ethical leadership. The data obtained from a sample of 230 participants was subjected to analysis. The data analysis encompassed various statistical techniques, such as frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. There was a significant correlation observed among the study variables. The impact of ethical leadership extends to the mental well-being of employees. The concept of organizational identification also serves as a mediator in their interaction. Given the study's specific focus on service sector companies, its findings hold significant implications for local industries, particularly the service industry. In the concluding remarks of the study, it is suggested that future researchers may address the limitations identified in this research
Socio-Cultural Determinants of Parental Refusal for Childhood Vaccination: A Semantic and Latent Thematic Analysis
Full text linkIncomplete vaccination coverage is hazardous for the upcoming generations of a country. Child immunization against various vaccine-preventable diseases is a focus all over the world. The vaccination schedule information is a vital component of vaccination coverage, and its failure leads to incomplete immunization among newborns. Education, employment, and urban facilities are also essential for the complete immunization of a child. There is a significant difference in vaccination coverage due to all these factors. The main objective of this study was to explore the reasons for incomplete vaccination coverage due to the factors mentioned earlier, like why the information gap is there and what makes uneducated parents vulnerable to incomplete immunization, and why the urban-rural disparity exists regarding complete vaccination coverage in Punjab, Pakistan. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews of the mothers having at least one child from 1-2 years of age to explore factors responsible for incomplete vaccination coverage. Insufficient vaccination coverage was related to perceived adverse effects, cultural settings, information gap, lifestyle, parental employment and occupation, the risk to the immune system, risk perception about the disease, perception of efficacy, and misconception about vaccination. In-depth interviews proved vital for exploring underlying reasons for incomplete vaccination coverage. The current study explicates the profound views of respondents on why they refuse vaccination for their children. There should be a rigorous focus on increasing awareness of vaccination