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The doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect: Concept and scope of application
Full text linkThis study examines the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as a transformative framework within contemporary international law, particularly in contexts marked by mass atrocity crimes such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The research aims to examine the conceptual foundations of R2P, its legal and normative pillars, mechanisms of implementation, and the evolving relationship between national sovereignty and international responsibility.
It employs a qualitative legal analysis based on the study, which investigates primary sources including UN documents, international conventions, and judicial precedents, as well as secondary literature in Arabic and English. It critically analyzes the conditions under which R2P may be activated, including the occurrence of grave human rights violations and the inability or unwillingness of states to provide protection.
The findings reveal that R2P has shifted the paradigm of sovereignty from exclusive control to functional responsibility. While the doctrine has gained global legitimacy, its practical implementation faces persistent challenges such as politicization, resource limitations, and inconsistent application. The study concludes that effective operationalization of R2P requires institutional reform within the UN system, early warning mechanisms, and a balanced approach to its three pillars: prevention, response, and rebuilding. The paper offers actionable recommendations to enhance both national and international capacities in fulfilling the doctrine’s protective mandate
Reinterpreting pluralism: A critical exegetical and intellectual analysis in contemporary Islamic thought
Full text linkIn the face of intensifying currents of globalization and increasingly complex human interactions, the issue of pluralism has emerged as one of the most significant challenges in contemporary Islamic thought. This phenomenon is not confined to the theological realm but extends into social, cultural, and political dimensions that comprehensively impact the Muslim community. The diversity of interpretations of Qur\u27anic verses related to pluralism has given rise to a broad spectrum of understandings, reflecting both the intellectual richness and the complexity of the challenges faced by modern Muslims. This research aims to conduct an in-depth study of the concept of pluralism from the perspective of Qur\u27anic exegesis and the thought of contemporary Muslim scholars, with a focus on the discourse developing within the Indonesian context. By analyzing diverse interpretations, examining the views of proponents and critics, and exploring contextually relevant models of pluralism, this study seeks to build a strong theoretical foundation and offer practical contributions. The expected contributions include the development of a more dynamic and inclusive Islamic thought, the enhancement of interreligious harmony, and the provision of data-driven policy recommendations to assist stakeholders in supporting a pluralistic and just society
Reconstructing the epistemology of classical Islamic dream interpretation: A critical examination of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Thought in the Book of Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb
Full text linkThe tradition of dream interpretation in classical Islam developed through a symbolic-transmissionist approach that relied heavily on narrations from the Prophet Muhammad and early scholars. This formed a rigid interpretation pattern and gives less space for rational and contextual approaches. This research aims to analyze and formulate Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s thoughts in Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb related to the methodology of dream interpretation. This research is a qualitative study with a library research approach using content analysis and historical-hermeneutic approach to the text of Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb as the primary source. The findings show that al-Rāzī developed a synthesis between spiritual and psychological aspects in interpreting dreams and emphasized the importance of rationality and individual experience in the interpretation process. The approach proposed is systematic-analytical and can be applied across the social and psychological context of the dreamer. Thus, al-Rāzī’s thought offers a new epistemological framework that expands the horizons of dream interpretation in Islam that is more contextual and scientific
Magic realism and its afterlives in African Literature: Between the marvellous and the oral tradition
No full textThis paper re-examines the role of the marvellous in African fiction, tracing its narrative displacement under dominant realist paradigms and its aesthetic resurgence through myth-infused literary forms. It argues that while early postcolonial works—most notably Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart—strategically embraced realism to assert African cultural agency, this alignment with Eurocentric narrative conventions marginalised indigenous oral and metaphysical traditions. Against this backdrop, the fiction of Ben Okri, Mia Couto, and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o reclaims the marvellous not as imported magical realism but as epistemic continuity rooted in African cosmology, communal voice, and ritual cadence. Through the lens of orature realism—a genre framework proposed by this study—the paper explores how these authors structurally embed ancestral rhythm, mythic temporality, and spiritual presence. It concludes that the marvellous in African literature is neither aesthetic ornamentation nor symbolic excess, but the ontological ground of African storytelling and a sovereign mode of world making
Anaphora Relations in Lutsotso
Full text linkThis paper examines anaphora relations in Lutsotso, a variety of the Oluluhyia language spoken in Western Kenya. Anaphora involves words or phrases referring to entities in discourse, essential for coherence in communication. Based on data from Lutsotso conversations and texts, the study identifies and classifies anaphoric elements, focusing on reflexives and reciprocals. Reflexive constructions in Lutsotso use morphemes like -i- or -eene- to indicate that two arguments in an action refer to the same entity. The reflexive marker -i- is a prefix positioned before the verb root. Additionally, reciprocals, marked by the pronoun -an, function as anaphoric elements in the language. This study of Lutsotso anaphora enhances understanding of linguistic structures, pragmatic principles, cross-linguistic variation, and cognitive processes in language
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Marketing: Ethical Challenges of Digital Influence on Public Perception and Consumer Behavior in the Law of the UAE
Full text link This paper discusses the ethical and legal considerations of artificial intelligence (AI) in digital marketing in the fast-changing regulatory environment of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Marketing strategies are increasingly leveraging AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and generative models, to provide personalized experiences for consumers, automate content creation, and inform data-driven decision-making. Nonetheless, this digital revolution also poses serious questions about data privacy, algorithmic bias, consumer manipulation, and transparency. Through the secondary research methodology, the article examines 85 documents comprising academic publications, government reports, and legal texts, providing a thorough review of the nexus between AI capabilities and regulatory frameworks in the UAE. The results show that although the use of AI has increased at a faster pace, especially among various generational groups of consumers, there is a need to transform the legal and ethical framework to address the arising risks. Ethical AI governance is based on the main regulations, including the UAE Personal Data Protection Law, Cybercrime Law, Consumer Protection Law, and Digital Commerce Law. Such laws are focused on transparency, consent, and accountability in AI-driven marketing activities. Additionally, explainability and fairness are key factors that make consumers trustful, but AI is usually too technical to provide meaningful transparency. The paper concludes that a moderate solution is the key, which is to incorporate technological innovation with moral governance. It demands enhanced regulation enforcement, industry self-regulation, and cultural change within organizations to guarantee responsible AI use. The future of ethical digital marketing and consumer protection in the era of intelligent automation will be influenced by the changing legal framework of the UAE
A critical review of the Ecological Consciousness and human needs in Alice Oswald’s poetry: An exploration of environmental sustainability in modern English verse
Full text linkEcological Consciousness is clearly articulated in the poetry of Alice Oswald as she uses the poetic language to address the environmental and ecological concerns. The present paper argues that the poetry of Alice Oswald serves as a vital, imaginative counterpart to the pragmatic frameworks of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a close reading of her poetry including Dart, Nobody, and Weeds and Wild Flowers, this analysis demonstrates how Oswald’s verse highlights several aspects environmental Sustainability, Human Health, the provision of Basic Needs, a critique of Energy & Industrial Leadership, and a reimagining of Future Economics. Oswald\u27s work transcends conventional nature poetry by establishing an ecological awareness that blurs the distinction between human and non-human, prompting a significant reassessment of our role within a living, interrelated system. This study asserts that the humanities, especially poetry, are vital for cultivating the profound, sympathetic comprehension necessary to attain the Sustainable Development Goals, rendering Oswald\u27s work not only artistic but a crucial instrument for ecological and social transformation
Legislators as bridges of democracy: Communication, constituency, and participatory development in Medan city council
Full text linkLegislators fulfill a pivotal role in democratic governance, serving not only as policymakers but also as communicators who mediate between citizens and institutions. In Indonesia’s decentralized system, local legislatures (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, atau DVD) are expected to serve as a conduit between community aspirations and government policies, thereby ensuring that development planning is participatory and accountable. This study examines the communication practices of the Golkar faction in the Medan City Council during the 2019–2023 legislative period, focusing on how legislators act as bridges of democracy in fostering participatory development.
A qualitative descriptive design was employed, combining in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The data were analyzed in accordance with the reduction, display, and verification model proposed by Miles and Huberman. To enhance the validity of the findings, a triangulation approach was employed. The informants included legislators, constituents across electoral districts, community leaders, and government officials involved in development planning.
The findings indicate that legislators adopted a cyclical communication model characterized by continuous interaction between constituents, legislators, and government agencies. Communication was facilitated through both formal and informal channels. The formal channels included reses and musrenbang, while the informal channels encompassed social media and community meetings. Legislators functioned as advocates, translating citizen aspirations into policy proposals. They also served as educators, enhancing political literacy, and as mediators, facilitating accountability. Nevertheless, challenges persisted, including fiscal limitations, unequal participation due to the digital divide, and entrenched practices of money politics.
This study makes a theoretical contribution by extending models of participatory democracy through the identification of a cyclical, dialogical communication framework. In practice, it provides insights for enhancing local democracy in Indonesia by demonstrating how legislators can institutionalize participatory communication to improve inclusiveness, transparency, and citizen trust.
The relationship between research motivation and ethical decision-making among literature postgraduate students
Full text linkThis study investigated the relationship between research motivation and ethical decision-making among literature postgraduate students in Egyptian universities. Participants completed the Research Motivation Scale and Academic and Ethical Integrity Scale using a two-phase design with psychometric validation (n=403) and main study samples (n=517). Correlation analyses revealed significant positive relationships between intrinsic reward motivation and all ethical decision-making dimensions (r=.435 to .476), while failure avoidance motivation showed negative correlations with ethical integrity (r=-.132 to -.232). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that research motivation dimensions significantly predicted ethical decision-making, explaining 21.2% of variance (R²=.212, F(3,513)=45.878, p<.001). Intrinsic reward motivation emerged as the strongest predictor (β=.374, p<.001), followed by failure avoidance motivation with a significant negative relationship (β=-.115, p=.006), and extrinsic reward motivation with a modest positive contribution (β=.086, p=.043). The findings support Self-Determination Theory\u27s propositions about autonomous motivation fostering ethical behavior while highlighting the detrimental effects of avoidance-oriented motivations. Results suggest that educational interventions should prioritize cultivating intrinsic motivation through autonomy-supportive environments to enhance academic integrity among postgraduate students
The nexus of religious behavior and values in Muslim contexts: A systematic literature review
Full text linkReligious intentions and behaviors constitute a central focus of scholarly inquiry as they bridge internal belief systems and social expressions, shaping the identity, moral values, and everyday practices of Muslims. This study aims to map the research landscape on religious values and behaviors within the Muslim context through a Scopus-based Systematic Literature Review (SLR) covering the period 2010–2025. Employing the PRISMA protocol, 229 documents were identified, analyzed bibliometrically using Bibliometrix R-Packages, and further examined for the substantive contributions of the most influential works. The findings reveal strong publication growth, with an annual increase of 18.95%, and demonstrate an expanding interdisciplinary knowledge base encompassing religion, psychology, health, migration, and business. Collaboration networks highlight two dominant clusters—the United States and Southeast Asia—with the University of Chicago and Malaysian universities emerging as central institutions. Indonesia and the United States are identified as the most productive contributors. Conceptual mapping places religion, Islam, and religiosity as central constructs interlinking themes of identity, acculturation, gender, and mental health. Post-2020 trends emphasize growing attention to mental health, morality, adolescents and young adults, and the psychology of religion. Content analysis of the 15 most impactful articles underscores consistent associations among religious values, religious behaviors, identity, subjective norms, and socio-cultural contexts such as discrimination and acculturation. This study contributes by offering a comprehensive synthesis of the field, identifying key actors, institutions, and research trajectories, and suggesting future agendas that integrate religious identity, norms, and mental health while expanding global perspectives and fostering cross-regional collaboration