6949 research outputs found
Sort by
Familie Warnecke : Soziale und räumliche Mobilität
No full textDie Arbeit behandelt die Vorfahren und Kinder von Heinrich Warnecke (1858 – 1932) und Sophie Albers (1854 – 1898) aus Bremen. Die Darstellung erfolgt in einer familiensoziologischen Perspektive und fragt nach dem Zusammenhang von sozialer und räumlicher Mobilität. Die Familie Warnecke ist kein Sonderfall, sondern typisch für viele Bremer Familien, die ihren Ursprung im Umland hatten, in diesem Fall Okel, Syke, Otersen und Ochtmannien in der Grafschaft Hoya. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der vergleichenden Darstellung von vier Geschwistern, von den zwei zu Beginn der 1920er Jahre in die USA auswanderten. Der Abschnitt über Diedrich Warnecke (1882 – 1944) hat eine Relevanz für die Stadt Bremen, da er von 1900 bis 1939 in der Regierungskanzlei des Bremer Senats tätig war und ab 1930 die Abteilung für das Personalwesen leitete
Automatisierung und KI-basierte Optimierung der Wärmepotenzialflächenanalyse für die urbane Wärmeplanung am Beispiel des Gebiets Neu-Schwachhausen
No full textWie kann ein automatisierter Workflow für die Potenzialanalyse in der Wärmeplanung aussehen, der mit Open Source Anwendungen kompatibel und auf verschiedene Anwendungskontexte übertragbar ist?
Verfügbarkeit, Optimierung und AutomatisierungBMB
Determination of the impact of Swiss day trips and shopping tourism on the quality of life of Constance residents
No full textEinkaufstourismus spielt eine bedeutende soziale und ökonomische Rolle in Grenzstädten. Diese Masterarbeit analysiert die Einflüsse des grenzüberschreitenden Tagestourismus aus der Schweiz zu Einkaufszwecken auf die Lebensqualität der Konstanzer Bevölkerung anhand einer qualitativen Stu-die. Interviews mit Einheimischen und Expert:innen beleuchten positive und negative Effekte auf persönlicher und wohnortbezogener Ebene. Zu den Vorteilen zählen gestiegene Einnahmen und ein breiteres Angebot an Dienstleistungen und Produkten. Dem gegenüber stehen Belastungen wie Überfüllung, steigende Mietpreise und ein subjektiver Identitätsverlust. Zudem zeigt sich eine wirt-schaftliche Abhängigkeit der Stadt vom Schweizer Einkaufstourismus, die sowohl Chancen als auch Risiken birgt. Die Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage für praxisorientierte Handlungsempfehlungen zur nachhaltigen Stadt- und Tourismusentwicklung, die die Bedürfnisse der Einheimischen priorisieren. Ziel ist es, die Lebensqualität zu verbessern, die Tourismusakzeptanz zu fördern und eine Balance zwischen den Interessen von Tourist:innen und der lokalen Bevölkerung zu schaffen
Mustervorlage für die Studieninformation und die informierte Einwilligungserklärung zur Übermittlung, Archivierung und weiteren wissenschaftlichen Nutzung von personenbezogenen Daten : Version 1.0, Stand: 2020
No full textDas Forschungsdatenzentrum (FDZ) Qualiservice hat gemeinsam mit der Kanzlei MLS LEGAL GmbH – Rechtsanwalts- und Fachanwaltsgesellschaft (mls legal) rechtssichere Einwilligungserklärungen zur Absicherung Ihrer Datenverarbeitung, unter die sowohl die Datenerhebung und -verarbeitung im Forschungsprozess als auch die Übermittlung an Qualiservice zur weiteren wissenschaftlichen Sekundärnutzung und Archivierung fällt, erarbeitet. Diese stellen wir zum Download auf unserer Website bereit. Mit diesen Einwilligungserklärungen möchten wir Sie in der Vorbereitung der unterschiedlichen Phasen der Datenverarbeitung in Ihrem Forschungsprojekt, aber auch in der Vorbereitung
einer geplanten Archivierung und Bereitstellung der Forschungsdaten für die wissenschaftliche Sekundärnutzung unterstützen
Advances in anytime-valid hypothesis testing and online multiple testing
No full textIn traditional statistics, all aspects of the study design, such as sample size, hypotheses to test, and tests to use, must be determined before data collection. In modern data science, however, decisions often have to be made in real time, and data-dependent changes to the study design are desirable. In this thesis, we develop new methods and refine existing ones that allow for such dynamic and flexible decision-making.
In particular, we consider the following three hypothesis testing settings: (1) Anytime-valid hypothesis testing, (2) Sequential Monte Carlo testing and (3) Online multiple testing. While these have been distinct branches of the literature, we draw connections between the settings and demonstrate how these insights enrich the existing methodology. This thesis consists of eight articles, of which one can be attributed to setting (1), two to setting (2) and five to setting (3).
Our contribution to anytime-valid hypothesis testing (1) is a general approach for improving sequential tests by avoiding that the used test martingale overshoots at the critical values. We illustrate its application with the well-known sequential probability ratio test.
With regard to (2), we show that sequential Monte Carlo testing can be interpreted as anytime-valid hypothesis testing of the specific null hypothesis that the data are exchangeable. We use this insight to construct a general framework for Monte Carlo testing that allows to stop sampling at any time and yields improvements over existing sequential Monte Carlo tests. In a follow up paper, we extend our methodology to multiple testing.
We present new results and procedures for various error rates and sub-settings in online multiple testing~(3). Of particular note is the development of an online closure principle, which extends the classical closure principle to the online case and allows all online procedures with familywise error rate control and true discovery guarantee to be constructed using intersection tests. This reveals a close connection to anytime-valid testing, which is used to construct new online multiple testing procedures
The Health Care System in Slovenia
No full textThis country report provides a description of the emergence of a health care system under public responsibility in Slovenia. The inception of the health care system refers to the first legislation stipulating entitlements to medical care. The report also includes a brief description of major health care reforms, and the current organization of the health care system in Slovenia. This report is part of the CRC 1342 Social Policy Country Briefs Series.005
Trophodynamic shifts in the Arctic - biochemical capacities and limits of Benthic marine invertebrates
No full textThe Arctic is stronger affected by climate change than other regions on Earth. In the Arctic, temperature increased 4-fold compared to the global average. This process, known as Arctic Amplification, is driven by a regional feedback loop between ocean heat uptake and reduced surface albedo. In the European Arctic, warm water inflow from the Atlantic contributes to the overall temperature increase. In addition to continuous warming, the Arctic is also exposed to marine heatwaves (MHWs) with increasing intensities and extreme summer temperatures. Temperature has a particularly strong influence on ectothermic marine invertebrates. All biological processes, from metabolic reactions to ecological performance, are temperature-dependent and shaped by the thermal regime. Consequently, warming is a major driver that affects ecosystem function and ecosystem change, particularly in Arctic fjords with high species richness and socio-ecological importance.
The green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, is the dominant grazer on macroalgae in Subarctic and Arctic fjords. Their impact on the benthic community became apparent during extensive overgrazing events in the 1970s along the Norwegian and Canadian coast. This species was responsible for the complete removal of dense kelp forests and the long-lasting formation of so-called ‘sea urchin barrens’. Therefore, the objective of my thesis was to investigate the temperature-dependent biochemical capacities and limits of this key species at biochemical, genetic, and behavioural levels. Assumptions on the future impact of S. droe¬bachiensis on its environment in the context of continuous global warming are made.
Biochemical studies of the enzyme profile revealed a functional compartmentalisation of the digestive tract of S. droebachiensis. The stomach is the main side of lipid metabolism, while protein degradation and therefore nitrogen uptake is located in the intestine. Carbohydrate digestion was low but consistent along the entire digestive tract. This metabolic specialization supports the efficient absorption of lipids and proteins, which are less abundant in their kelp-dominated diet, whereas carbohydrates are readily available.
The temperature-dependent grazing behaviour was assessed in laboratory experiments with Subarctic and Arctic S. droebachiensis. Grazing rates were highest at the respective local summer temperature of each population. Additionally, a shift of the upper thermal limit suggested adaptation to regional thermal regimes. Metabolic rates, as deduced from respiration rates, increase exponentially with temperature. At elevated temperatures, sea urchins are at risk of a mismatch between energy uptake and consumption. This risk is higher for Subarctic sea urchins, because the thermal safety margin (TSM, difference between the highest experienced temperatures and the thermal limit) narrows more during MHW events than for the Arctic population.
Analyses of the metabolic profile of the digestive tract were conducted using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The Subarctic sea urchins showed elevated concentrations of anaerobic metabo¬lites near the lethal temperature, indicating a disturbance in energy balance. Digestive enzymes from Arctic sea urchins showed higher activities than those of Subarctic specimens. This was accompanied by lower activation energies (Ea), suggesting a higher metabolic efficiency in Arctic sea urchins, which are adapted to lower environmental temperatures. However, with rising temperatures, metabolic rates would increase more drastically in Arctic S. droebach¬iensis. Molecular sequence and structure analyses indicated that these variations in biochemical efficiencies are related to the structure of the respective enzyme. It can be concluded, that sea urchins show genetic adaptations towards their local thermal regime.
My thesis shows, that the effects of temperature on the physiology of S. droebachiensis will, in turn, have major influence on the structure and function of future Subarctic and Arctic fjords. The actual changes and their future extend will be determined by the interplay of a multitude of factors, like metabolic plasticity of sea urchins, their capacity for rapid adaptation to warming, as well as the effect of environmental change on kelps. A general northwards shift of sea urchin-dominated fjord habitats is expected, as grazing pressure will increase due to increasing temperatures. This is especially relevant for Arctic fjords, where sea urchins will continue to exist with a relatively large TSM, but experience higher metabolic rates with warming. This results in a higher probability for the formation of sea urchin barrens. In the Subarctic and more southern habitats, however, sea urchins are at high risk of experiencing energy imbalance, leading to a decline in abundance or even extinction, when their TSM is drastically reduced during extreme and prolonged MHWs
Extension of the S5P-TROPOMI CCD tropospheric ozone retrieval to mid-latitudes
No full textAn advanced CCD (Convective Cloud Differential) algorithm has been developed to retrieve tropospheric ozone columns (TCO) from TROPOMI (Sentinel-5 Precursor–TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument). The new approach utilizes a local cloud reference sector for TCO retrievals. The standard CCD algorithm relies on cloud data from the Pacific region to determine the stratospheric (above-cloud) column ozone (ACCO), which is later subtracted from the total column in clear-sky scenes in the entire tropics to derive the TCO.
However, the local cloud approach represents a significant advancement by dynamically selecting cloud reference sectors around the retrieval latitudes and longitudes. By extending TCO retrievals to the extra-tropics, the local cloud approach overcomes the constraints of the standard method, which relies on the basic assumption of zonal invariance of stratospheric ozone in the tropics. Additionally, it improves the retrieval accuracy for regions with more pronounced stratospheric ozone variability, such as the extra-tropics.
The advanced CHORA (Cloud Height Ozone Reference Algorithm) local cloud method developed includes three versions: (1) CLC (CHORA Local Cloud) and (2) CLCT (CHORA Local Cloud Theil-Sen) for tropical and subtropical regions and (3) CLCD (CHORA Local Cloud Decision) for mid-latitudes. The development of CLC and CLCT was the first step in extending the local cloud approach to mid-latitudes. Validating the local cloud approach in the tropics against the standard method helps to establish its reliability before its application in mid-latitude regions.
The CLC method uses a longitudinally varying and latitudinally restricted local cloud reference sector for ACCO retrievals, which is well suited for the tropics by effectively upholding the assumption of zonal invariance in stratospheric ozone. The CLCT builds upon the CLC approach and introduces a homogeneity criterion to address variability in stratospheric ozone. This method directly estimates ACCO above the reference altitude of 270 hPa using Theil-Sen regression. Additionally, CLCT can combine another tropical TCO retrieval method, Cloud-Slicing Algorithm (CSA) with CCD to retrieve upper tropospheric ozone. The CSA derives tropospheric ozone volume mixing ratios from the slope of the regression line between collocated ozone columns above clouds and cloud top pressures at varying heights. Meanwhile, the CPC (CHORA Pacific Cloud) algorithm is an improved version of the standard CCD method developed at the University of Bremen, employing the Pacific region as the cloud reference sector to derive the ACCO.
Monthly averaged TCOs for the tropics and subtropics (26◦S–22◦N) were derived from TROPOMI data (2018–2022) using CPC and local cloud algorithms (CLC and CLCT). These results were validated against spatially collocated measurements from NASA/GSFC SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes) and the ESA TROPOMI Level-2 tropospheric ozone product. At eight of the nine stations, the CLCT algorithm was in better agreement with ozonesondes than the CPC. In the tropical region (20◦S-20◦N), CLCT achieved a significantly lower overall mean bias and standard deviation of 1±7%, outperforming the CPC (12±10%) and the CCD-based ESA product (22±10%).
We present a new CHORA algorithm, CLCD, for retrieving near-global TCO from TROPOMI. The CLCD algorithm is specifically designed to minimize the influence of stratospheric ozone variability, which is generally more pronounced in the extra-tropics. The method uses a circular local cloud reference sector and is better suited for extra-tropics to estimate the ACCO. In the extra-tropics, variable wind directions and limited ground coverage by geostationary satellites make a circular reference sector more suitable than a longitudinally varying cloud sector (CLC and CLCT), providing better sampling.
In mid-latitudes, where low-level clouds are common, TCOs are calculated from the surface up to 450 hPa (∼middle troposphere). The CLCD method employs two approaches: (1) CLCD-C, which utilizes an ozone climatology, and (2) CLCD-T, which estimates ACCO above 450 hPa using Theil-Sen regression when cloud top heights within the local cloud sector show sufficient variability. The CLCD algorithm dynamically selects between these methods based on cloud properties and applies a homogeneity criterion for total ozone to minimize stratospheric ozone inhomogeneities.
Monthly averaged CLCD-TCOs were derived for the tropics and mid-latitudes (60◦S–60◦N) using TROPOMI data (2018–2022) and validated against spatially collocated ozonesonde measurements from 36 stations within SHADOZ/WOUDC (World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre)/NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) HEGIFTOM (Harmonization and Evaluation of Ground-based Instruments for Free Tropo-
spheric Ozone Measurements) networks. Validation indicates robust agreement between CLCD-TCO retrievals and ozonesondes at most stations, with an overall bias of 0.6 DU and a dispersion of 2.5 DU. The maximum observed bias and dispersion across all stations are ∼5 DU and 4 DU, respectively.
The CLCT algorithm is recommended over the CLCD algorithm in the tropics because of its superior performance in retrieving TCO at 450 hPa. Validation against ozonesonde measurements reveals that CLCT shows a lower overall bias and dispersion of 0.2 ± 1.4 DU, outperforming CLCD (0.8 ± 2.8 DU). However, in the subtropics, CLCD outperforms CLCT by reducing the overall bias from -2 DU to -1 DU. In regions like Northeast China and North America, where various emission sources contribute to high tropospheric ozone levels, CLCD effectively detects these enhancements.
This study marks the first successful near-global application of CCD retrievals. Our findings underscore the benefits of using the local cloud reference sector for TCO retrievals in both tropics (CLCT) and extra-tropics (CLCD). The local cloud approach serves as a significant foundation for systematic applications in both current and future satellite missions. The CLCD algorithm is well-suited for geostationary satellites such as GEMS (Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer, Korea), ESA Sentinel-4, and NASA TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution), which are designed to mostly monitor higher latitudes outside the tropics
Moral Deviance Across Cultures - Investigations of the Human Moral Mind
No full textThis dissertation deals theoretically and empirically with human morality. More specifically, morally deviant actions are the focus of the research that we will present in the course of this work. In addition to morality, the human self and culture are the further pillars on which this work is based. As an overarching goal, we pursue the research question which moral system guides cooperation in different cultures? In seven chapters, we will first deal theoretically, but then mainly empirically, with human morality, the self, and culture. Chapter 1 discusses the three theoretical foci of this work, mainly against the background of evolutionary theories. At the end of this chapter, we will also derive several hypotheses to be tested. In Chapter 2, we take a look at comparative cultural research and prepare the ground for subsequent investigations of cross-cultural similarities and differences in morality. With regard to moral tendencies, our research focuses on comparisons between Egypt, Germany, Japan and the United States of America. Chapters 3 through 6 address independent yet complementary cross-cultural investigations of the human moral mind. In these chapters, we aim to approach our overarching research question by means of a canon of different methods. Eventually, Chapter 7 provides a summary discussion and conclusion. Cross-cultural research on the human moral mind is situated in the field of tension between the poles of the culturally specific and the universally human. The results of our investigations also fall within this field of tension. We will be able to provide strong empirical indications of universal moral domains on the one hand, and present results that demonstrate the massive influence of culture on the calibration of our moral mind on the other. Overall, this dissertation aims to make three contributions: First, we attempt to make a theoretical contribution by synthesizing two leading moral theories and proposing our own moral approach based on them. Second, we develop and test three different instruments that are meant to expand our toolbox for cross-cultural research on morality. Third, we attempt to make an empirical contribution by examining the moral systems of four heterogeneous cultural entities. We are guided by the hope that this dissertation will shed some light on the human disposition that drives us to self-regulate and that enables us to cooperate so profoundly and extensively with others: our morality
Legal Framework and Needs for Adaptation for the Consolidation of AI based Tools in Academic Teaching
No full textBeim Einsatz von KI-basierten Chatbots in der Hochschullehre sind unterschiedliche rechtliche Anforderungen wie aus dem Urheberrecht, Datenschutzrecht, der KI-Verordnung und dem Prüfungsrecht zu berücksichtigen. Dies gilt insbesondere auch bei einer KI-basierten Prüfungsbewertung im Rahmen von formativen und summativen Assessments sowie bei der KI-basierten Plagiatskontrolle.
Die Nutzung von KI-gestützter Proctoring-Software zur automatisierten Prüfungsaufsicht hängt von dem konkreten KI-Einsatz ab und bedarf einer gesonderten Rechtsgrundlage, die eine solche Form der Beaufsichtigung legitimiert, insbesondere hinsichtlich etwaiger Grundrechtseingriffe.Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF