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Assessing the combination of three plant species: Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Damask Rose (Rosa damascena), and Stachys lavandulifolia vahl, to determine their synergistic effects on antimicrobial properties
Full text linkPlants, through their metabolic processes, produce phytochemicals commonly consumed in traditional medicine and nutrition for their potential health benefits. This study explores the biological and pharmacological evaluation of three distinct plant species: Stachys lavandulifolia vahl (mountain tea), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Damask Rose (Rosa damascena). The primary focus is on assessing the synergistic effects of combining these plants and determining their impact on antimicrobial properties. The chemical structures of active compounds derived from these plants are presented, with a detailed classification based on their properties. The extract in our study showed strong antimicrobial activity against multiple microorganisms particularly S. epidermidis and E. coli with the inhibition zone 51 and 50 mm respectively. This analysis provides valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of these plants and their active compounds, thereby contributing to an enhanced understanding of their medicinal properties
A REVIEW ON DEVELOPMENT OF COLON TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Full text linkThe purpose of this review was to select a promising drug delivery system for colon diseases. This review covers the development of Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System (CTDDS) using 36 y (1986-2022) data from various research and review articles. All fig. designed using by BioRender website. vThe colon-targeted drug delivery systems developed for the specific site drug delivery which applied for both local and systemic actions of the drug; since the drug targeted to be release within the colon, the unwanted systemic side effects are reduced along with it. Systemic side effects include organ damage, respiratory diseases and, cardiovascular damage and other illnesses. Colon-targeted drug delivery system used in the treatment of diseases in the colon, including ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer. The benefit of colon-targeted drug delivery besides the reduction of side effects also include protection from premature drug release or burst in the stomach or small intestine before reaching the colon. For the development of drugs with such benefits and advantages, drug delivery systems and approaches have used for Colon targeted drug delivery systems, varying from conventional colon-targeting drug delivery systems to novel approaches for Colon-targeted drug delivery systems. Conventional drug delivery includes the use of prodrugs, pH-dependent, time-dependent, matrix-based systems, polysaccharides-derived systems, and bio-adhesive system while novel approaches include types such as port system, pulsincap system, pressure-controlled system, osmotic controlled system, CODES, and the newest approach wish is the use of nanotechnology in colon targeted drug delivery. In this research both techniques reviewed, and their types discussed as well. The limitation of their uses and the advantage of each system discussed with a breakdown of the different mechanisms used to formulate such systems. A successful colon targeting delivery can release the drug to a specific segment in colon due to presence of different colonic enzymes formed by microorganisms that metabolize drug carrier linkage. Use of combined approaches i.e., conventional systems and newer approaches may be the best way to cure colon diseases using an optimized colon drug delivery system
The Legal Framework Issue of International Commercial Arbitration in Iraq
Full text linklife, including commerce, when Confronted with a more intricate problem, in this case, arbitration becomes a sound option to adjudicate between the parties to an international commercial contract. In this research, researcher intend to disclose the significance of international commercial arbitration legal framework and its method of solving commercial disputes in Iraq as an alternative to court litigation
Navigating Chinese Hegemony: Assessing its Impact on International Order, State Sovereignty, and Territorial Integrity
Full text linkThe international order has been always relying on the fundamentals of states sovereignty and territorial integrity to have a stable and peaceful arena for all the different actors to engage each other, the paper focuses on the period of the post second world war American led order and how they established a system based on liberalism, in terms of human rights and the right of self-determination, with an emphasis on territorial integrity. The United States has sought to navigate these norms by outlining the circumstances in which one principle should be prioritized over the other, creating some sort of fogginess about the destiny of a lot of stateless nations. In addition, the paper seeks to examine through qualitative research framework, the alternative hegemonic system if China once becomes the hegemon and leads the international system, whether it is going to provide better opportunities for a lot of stateless nations, such as the Kurds, for example, to seek independence or it would prioritize territorial integrity over self-determination
STATICAL NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF SPHERICAL ASSEMBLIES UTILIZING PADE APPROXIMATION
Full text linkA new numerical technique for computing the displacement and internal force is presented and applied to the double-layer spherical model. This numerical approach takes into consideration the geometrical nonlinear response of the pin-jointed rigid systems. The presented method performs a practical way of employing the large deformation within the elastic limit for analyzing space structures. In the proposed technique the nonlinear geometrical response of the assembly is modeled and analyzed as a system of algebraic nonlinear equations. The Pade approximation method is conducted in the derivation to give a high rate of convergent ratio in solving the nonlinear equations. The result is validated using the nonlinear finite element software SAP2000 and the linear force method. The discrepancies between the proposed technique and SAP2000 analysis results for external nodal displacement difference and internal element force difference are computed and compared with the linear technique outcomes. The Euclidean norm index is also used to test the precision of calculated nonlinear nodal displacements. The findings showed more closeness to nonlinear SAP2000 results than the linear method
Flavonoids-rich extract of Aframomum melegueta (black pepper) improves antioxidant status and modulates aging process in lead-induced neurotoxic Drosophila melanogaster
Full text linkThere are insufficient shreds of evidence to support the longevity benefits of Aframomum melegueta-derived flavonoids. The present study focused on the investigation of the activity of flavonoid-rich extract in the neurotoxic Drosophila melanogaster model, where behavioral, biochemical, and molecular procedures were conducted to evaluate the activities and expression of phase II antioxidants and age-related enzymes. The extract was administered to fruit flies at doses of 3 and 5 mg/g over a period of seven days with subsequent exposure to 0.1 µg/g diet lead oxide for an equivalent number of days. The flies were homogenized for bioassays. The expression and activities of the phase II antioxidant and age-related enzymes were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess the oxidative and longevity effects of the extract. Enhancement in locomotor function and flies’ emergence were observed as the outcomes of behavioral assay. The extract also hindered the detrimental effects of Pb by increasing the activities and gene expression levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase with concurrent inhibition of AChE activity and expression in the toxic environment. These findings shed light on the mechanism through which the extract inhibits lead-induced toxicity in D. Melanogaster, which may have potential implications for human subjects
Anti H. pylori, anti-secretory and gastroprotective effects of Thymus vulgaris on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Sprague Dawley rats
Full text linkThe objectives of the present study were to evaluate the acute toxicity, gastroprotective, therapeutic, anti-inflammatory and anti H. pylori activities of T. vulgaris total plant extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were divided into five groups i.e G-1 (Normal Control), Group 2 (ulcer control) were administered orally with 0.5% Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), Group 3 (omeprazole treated) was administered orally with 20 mg/kg of omeprazole and Groups 4 and 5 (Low dose and High dose of the extract) were administered orally with 250, and 500 mg/ kg of Thymus vulgaris extract, respectively. After 1 hour, the normal group was orally administered with 0.5% CMC (5 ml/kg), whereas absolute alcohol (5ml/ kg) was orally administered to the ulcer control group, omeprazole group, and experimental groups. Stomachs were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Grossly, rats pre-treated with T. vulgaris demonstrated significantly decreased ulcer area and an increase in mucus secretion and pH of gastric content compared with the ulcer control group. Microscopy of gastric mucosa in the ulcer control group showed severe damage to gastric mucosa with edema and leukocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer. However, rats pretreated with omeprazole or Thyme vulgaris exhibited a mild to moderate disruption of the surface epithelium and lower level of edema and leukocyte infiltration of the submucosal layer. The T. vulgaris extract caused up-regulation of Hsp70 protein, down-regulation of Bax protein, and intense periodic acid Schiff uptake of the glandular portion of the stomach. Gastric mucosal homogenate of rats pre-treated with T. vulgaris exhibited significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly decreased. Based on the results showed in this study, Thymus vulgaris extract can be proposed as the safe medicinal plants for use and it has considerable gastroprotective potential via stomach epithelium protection against gastric ulcers and stomach lesions
Sulfur- and DABCO-Promoted Reaction between Alkylidene Rhodanines and Isothiocyanates: Access to Aminoalkylidene Rhodanines
Full text linkIn this work, an efficient sulfur- and DABCO-promoted reaction for the synthesis of aminoalkylidene rhodanines from available alkylidene rhodanines and isothiocyanates is reported. A tandem process including sulfurative annulation/ring-opening by liberation of a CS2 molecule/olefination allows the synthesis of aminoalkylidene rhodanines with acceptable functional group tolerance. Chemo- and stereoselectivity, operational simplicity, and synthetically useful yields are some highlighted advantages of these transformations
The Effectuality of Reading Circle Method on Comprehension and Motivation: A Case Study in A 6th Class
Full text linkThis study aimed to determine the way and to what extent the reading activities with the reading circle improve the students' reading comprehension skills, vocabulary banks, and their reading skills while learning a new language. The research was planned among 16 volunteer students from the 6th grade of Ishik Brayaty Primary School in Erbil. In the study, the students were asked to choose a literary work to read, and to make the study more productive, the students participating in the research were asked to take the same task with a friend of their choice. Thus, 8 groups were formed. Afterwards, they were asked to discuss their responsibilities with other friends at different meetings. Each student fulfilled his/her own task and opened the discussion at the next meeting. After the end of the readings, the results of the students were evaluated with the exams. At the end of the study, the first observed point is that students' deciding what to read increases their motivation. Afterward, it was a motivating feature for each student to take some responsibility for the story they read and to discuss them in different meetings, which supported their self-confidence. The second observed point is that students benefit from the reading process in many ways if the principles required by the reading circle method are fulfilled. In addition, according to the different test results obtained, it was seen that the students remembered the story they read more clearly and read it successfully. Therefore, it has been determined that students benefit from the reading process in many ways if the principles required by the reading circle method are fulfilled
The Positive Effect of Technology-Integrated Teaching on Students’ Grammar Learning
Full text linkThe primary aim of this study is to examine and assess the impact of technology-integrated education on students’ acquisition of grammatical skills. In this context, thirty students participated in this study; the stratified sampling method allocated 15 intermediate-level students to the control group, while another 15 students were assigned to the experimental groups. To assess the grammar proficiency of both groups at the start of the study, a pre-test was administered. The control group received traditional grammatical education centered around books, while the experimental group received grammar education utilizing mobile phones, smart boards, and technological applications. Although the pre-test analyses conducted at the start of the study did not reveal any notable distinction between the two groups, the post-test analyses using SPSS-7 and t-statistics calculations indicated a significant difference of .001 between the two groups. The control group experienced a 12.17% gain in grammatical level, while the experimental group showed a higher increase of 27.25%. Upon concluding the study, during the interview analysis conducted with the students, they expressed that technology-integrated grammar education is beneficial due to its flexibility, immediate feedback, and inclusion of video clips, quizzes, and sample essays pertaining to grammar