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Beta–Lactam Drug Resistance Pattern in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: A Review
Full text linkMethicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious human disease also considered as a chronological developing zoonotic pathogen of common health and in term of veterinary concern. Pyoginic endocariditis, otitis media, food poisoning, pyogenic infection of the soft tissues and the skin, suppurative pneumonia, and osteomyelitis all are prevalent infection of MRSA in people.
MRSA can induce botryomycosis and infected contamination in horses; severe mastitis and pyogenic infection in cattle and ewes with marked toxemia; pustular dermatitis in dogs and cats as well as food poisoning; greasy pig disease in pigs which also called exudative epidermatitis.
A number of multilevel random-effects models were fitted to estimate mean occurrence rates of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, and subgroup analyses were performed to compare antibiotic resistance rates of S. aureus throughout the years and among the methods to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility.
This review provides a comprehensive illustration about MRSA including background, epidemiology, resistance, and others. On other hands, different types of antibiotics have been mentioned in which they have been utilized against S. aureus and their mechanism of action is explained as well. Therefore, this review is helpful by its simpleness and comprehensive contents
NONLINEAR PRESTRESS OF SPACE CABLE NET STRUCTURES
Full text linkCable-net structures are used for many structural purposes, such as stadiums, roofs, bridges…etc. They are lightweight structures that can be used in unique construction at an effective cost. Geometrical nonlinearity governs the performance of cable net systems. This particular system can equilibrate applied loads by undergoing significant deformations with small strains. Therefore, the cable-net structures require to attain a suitable degree of prestressing to prevent cables from slacking and to obtain specific geometry and function. The effective numerical approach is applied for computing the desired level of prestress for a three-dimensional cable-net model and a conical cable-net model. The targeted prestress is achieved considering the nonlinear behavior of cables. The nonlinear member variation is introduced as a second-order function of displaced joints. Then used in determining the desired prestress. Two numerical examples are conducted using the present technique and the nonlinear analysis of SAP2000. Both of the analysis outcomes for the models showed a very well agreement with reaching the target. However, using the Euclidean norm index with a value of 0.0809 in the first example confirmed that the current technique is more approachable to the desired prestress. In addition, when the value of actuation is pre-determined and used in computing the degree of prestress, both the present approach and SAP2000 software work equivalently, as seemed in the second example, which showed 0.04% of the maximum difference in the prestress computation
Laboratory Evaluation of PE, PP, and SBS Polymers as Bitumen Modifiers
Full text linkReactive polymers, such as PE, PP, and SBS, cause a chemical reaction between the polymer and the Bitumen, which can be advantageous for hot-climate asphalt applications. High-density polyethene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) were used to create elastomeric-modified-bitumen mixes. Modified Bitumen's physical and rheological properties were investigated by containing different polymers percentages (2%, 4%, 6%) into 60/70 Bitumen grade. The results of penetration, flash, fire, softening point, viscosity, elastic recovery and Penetration Index tests revealed an increase in elastic behaviour in modified asphalts, as a result of which material properties suitable for highway construction are obtained. According to the results of physical and rheological tests, the temperature range of asphalt increases by adding polymers and increase the permanent resist deformation as well. Penetration Softening and Elastic recovery tests result in the asphalt modification being elastomeric with good performance at intermediate temperatures stage, especially for the KRG region
Improving Grammar Mechanics Among Kurdish EFL Learners: A Case Study
Full text linkAcquiring proficiency in a second language enables learners to interact and communicate effectively in daily situations. Language learners can improve their ability to articulate their thoughts clearly and effectively. Understanding grammar aids learners to use language effectively in written forms. Grammar mechanics is one of the strategies to improve grammar comprehension which could be done through one of the most important instructional procedures, which helps the learners to overcome the challenges during the lessons. The current research aims to investigate the role of teaching intervention in improving grammar comprehension of a group of Kurdish EFL undergraduate learners. A one-group pre-experimental study was conducted to measure participant improvement through pre-test and post-test assessments. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed to analyse the collected data. A Paired Sample T-Test was used to assess the level improvement between pre-test and post-test. The findings indicate a significant improvement in grammar comprehension between the pre-test and post-test results following the teaching intervention. The study provides an insight that the educators can improve the grammar comprehension of the learners using targeted materials in the teaching context, especially for the Kurdish EFL learners
Formulation and Evaluation of Lip Balm Using Different Herbal Pigments
Full text linkBackground: Lip balm is one popular formulation in cosmetic field. The primary role of lip balm is to treat dry lips and prevent their dehydration. Some lip balm utilized chemical-based synthetic dyes causes side effects and has short moisturizing effect compared to the natural formulation. Aim: In current research study, the lip balm batches were prepared with natural pigments to minimize side effects and to maintain the moisturizing effects for long duration. Materials and Methods: The 10 batches of lip balm were formulated using extracted pigment from pigment of Opuntia fruit, pigment of Curcuma longa, pigment of Nyctanthes arbortristis flowers, pigment of Centaurea orientalis flowers and carotene by using fusion method. The ingredients of lip balm include a moisturizer, an emollient, and opacifying agent, antioxidant, antiseptic, SPF (UV-protection). All batches of lip balm were evaluated for pH, softening point, spreading aging stability, texture, color melting point, surface abnormality, perfume stability and skin irritability. Results: All 10 batches of lip balm showed smooth texture and no surface abnormalities. All formulations were stable, convenient, and effective to apply. The perfume was retained during and after aging stability study. Conclusion: It was concluded that the lip balm prepared using herbal pigments also bears ideal characteristic of lip balm
The Role of Medical Representatives in Marketing in the Kurdistan Region: An Evaluation
Full text linkThe medical representative is responsible for increasing product awareness, addressing any inquiries, providing expert advice, and introducing new products to the market. This job requires a high level of knowledge and expertise in the medical field. The purpose of this research is to examine the significance of medical representatives in marketing endeavors within the Kurdistan Region. The study conducted by using an online questionnaire form which consisted of four sections. A group of medical representatives from Kurdistan completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire has four parts. The first component collected participant sociodemographic data. Second, multiple-choice questions covered “The Vital Role of Medical Representatives in Enhancing Pharmaceutical Marketing and Healthcare Professional Engagement.” Third, medical representative marketing effectiveness multiple-choice questions were asked. The fourth portion included open-ended questions concerning medical representatives’ Kurdistan marketing strengths. The participants include 163 people who participated in the study was 76.7 % male and 23.3%female. The correlations between gender and the various aspects of medical representatives’ role and effectiveness are weak, and age group exhibits mostly insignificant correlations. Education level shows mixed correlations with knowledge about the product portfolio and relevant therapeutic areas, but negative correlations with providing valuable feedback. The results show limited correlation with the role of medical representatives, especially in terms of building relationships with healthcare professionals. Assessing communication skills, knowledge of the product portfolio and relevant therapeutic areas, and effectiveness in promoting products among healthcare professionals, the results suggest that higher education might indeed contribute to improved communication skills, knowledge, and effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to examine the significance of medical representatives in marketing endeavors within the Kurdistan Region
Prevalence of denture induced oral mucosal lesions in removable denture wearers
Full text linkBackground: Dentures can cause pathological problems to the oral tissues known as denture-induced mucosal lesions; the most common type is denture stomatitis.
Objective: To estimate the frequency of denture-induced mucosal lesions among denture wearer patients attending oral diagnosis clinic /Faculty of Dentistry in Tishk International University.
Patients and Methods: A patient who uses either removable partial or complete dentures was included. The patient’s gender and age, denture-related data, and oral lesions induced by dentures were evaluated. The data were statistically analyzed using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression.
Results: Oral lesions (23.5%) were more common in males; the lesions found include denture stomatitis, denture hyperplasia, traumatic ulcers, and angular cheilitis. Denture stomatitis was the most common type (7%). The correlation between vertical dimension state and oral lesions was very highly significant.
Conclusion: The major cause of denture-induced mucosal lesions was a change in denture vertical dimension and mostly a reduction in vertical dimension
Genetic Selection Pressure on TLR9 Gene Increases Individual Susceptibility to Systemic Inflammatory Disease: A Case Study of Kano State Population
Full text linkToll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) may recognize and generate an immunological response to DNA double-strand; therefore, its link with experimental and serological lupus symptoms must be investigated. Genetic data on the normal frequencies of the TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism may make it difficult to choose an adequate sample size for case-control association studies. This study investigated how TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism is typically distributed among the people living in Kano, Nigerians. TLR9 (rs187084) polymorphism was examined in a sample of 315 individuals using the polylmerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The mutant allele was more common (67%) and gender-independent. The gradual incidence of changed alleles in both identities suggests the population was chosen to survive tuberculosis (TB) and malaria. Though increased TLR9 expression is protective against infections, it might likewise play a part in the development of inflammatory disorders. The high frequency of TLR9 (rs187084) over-expression in Kano State residents may be the result of genetic adaptation to the state's common infectious and parasitic diseases. This is thought to be the outcome of interactions among genetic factors and the terrain. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders have been linked to this genetic plasticity. Sample sizes for future case-control studies can be determined using the current data. However, to further understand the link between the TLR9-rs187084 variation and the risk of systemic inflammatory diseases, functional investigations might be undertaken
Prevalence and Severity of Dental Attrition in a Sample of Kurdish Patients in Erbil City
Full text linkTooth attrition is a non-caries lesion worn off the tooth's incisal and occlusal surface and belongs to the wasting disease group. This study aims to determine the prevalence and severity of tooth attrition concerning gender, age groups, and tooth-grinding habits in a sample of Kurdish patients in Erbil. The research encompasses 176 cases from both genders (88 males, 88 females) clinically examined for attrition. The result demonstrates that 93% of all participants have at least one sign of attrition. In other words, 97% of patients within the age group of 40 years and older suffered from the prevalence of dental attrition. Meanwhile, the number decreases to only 90% of patients for the age group of less than 40 years.
Furthermore, the mean attrition scores of males and females were 0.85 and 0.76, respectively. Patients who experienced tooth grinding exhibited a higher mean of attrition than those who did not. To sum up, this study proves that older individuals had more severe attrition affecting both enamel and dentine, while younger ones predominantly showed enamel-only attrition. Males experienced higher attrition rates than females, and bruxism correlated with increased attrition
Examining the Synergistic Impact of Cross-Cultural Communication and Virtual Reality on Young Adults’ English Language Proficiency
Full text linkThe demand for English language proficiency has developed significantly as the world gets interconnected nowadays. In the meantime, a variety of technological tools such as Virtual Reality (VR) have emerged to help increase the demand for learning and business experiences. This review study synthesized existing literature in the relevant field and examined the synergistic impact of implementing VR tools and cross-cultural communication (CCC) in developing the English language skills of young adult learners. This review paper explores the benefits, challenges, and limitations of VR and CCC intersection in the language learning context concentrated on young adults. It also showcased that young adult learners are highly engaged and motivated in expanding their English language skills when they are exposed to the world that counterparts the one real. However, alongside the positive impact of CCC and VR in the language teaching setting, some challenges and limitations such as accessibility, the need for pedagogical frameworks, and ethical implications have been highlighted