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Sprachliche Praktiken des Widersprechens – Ein Editorial
No full textPublikation der U Bremen und U Wien internationalen Studierendenkonferenz »Debattieren, Opponieren, Protestieren – Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf sprachliche Praktiken des Widersprechens« 2023.Debattieren, Opponieren, Protestieren. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf sprachliche Praktiken des Widersprechens.6
Die Machtposition des Europäischen Patentamtes im einheitlichen Patentsystem am Beispiel von computerimplementierten Erfindungen
No full textAm Beispiel von computerimplementierten Erfindungen wird der Mangel an Rechtssicherheit, der mit den bisherigen Patentoptionen einhergeht, besonders deutlich. Ein Teil der Unsicherheit lässt sich auf die Auslegungsbedürftigkeit von Art. 52 Abs. 2 lit. c und Abs. 3 EPÜ zurückführen. Antragsteller waren außerdem bisher mit den allgemeinen Herausforderungen bei der Durchsetzung von europäischen Patenten vor nationalen Gerichten konfrontiert. Im Juni 2023 trat das einheitliche Patentsystem in Kraft. Das Einheitspatent bietet einheitlichen Schutz in allen teilnehmenden EU-Mitgliedsstaaten. Das neue Einheitliche Patentgericht (EPG) soll zudem mehr Rechtssicherheit bei der Durchsetzung von Patenten schaffen. Von einer erfolgreichen Patentreform lässt sich jedoch nur dann sprechen, wenn auch die Patentqualität im Vergleich zum bisherigen System zumindest gewahrt oder sogar verbessert werden kann. In diesem Zusammenhang wird von besonderer Relevanz sein, ob und wie sich die neue Machtposition des EPA auf dessen Entscheidungspraxis im Bereich computerimplementierter Erfindungen auswirkt. In der Arbeit werden daher die Rolle des EPA im einheitlichen Patentsystem, die potenziellen Auswirkungen der Reform auf Vergabe und Qualität von „Softwarepatenten“ sowie die Möglichkeiten, eine eventuell oberflächliche oder widersprüchliche Erteilungspraxis des EPA zu begrenzen, untersucht
How do school websites inform and address parents? An analysis of the websites of cooperation schools in the project “Inclusive school-parent communication in the migration society” (isekim)
No full textDas vorliegende Arbeitspapier fasst die im Rahmen einer studentischen Projektforschungsarbeit durchgeführte Analyse von Schulwebsites der Kooperationsschulen im Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt „Inklusive Schule-Eltern-Kommunikation in der Migrationsgesellschaft“ (isekim) prägnant zusammen. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, wie Eltern auf den Schulwebsites informiert und vor allem adressiert werden, d.h. wie werden sie angesprochen, insbesondere unter migrationsgesellschaftlich relevanten Aspekten, wie z.B. Mehrsprachigkeit oder Kenntnis des Bildungssystems? Auf der Basis einer Dokumentation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Websiteanalyse werden konkrete Impulse und Reflexionsanlässe für eine inklusive Schulwebsitegestaltung formuliert. Darüber hinaus werden Zugänge zur Erhebungsmethode der (Schul)Websiteanalyse erörtert und das konkrete methodische Vorgehen sowie die mit dieser Erhebungsmethode einhergehenden Begrenzungen diskutiert
The Health Care System in Benin
No full textThis country report provides a description of the emergence of a health care system under public responsibility in Benin. The inception of the health care system refers to the first legislation stipulating entitlements to medical care. The report also includes a brief description of major health care reforms, and the current organization of the health care system in Benin. This report is part of the CRC 1342 Social Policy Country Briefs Series.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)3
Augmented reality in a planetary greenhouse for crew time optimization
No full textThe Artemis campaign aims to return humans to the Moon by the late 2020s, nearly 50 years after the last Apollo astronauts walked on the lunar surface. As a precursor for missions to Mars, long-term and self-sustaining habitats are planned to be deployed on the Moon by the mid-2030s. A vital element of these habitat infrastructures will be planetary surface greenhouses capable of producing fresh food and recycling the habitat's air and water, reducing the need for (re-)supplies from Earth. Furthermore, plant cultivation benefits the crew's psychological well-being during space missions. For these reasons, several space agencies (e.g., ASI, CSA, DLR, and NASA) are investigating planetary surface greenhouses for bioregenerative life support. Research has shown that crew time is a valuable but limited resource during space travel and that the mission's success depends on the proper allocation of crew time. Therefore, crew time must also be optimized for operations of planetary surface greenhouses, especially to dedicate sufficient time for scientific activities. Furthermore, the perceived workload of planetary surface greenhouse operators (astronauts) must be reduced as much as possible. To accurately estimate the crew time and workload required for greenhouse operations, engineers and mission planners rely on the data gathered from space analog facilities and space station plant experiments. However, past research has shown a paucity of comparative crew time and workload data. Furthermore, existing crew time datasets are difficult to compare as no standardized measurement approaches exist. In this thesis, investigations were conducted to determine how workload and crew time could be optimized for the operations of planetary surface greenhouses. The first part of the thesis investigated two space research-related questions: (RQ1) How can crew time measurements be standardized for better comparability? and (RQ2) How much crew time and workload are required in a space greenhouse? In response to these research questions, the investigations in the first part of this thesis resulted in four key contributions: (C1) Databases of crew time and workload values for space greenhouse operations have been created, (C2) Conclusions were drawn about what factors affect crew time and how their characteristics differ for greenhouses used in various space mission scenarios, (C3) Recommendations were made on which of the tasks/procedures studied should be simplified, automated, or remotely supported to reduce the workload of space greenhouse operators, and (C4) Methodologies were developed to standardize the crew time measurements for on-site operator activities in space greenhouses and associated remote support activities.
Two new research questions emerged from these results: (RQ3) What features should be integrated into an augmented reality interface used in a space greenhouse to facilitate workflows for on-site operators and remote support teams on Earth? and (RQ4) How should immersive technologies such as augmented reality interfaces be designed and developed to reduce the crew time and workload of astronauts and remote support teams on Earth when operating a space greenhouse? An interdisciplinary approach was chosen to address these research questions arising from the challenges of space exploration. The importance of augmented reality for workflow optimization has increased in recent years in various application areas. For this reason, the second part of this thesis focused on computer science-related investigations for implementing augmented reality in planetary surface greenhouses to optimize workload and crew time. Investigations outlined in this part resulted in four key contributions to the research field: (C5) A conceptual design of an augmented reality interface for a planetary surface greenhouse was presented, (C6) A new tool for real-time plant detection and augmentation running directly on an augmented reality headset was developed, (C7) A novel and relatively simple approach was developed for in situ generation and visualization of plant health (plant stress) information on an augmented reality headset for use in space greenhouses, and (C8) The benefits and relevance of augmented reality applications for the design, optimization, and operations of greenhouses used during space missions were demonstrated. Overall, the values and research on crew time, workload, and utilization of augmented reality applications presented in this thesis have significant implications for the design and operations of future planetary surface greenhouses and the planning of related space missions. These results can equally improve the reliability and efficiency of operations in today's terrestrial food production systems, such as greenhouses and vertical farms, making the findings immediately applicable and relevant on Earth. While the findings have expanded the limited research on operations and augmented reality applications for planetary surface greenhouses, additional research is still needed
Interpretable machine learning and generative modeling with mixed tabular data - advancing methodology from the perspective of statistics
No full textExplainable artificial intelligence or interpretable machine learning techniques aim to shed light on the behavior of opaque machine learning algorithms, yet often fail to acknowledge the challenges real-world data imposes on the task. Specifically, the fact that empirical tabular datasets may consist of both continuous and categorical features (mixed data) and typically exhibit dependency structures is frequently overlooked. This work uses a statistical perspective to illuminate the far-reaching implications of mixed data and dependency structures for interpretability in machine learning. Several interpretability methods are advanced with a particular focus on this kind of data, evaluating their performance on simulated and real data sets. Further, this cumulative thesis emphasizes that generating synthetic data is a crucial subroutine for many interpretability methods. Therefore, this thesis also advances methodology in generative modeling concerning mixed tabular data, presenting a tree-based approach for density estimation and data generation, accompanied by a user-friendly software implementation in the Python programming language
The Health Care System in Colombia
No full textThis country report provides a description of the emergence of a health care system under public responsibility in Colombia. The inception of the health care system refers to the first legislation stipulating entitlements to medical care. The report also includes a brief description of major health care reforms, and the current organization of the health care system in Colombia. This report is part of the CRC 1342 Social Policy Country Briefs Series.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)4
Thermografische Detektion und Lokalisierung von Strömungsablösung an Windenergieanlagen
No full textStrömungsablösungen an Rotorblättern von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) führen zu einer Minderung des aerodynamischen Wirkungsgrads, der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz sowie der Lebensdauer der Anlagen und sollten deshalb bei zukünftigen Generationen von WEA vermieden werden. Allerdings fehlt eine in-prozess-fähige Messtechnik zur Detektion und Lokalisierung von Strömungsablösungen an realen WEA. Infrarot-Thermografie (IRT) ist für indirekte Strömungsmessungen an WEA grundsätzlich geeignet, wurde zur Detektion von Strömungsablösungen bisher jedoch nur in Windkanaluntersuchungen eingesetzt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Messfähigkeiten
eines auf IRT basierenden Messsystems zur nicht-invasiven Detektion und räumlich
hochaufgelösten Lokalisierung von stationären und instationären Strömungsablösungen zu charakterisieren und für die In-Prozess-Messung an nicht-skalierten WEA anzuwenden. Um IRT zu einer eindeutigen Detektion und Lokalisierung von Strömungsablösungen zu befähigen, wurde die Messkette analysiert und geeignete Signalverarbeitungsansätze abgeleitet. Diese fußen auf der Auswertung spatio-temporaler Fluktuationen der Oberflächentemperatur. Die resultierenden physikalisch interpretierbaren Signalverarbeitungsansätze (UIC, DIT) wurden jeweils mit einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) kombiniert, um einen maximalen Bildkontrast zwischen Bereichen mit angelegter und abgelöster Strömung zu erreichen. In Windkanaluntersuchen wurde die Eignung des UIC-Ansatzes für eine eindeutige Erfassung stationärer Strömungsablösungen anhand charakteristischer Ablösesignaturen nachgewiesen. Bei der anschließenden Übertragung auf Feldmessungen ermöglichen die im Windkanal verifizierten thermischen Ablösesignaturen eine merkmalsbasierte Detektion und Lokalisierung stationärer Strömungsablösung über den gesamten Bildbereich. Die Messergebnisse wurden mit einer Referenzmessung validiert. Im Ergebnis wurde somit erstmalig eine in-prozess-fähige, nichtinvasive und eindeutige Detektion und Lokalisierung stationärer Strömungsablösung im Blattwurzelbereich einer nicht-skalierten WEA mittels IRT realisiert. Mit der PCA-basierten Auswertung wurde für die gewählte Messzeit von 305 s über 80 Umdrehungen des Rotors ein Kontrast- Rausch-Verhältnis zwischen angelegt-abgelösten Strömungsbereichen von 4 erreicht. Das zeitliche Auflösungsvermögen von IRT hinsichtlich sich ändernder Transitionspositionen und instationären Strömungsablösungen wurde mit einer numerischen Simulation in Abhängigkeit der Messbedingungen abgeschätzt. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass die Trägheit des thermischen Antwortverhaltens die spatio-temporalen Auflösungsgrenzen bei der Erfassung instationärer Strömungsablösungen limitiert. Bei Freifeldmessungen mit Messbedingungen mit geringer solarer Erwärmung wurden mit dem eingeführten, kombinierten Bildauswertungsansatz die Detektion einer instationärer Strömungsablösung während des Auftretens einer starken Böe mit der messsystemseitig maximalen spatio-temporalen Auflösung erreicht. Bei einer Wiederholungsmessung wurden die Ergebnisse reproduziert, die abgelösten Strömungsbereiche bei einer zeitlichen Auflösung von 5 s mit einem Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnis von 1,2 detektiert und die Ablöseposition mit einer Messunsicherheit von 6,5 px lokalisiert, was 5,9 % der Sehnenlänge entspricht. Insgesamt wurde somit die Eignung von IRT für die Erfassung stationärer und instationärer Strömungsablösungen analysiert und an in Betrieb befindlichen WEA nachgewiesen
Solving the directed feedback vertex set problem in theory and practice
No full textA directed feedback vertex set (dfvs) is a subset of vertices of a graph, that, when removed, makes the graph acyclic. The Directed Feedback Vertex Set problem (DFVS) is to find such a subset. It is NP-complete, hence, we do not know how to solve it efficiently.
In this work we explore practical approaches to find a minimum dfvs on real word instances. This was also the goal of the Parameterized Algorithms and Computational Experiments (PACE) challenge 2022. Our submission obtained the second place in the exact track and was the best student team.
Our first step of finding a minimum dfvs is to apply a set of data reduction rules. These are applied in polynomial time and reduce the size of the instance. We give a detailed overview of existing and new data reduction rules.
A kernel can be seen as a collection of reduction rules with theoretical guarantees. It is a polynomial time algorithm that takes a problem instance and returns a smaller equivalent instance with a bound on its size. We show that a very simple reduction rule removes the input restriction for the kernel of Bergougnoux et al. (2021). After its application, we obtain an instance with at most O(f^4) vertices, with f being the size of a minimum feedback vertex set on its cycle preserving undirected graph.
We implemented several techniques to solve a reduced instance. We achieved best results when performing an iterative reduction to Hitting Set, which we then either reduce to Integer Linear Program, Max SAT or Vertex Cover. Solvers for these three problems already exist, which can solve large instances in practice.
Depending on the instance, we select the best suitable solving approach. For the first time, we explain the solver that we submitted in detail and present an improved version. We compare our results with approaches of other challenge participants, in particular DAGer, the winner of the exact track. Our improved solver is now able to solve the same number of instances within the time limit of the PACE challenge
Probabilistic action prospection based on experiences - representation, learning and reasoning in autonomous robotic agents
No full textThe concept of autonomous robotic companions assisting with tedious tasks or daily routines has long been a futuristic ambition, especially in scenarios deemed too complex for seamless operation. The multitude of variables, intricate interconnections, and numerous (side) effects on seemingly straightforward influences pose significant challenges for them to function competently without human intervention. However, if robots were equipped with knowledge about themselves, their surroundings, and the objects within it, they could address various queries about their environment and undertake tasks independently, drawing further insights from their own experiences and sensory inputs. For example, they could effortlessly respond to contextual inquiries such as “Where should I position myself in the kitchen to locate the milk carton?”,
“What route should I take from my current location?” and “Is the refrigerator open or closed?”. Addressing uncertainty and its associated limitations is crucial for constructing a comprehensive world model that provides an autonomous agent with the necessary capabilities to operate independently – potentially leading to robots becoming valuable household aids and companions.
This thesis presents BayRoB, a probabilistic framework integrating probabilistic hybrid action models to assist autonomous agents in making informed, context-driven decisions under uncertainty. BayRoB utilizes probabilistic models to represent an autonomous robot’s belief state and offers mechanisms to track changes in this state over time. The framework incorporates a novel formalism that enables the learning, representation of and reasoning over joint probability distributions representing action and object designators.
Enabling robots to adeptly handle uncertain situations significantly enhances their decision-making abilities and contributes to their capacity to anticipate action outcomes and environmental changes, thereby promoting autonomy.
The approach of integrating probabilistic hybrid models into a framework, as demonstrated by BayRoB, with learning occurring through experiential data, holds promise for fundamentally enhancing the decision-making processes of autonomous agents. A critical aspect of this advancement lies in the incorporation of joint probability distributions, encompassing both aspects of the world and the agent itself. This integration is essential for facilitating informed decision-making rooted in experiential knowledge. By incorporating probabilistic models to efficiently learn, represent, and reason across various aspects of the agent and its environment, it becomes feasible to equip autonomous robots with cognitive abilities. This empowerment enables them to accurately predict action outcomes based on context, furnishing the agent with essential tools to make well-informed decisions when selecting optimal actions and parameters for their tasks. The presented approach is the first ever to learn and use such comprehensive joint probabilities for a robotic system.
Experiments showcase that BayRoB is capable of refining underspecified plans and allow reasoning over arbitrary matters of the agent, the available actions and their parameterizations as well as aspects of the agent’s environment. A browser-based web interface allows the user to investigate the system’s capabilities and reproduce the conducted experiments