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The Use of One Sample t-Test in the Real Data
Get PDFThe t-statistic is the ratio of the departure of the estimated value of a parameter from its hypothesized value to its standard error. The term "t-statistic" is abbreviated from "hypothesis test statistic". It was first derived as a posterior distribution in 1876 by Helmertand Lüroth. The purpose of this research is to study the t-test, especially the one sample t-test to determine if the sample data come from the same population. The grade points average (GPA) of the students for the second, third, and fourth grades of the Department of Mathematics Education, Tishk International University are used. The one sample t test is used to predict the GPA of the students for the second, third, and the fourth grades respectively, in addition to the overall average scores for the three grades. The 95% confidence interval for the true population average is also conducted
The effects of various drying techniques on physicochemical and nutritional qualities of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffaL.) calyx
Get PDFThe calyx of the roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has been extensively studied for its anthocyanins. Roselle calyces are exceedingly perishable, making the process of drying and extracting them without sacrificing quality quite difficult. Similarly, there are several commercial drying procedures available, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks on nutritional and physicochemical qualities in the final product. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of sun, oven and freeze drying on the physico-chemical and nutritional properties of roselle calyx. The antioxidant (%RSA), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and their HPLC identification, physico-chemical as well as proximate composition were determined. The results showed that freeze drying increased the drying rate significantly and re-tained the antioxidant activity (32 mg/100 g QE) then fresh calyx, sun and oven drying, freeze-dried calyx also have higher TAC (176.9 mg/l) than sun and oven dried calyx, the HPLC analysis revealed two anthocyanidin cyani-dine glucoside and cyanidin sambubioside. phytochemicals and proximate of roselle calyces were higher in freeze-dried than oven and sun drying tech-niques employed. The findings demonstrated that freeze drying the roselle calyces preserve their quality characteristics
Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr—A Systematic Review
Get PDFHistorically, natural products have been the principal source of medications for the treatment of human diseases. Traditional medical practitioners employ Detarium microcarpum as a treatment for diabetes, malaria, wounds, inflammation, and even cancer. This study emphasizes the importance of harmonizing D. microcarpum research so that results from various sources may be directly compared to reach a scientific conclusion. We searched Google Scholar, Science Direct, Google.com, Wiley, PubMed, Hindawi, and Springer for research papers on Detarium microcarpum. This analysis excludes untrustworthy online data, thesis papers, and review publications on D. microcarpum. The leaves and stem bark were shown to have high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. The study also discovered that too much consumption is harmful. Polyphenols and flavonoids were the most commonly reported compounds. However, human safety and efficacy are yet to be fully evaluated, and further well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm preclinical findings. The leaves and stem bark extracts and isolated compound mechanism of action should be investigated. It is necessary to set a standard dose and ensure its safety
Exosomal circular RNA: a signature for lung cancer progression
Get PDFMembrane vesicles having a diameter of 30–150 nm are known as exosomes. Several cancer types secrete exosomes, which may contain proteins, circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs, or DNA. CircRNAs are endogenous RNAs that do not code for proteins and can create continuous and covalently closed loops. In cancer pathogenesis, especially metastasis, exosomal circRNAs (exo-circRNAs) have a crucial role mainly due to the frequently aberrant expression levels within tumors. However, neither the activities nor the regulatory mechanisms of exo-circRNAs in advancing lung cancer (LC) are obvious. A better understanding of the regulation and network connections of exo-circRNAs will lead to better treatment for LCs. The main objective of the current review is to highlight the functions and mechanisms of exo-circRNAs in LC and assess the relationships between exo-circRNA dysregulation and LC progression. In addition, underline the possible therapeutic targets based on exo-circRNA modulating
Investigating the physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of curcumin employing density functional theory and gastric protection
Get PDFThe extraction, isolation as well as theoretical investigation of Cumcuma Xanthoriz (cxz) molecule was evaluated to ascertain the physicochemical properties (pc) of the investigated compound. The plant extracts were isolated and characterized using NMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis Spectroscopy study. Pre-geometry characterization as well as theoretical analysis were performed within the frame of density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311++ G (d,p) level of theory. Global descriptors were calculated at the same level of theory to ascertain the molecular stability, chemical reactivity of the investigated molecules. Stabilization studies was conducted to properly evaluate the stability of the complex and as such, the result obtained divulged that the charge delocalization from sigma (σ) to anti-sigma (σ*) molecular orbital contributed chiefly to the molecular stability of the studied compound. The calculated UV-Vis spectroscopy study reveal that all absorption spectrum occurred at the visible region (400nm-700nm) which correlate with the experimental ʎmax obtained. Excitation of CXZ was observed to emanate from π→π*electronic transition. Result from the topology and admet properties explicates that CXZ molecule exhibited good ADMET properties and therefore suggests its suitability as potential plant based drug
Constituents, Enantiomeric Content, and ChE Inhibitory Activity of the Essential Oil from Hypericum laricifolium Juss. Aerial Parts Collected in Ecuador
Get PDFThe physical properties, chemical composition, enantiomer distribution, and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity were determined for a steam-distilled essential oil (EO), with a yield of 0.15 ± 0.05 % (w/w), from H. laricifolium aerial parts, collected in southern Ecuador. The oil qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by GC-EIMS and GC-FID techniques, using two capillary columns containing a non-polar 5%-phenyl-methylpolysiloxane and a polar polyethylene glycol stationary phase, respectively. The main constituents (>10%) detected on the two columns were, respectively, limonene (24.29, 23.16%), (E)-β-ocimene (21.89, 27.15%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (12.88, 16.03%). The EO enantioselective analysis was carried out using a column based on 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin. Two mixtures of chiral monoterpenes were detected containing (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (ee = 83.68%), and (S)-(-)-limonene (ee = 88.30%) as the major enantiomers. This finding led to some hypotheses about the existence in the plant of two enantioselective biosynthetic pathways. Finally, the EO exhibited selective inhibitory effects in vitro against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (IC50 = 36.80 ± 2.40 µg/mL), which were about three times greater than against acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 106.10 ± 20.20). Thus, the EO from Ecuadorian H. laricifolium is an interesting candidate for investigating the mechanism of the selective inhibition of BuChE and for discovering novel drugs to manage the progression of Alzheimer’s disease
Plant Use Adaptation in Pamir: Sarikoli Foraging in the Wakhan Area, Northern Pakistan
Get PDFThe study recorded the food uses of wild food plants (WFPs) among the Sarikoli diaspora and the dominant Wakhi in Broghil Valley, North Pakistan, to understand their food adaptation, mainly by looking through the lens of food ethnobotanies. A total of 30 participants took part in the study, which included 15 elderly individuals from each ethnic group. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. We recorded 29 WFPs, mostly used as cooked vegetables and snacks. The food uses, as well as the local plant nomenclatures, linked to WFPs of the two studied groups were completely homogenized, which could be attributed to the cultural assimilation of the Sarikoli people to Wakhi culture. We found that although traditional knowledge on WFPs has been homogenized, social change in nearby regions is also threatening the traditional knowledge of the two communities, as evidenced by the smaller number of plants reported compared to that of all other field ethnobotanical studies conducted in nearby regions. Moreover, the growth of legal restrictions and sanctions on accessing natural resources are posing serious challenges to cultural resilience in the valley, and the restrictions on cross-border movement in particular are creating challenges for those who have cross-border kinship relationships between the two groups. We suggest specific measures, such as the promotion of food tourism and educational activities, to protect traditional knowledge and bicultural heritage from further erosion in the region
The Students' Attitude on Using Social Network Site (SNS) in their Academic Life in University
Get PDFIn recent years, the usage of social network websites has become popular because of the extreme development of technology and massive use by users. Consequently, the public has transformed into an enormous user of social network websites. At present, the Internet, precisely Social Network Site (SNS), has a prodigious effect on the university academic life and education system. The crucial point behind implementing this research was to realize and explain the students' educational outcomes that engage in social networking sites for the majority of their time as well as to learn about students' perspectives regarding the usage of technology in their academic lives at the university level then students' opinions were examined. The quantitative research methods were managed in this study, and questionnaires were administered to accumulate quantitative data with students. The research participants comprised 105 students in the computer science department – university of Sulaimani in the north of Iraq. This research has exposed that most students positively think about social network sites that spend most of their time on it daily. They use it for academic purposes to share and generate new ideas related to their studies. On the other hand, they use it for having fun and entertainment with their friends
The Effects of Online Supervisory Feedback on Student-Supervisor Communications during the COVID-19
Get PDFThis study focuses on online supervisory written feedback on PhD supervisees’ performance, given explicitly through online communication, particularly during the first wave of COVID-19. This unusual situation has brought many different effects on students’ academic lives. This scenario has influenced both students’ and teachers’ mutual communication. A directed qualitative content analysis (DQCA) approach was adapted from previous research and modified for the present context. The current study planned to bring forth the supervisee and supervisors’ perception of the communication and feedback process, considering that online feedback and communication has been a new experience for most students. According to the findings, teachers/supervisors give feedback on students’ production, whereas teacher-student communication also seemed crucial for the performance improvising of learners. The result brought forth a wide range of social, educational, and surprisingly psychological issues both supervisees and supervisors faced during online communication during COVID-19
Bio-Active Compounds from Teucrium Plants Used in the Traditional Medicine of Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Get PDFHerbal medicine is still widely practiced in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq, especially by people living in villages in mountainous regions. Seven taxa belonging to the genus Teucrium (family Lamiaceae) are commonly employed in the Kurdish traditional medicine, especially to treat jaundice, stomachache and abdominal problems. We report, in this paper, a comprehensive account about the chemical structures and bioactivities of most representative specialized metabolites isolated from these plants. These findings indicate that Teucrium plants used in the folk medicine of Iraqi Kurdistan are natural sources of specialized metabolites that are potentially beneficial to human health