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Abnormality of geothermal gradients in Iraqi western desert inferred from borehole temperatures
Get PDFGeothermal gradient is an important tool in petroleum exploration and critical to several reservoir evaluations. Borehole Temperature data from 14 wells are utilized to find the geothermal tendency of the Western Desert in Iraq. The discrepancies in geothermal gradients throughout the area are a consequence of variability of sediment's thermal conductivity, direction of groundwater flow, fault pattern, and heat generation. High value converts liquid hydrocarbon to dry gas and low value will not help organic matter to reach maturity level. The lowest gradient within the units above Palaeozoic Era's section is 12.2 °C/km for well KH-9/7 in the eastern part of the area and the highest is 31.3 °C/km for well KH-5/4 in the middle part of the region. Whereas, the highest geothermal gradient which is 61.0 °C/km within the Palaeozoic section is recorded within Akkas Formation in 2100-2350 m subsurface. The mean geothermal gradient in Western Desert is 26 °C/km within the units younger than the Palaeozoic, but this average rises up to 40 °C/km within Palaeozoic units due to existence of Silurian hot shales and heat flow from the Proterozoic section especially from Halaban Group andesites
The impact of channel fin width on electrical characteristics of Si-FinFET
Get PDFThis paper studies the impact of fin width of channel on temperature and electrical characteristics of fin field-effect transistor (FinFET). The simulation tool multi-gate field effect transistor (MuGFET) has been used to examine the FinFET characteristics. Transfer characteristics with various temperatures and channel fin width (WF=5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 nm) are at first simulated in this study. The results show that the increasing of environmental temperature tends to increase threshold voltage, while the subthreshold swing (SS) and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) rise with rising working temperature. Also, the threshold voltage decreases with increasing channel fin width of transistor, while the SS and DIBL increase with increasing channel fin width of transistor, at minimum channel fin width, the SS is very near to the best and ideal then its value grows and going far from the ideal value with increasing channel fin width. So, according to these conditions, the minimum value as possible of fin width is the preferable one for FinFET with better electrical characteristics
Synthesis of [1,4]Oxathiepino[5,6-b]quinolines via Base-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation
Get PDFA base-mediated intramolecular hydroalkoxylation that was
used to prepare a series of seven-membered S,O-heterocycles is de�scribed. 2-Thiopropargyl-3-hydroxymethyl quinolines were prepared
starting from 2-mercaptoquinoline-3-carbaldehydes, via S-propargyla�tion and reduction of a formyl group. Interestingly, 2-mercaptopropar�gyl-3-hydroxymethyl quinolines were converted into the corresponding
oxathiepinoquinolines in the presence of t-BuOK. It is proposed that the
S-propargyl moiety, in the presence of base, is converted into its allenyl
isomer; subsequent addition of a hydroxyl group to the terminal double
bond yields the 3-methyl-5H-[1,4]oxathiepino[5,6-b]quinoline in good
to high yield. Notably, the procedure is adaptable to the conversion of
N-propargyl indole-2-methanol into the corresponding intramolecular
hydroalkoxylation product
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Governance
Get PDFSmart cities are the new relevant entities in urban planning concept that are economically, socially, ecologically, politically relevant and, of course, culturally relevant as well. A strong urban infrastructure, service management layout aims to create a digital blueprint which is a very backbone of the smart cities. AI short for Artificial intelligence has been under development since 1950´s with the availability of rapid information, and communication data collection. AI is said to be the biggest disruptor of all times; Thus, AI market has grown substantially over the last decade and it´s expected to grow 20% annually over the next few years (Liu, 2020). AI may even evoke many different opinions and science fiction images in us. Some may perceive AI as a threat, and some may fear that artificial intelligence will take their jobs in the future. Threat images may have been painted in people’s minds because not enough is simply known about AI, as well as the benefits that mankind can achieve with the solution to many health, economic, and security problems in future smart cities. The variety of integration of different innovations that serve humankind in smart cities provides another level of support for its users while boosting the socio-economic development of any city into a competitive one. The smart cities of tomorrow work as a collected layers of information matrix with complex capacity of innovations controlled by main information, and communication technology known as (ICT)´s. To offer high-quality services system, smart cities aim to create sustainable, cost-efficient, and safe environments with the help of AI to augment shortages in a growing city. In this paper we will discuss AI´s role in the improvement of service system for high quality living standard and social perspective of cities that we are seeing today. This paper´s objective is to highlight how AI will impact urban planning in governmental aspect, and over all planning profession? How can AI be benefited to ensure equitable outcome for service management in smart cities? This paper explains the processes of planning, maintaining, and operating in urban infrastructure level in smart cities. Namely, first, the distinction of service system that are being provided based on performance of urban infrastructure systems. Secondly, the emerging role of the information and communication technologies known as ICT´s that has become known as digital blueprint for smart cities. Lastly, the important steps in managerial and governments consideration which are necessary to unleash the potential ability of AI in smart cities
Parametric Study of Concrete Dam Stability in the Case of Gallery and Tailwater Existence
Get PDFA concrete gravity dam can simply be defined as a large structure constructed of concrete that
can hold back and also store a large amount of water. Since it is held by gravity to the ground, the stability
of the massive concrete dam depends on its weight. Concrete dam is subjected to many kinds of static and
hydrodynamic forces which need considering design under different circumstances to satisfy the safety
requirements. The shape of the dam is essential to settle the stability of the dam regarding the major forces
and stresses. As the stability of the concrete dam depends on its weight, which in turn depends on the
shape of the dam as concrete density is constant, the initial design using the preliminary section of the dam
does not certainly lead to obtaining safety factors for the different failure modes. Therefore, this requires
an increase in the dam base which consequently increases the dam weight and provides safety
requirements. In this paper, the concrete dam was designed for different values of the storage water level,
tailwater depths, in addition to the presence of the gallery in the dam. The stability analysis for the most
common modes of failure is carried out by the Microsoft Excel program, and all the relevant safety factors
have been satisfied for the cases gallery existence and different tailwater depths. The results show that
tailwater has a significant effect on additional base part values required for safety in addition, this effect
is extended obviously on the upstream values of shear and principal stresses. Many regression equations
have been obtained from results analysis to facilitate the estimation of additional parts and the main
stresses
COMMUTATIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH EULER SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Get PDFWe study commutativity and the sensitivity of the second-order Euler differential equation. The necessary and sufficient conditions for commutativity of the second-order Euler differential equation are considered. Moreover, the stability, the robustness, and the effect due to disturbance on the second-order Euler linear time-varying system (LTVS) are investigated. An example is given to support the results. The results are well verified using the Matlab Simulink toolbox
Agility through Product design in the era of Industry 4.0
Get PDFIndustry 4.0 demands the aggressive implementation of IT and communication devices and infrastructure to integrate machines in the factories so as to execute the operations with the characteristics namely interoperability and flexibility at unimaginable high speed. This kind of facility will enable companies to design and manufacture products for supplying to the individual customers. By implementing industry 4.0 enablers, mass customization is achieved. Mass customization is an outcome of implementing agile manufacturing paradigm. Obviously, this derivation implies that application of Industry 4.0 will enable the companies to implement agile manufacturing paradigm by acquiring agility. Though accomplishment of this goal is going to help the industries to flourish, attaining this goal is going to be a challenge. The major challenge is that the designing of products has to be carried out to tune with the requirements of the Industry 4.0 requirements. This challenge is addressed in this article by indicating the actions to be executed for this purpose and presenting a case study
Comparison of Cephalometric Measurements of On-Screen Images by CephX Software and Hard-Copy Printouts by Conventional Manual Tracing
No full textNewer diagnostic methods have become widespread in medicine nowadays as a result of extraordinary advancements in the field of electronics. On computers, various orthodontic programs are available as software. When it comes to orthodontics, diagnosis is critical, with the radiographic study being the most important phase. The goal of this research was to assess the level of liability of direct digital radiograph tracing using CephX and compare with hand tracing digital printouts and evaluate the two techniques concerning measurement reproducibility of individual methods. The material consisted of 25 digital lateral cephalometric images, fourteen linear and angular parameters were measured by a single operator digitally and manually. The intraclass correlation coefficient and confidence interval were used to compare the difference of the measurements obtained from manual and digital tracings, and intra-examiner error was evaluated by the coefficient of variation. A comparison of hand and CephX tracing showed a low level of agreement in the anterior facial height, anterior and posterior cranial base length. Only of (LI to A-Pog) line for both manual and digital methods showed poor intra-examiner duplicability. Thus, it can be concluded that digital tracing with CephX is adequate for clinical uses and similar to manual cephalometric tracings
A Tiny Look at Hizmet (Service) Movement Teachers’ Diplomatic Mission
Get PDFDiplomacy is the profession or activity of a country's representatives abroad responsible for preserving peaceful ties with other countries. In this context, Hizmet movement teachers are considered in charge of representing their country in another country to build peace bridges. This article emphasizes that ‘Hizmet’ movement teachers work like diplomats overseas, and their performance shapes the diplomacy in communication wherever they are
Mechanistic Analysis of Chemically Diverse Bromodomain-4 Inhibitors Using Balanced QSAR Analysis and Supported by X-ray Resolved Crystal Structures
Get PDFBromodomain-4 (BRD-4) is a key enzyme in post-translational modifications, transcriptional activation, and many other cellular processes. Its inhibitors find their therapeutic usage in cancer, acute heart failure, and inflammation to name a few. In the present study, a dataset of 980 molecules with a significant diversity of structural scaffolds and composition was selected to develop a balanced QSAR model possessing high predictive capability and mechanistic interpretation. The model was built as per the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines and fulfills the endorsed threshold values for different validation parameters (R2tr = 0.76, Q2LMO = 0.76, and R2ex = 0.76). The present QSAR analysis identified that anti-BRD-4 activity is associated with structural characters such as the presence of saturated carbocyclic rings, the occurrence of carbon atoms near the center of mass of a molecule, and a specific combination of planer or aromatic nitrogen with ring carbon, donor, and acceptor atoms. The outcomes of the present analysis are also supported by X-ray-resolved crystal structures of compounds with BRD-4. Thus, the QSAR model effectively captured salient as well as unreported hidden pharmacophoric features. Therefore, the present study successfully identified valuable novel pharmacophoric features, which could be beneficial for the future optimization of lead/hit compounds for anti-BRD-4 activity