IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
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WEEE system setup a comparison of Sweden, Norway and Denmark
No full textThis report is a short summary of the findings from the project WEEE Setup, comparing the legislation and setup of the collection systems for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The setup aspects that have been studied and compared are the practical implementation of legislation, the material flows and financial flows in the systems and the clearing models used between actors in the respective countries. Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) such as computers, TV-sets, fridges and cell phones pervades modern lifestyles but its quick obsolescence is resulting in huge quantities of WEEE. The amount of WEEE is growing faster than any other waste category in the world and collection, treatment and recycling of WEEE is essential to improve the environmental management, contribute to circular economy, and enhance resource efficiency. The project WEEE setup has studied legislation on EU and national levels, consulted scientific literature, conducted interviews with key actors within the WEEE systems in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and analysed environmental impacts using LCA models. One general conclusion is that the countries, despite being geographically close, are quite different both in terms of legislation and in practical implementation and setup of the WEEE collection systems. The results of the project are not only of interest for the WEEE system actors in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, but may also be used as indications for best practice in Europe and for other products under extended producer responsibility (EPR) obligations. This report is only available in English.A short summary report of the findings from the project WEEE Setup, comparing the legislation and setup of the collection systems for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Membrane Distillation pilot tests for different wastewaters
No full textThe purpose of the project was to evaluate membrane distillation as an alternative separation technology for different water purification applications. Membrane distillation (MD) is a unit operation that uses water repellent (hydrophobic) membranes as a barrier for contaminated water. The driving force for the process is the vapor pressure over the membrane achieved by applying a temperature differences between a warm and a cold side. The process takes place at temperatures below 100 °C and at ambient pressure. Pilot studies were performed at Hammarby Sjöstadsverk to test the separation of pharmaceutical residues from municipal wastewater after biological treatment as well as final treatment of flue gas condensate. In both cases, most target compounds were separated to a very high degree, often more than 90 %. The project also included energy studies that showed some potential for energy optimisation of the current equipment and provided input for energy efficient set-up, e.g. by using waste heat such as the return flow from district heating. Varying results for the single modules also indicated optimisation potential. The project was performed in cooperation between IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Xzero AB as technology provider, and KTH (Royal institute of technology) for energy studies. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.The purpose of the project was to evaluate membrane distillation as an alternative separation technology for different water purification applications. Membrane distillation (MD) is a unit operation that uses water repellent (hydrophobic) membranes as a barrier for contaminated water. The driving force for the process is the vapor pressure over the membrane achieved by applying a temperature differences between a warm and a cold side. The process takes place at temperatures below 100 °C and at ambient pressure. Pilot studies were performed at Hammarby Sjöstadsverk to test the separation of pharmaceutical residues from municipal wastewater after biological treatment as well as final treatment of flue gas condensate. In both cases, most target compounds were separated to a very high degree, often more than 90 %. The project also included energy studies that showed some potential for energy optimisation of the current equipment and provided input for energy efficient set-up, e.g. by using waste heat such as the return flow from district heating. Varying results for the single modules also indicated optimisation potential. The project was performed in cooperation between IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Xzero AB as technology provider, and KTH (Royal institute of technology) for energy studies.The purpose of the project was to evaluate membrane distillation as an alternative separation technology for different water purification applications. Membrane distillation (MD) is a unit operation that uses water repellent (hydrophobic) membranes as a barrier for contaminated water
Reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable use (ReUse)
No full textPopulation growth, increasing living standards, but also environmental hazards with global climate change as the most significant are all contributing to an increasing water stress in many parts of the world. While access to fresh water for drinking water is getting more costly due to environmental pollution, uses of drinking water conflicts with water needs for agricultural and industrial use, which are in need of substantial water quantities. The use of reclaimed wastewater for non-potable purposes provides a solution for this. This is not new and has in fact been applied in many regions as the main water management approach. As water scarcity becomes more severe, also the need for more sustainable and holistic approaches to deal with our limited fresh water resources becomes more and more obvious. The traditional one-way water handling approach, with end-of-pipe treatment releasing “clean” effluent water to nature, has to be converted into a society-internal water reuse scheme where different water qualities and water uses are considered as an integral part of the water cycle. The present report presents activities and results from an international project that aimed at developing and optimizing water treatment processes and systems for sustainable reuse of treated wastewater. The starting point is to combine the sequential batch treatment (SBR, sequencing batch reactors) with different conventional and emerging secondary and tertiary treatment techniques in various combinations, optimized from an overall sustainability perspective. Evaluation and optimization is achieved using life cycle assessment and life cycle cost assessment and their combination. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.Population growth, increasing living standards, but also environmental hazards with global climate change as the most significant are all contributing to an increasing water stress in many parts of the world. While access to fresh water for drinking water is getting more costly due to environmental pollution, uses of drinking water conflicts with water needs for agricultural and industrial use, which are in need of substantial water quantities. The use of reclaimed wastewater for non-potable purposes provides a solution for this. This is not new and has in fact been applied in many regions as the main water management approach. As water scarcity becomes more severe, also the need for more sustainable and holistic approaches to deal with our limited fresh water resources becomes more and more obvious. The traditional one-way water handling approach, with end-of-pipe treatment releasing “clean” effluent water to nature, has to be converted into a society-internal water reuse scheme where different water qualities and water uses are considered as an integral part of the water cycle. The present report presents activities and results from an international project that aimed at developing and optimizing water treatment processes and systems for sustainable reuse of treated wastewater. The starting point is to combine the sequential batch treatment (SBR, sequencing batch reactors) with different conventional and emerging secondary and tertiary treatment techniques in various combinations, optimized from an overall sustainability perspective. Evaluation and optimization is achieved using life cycle assessment and life cycle cost assessment and their combination.This report presents activities and results from an international project that aimed at developing and optimizing water treatment processes and systems for sustainable reuse of treated wastewater
Potentialer för materialåtervinning av byggplast från rivning - erfarenheter utifrån två fallstudier
No full textI Sverige uppkommer årligen runt 43 000 ton plastavfall från byggbranschen, varav endast 150 ton sorteras ut för materialåtervinning. Detta trots att livscykelanalyser visar att materialåtervinning generellt är betydligt resurseffektivare än tillverkning av plast från jungfruliga råvaror. I många andra europeiska länder materialåtervinns idag plast från byggsektorn, vilket skapat en marknad för den upparbetade plasten. Polyvinylklorid (PVC) utgör den vanligaste plasttypen inom byggbranschen. Totalt samlades år 2013 i Europa sammanlagt 435 000 ton PVC-avfall in för materialåtervinning, varav Tyskland och Storbritannien står för ca 50 procent. Det insamlade materialet utgjordes huvudsakligen av kabelskrot, styv PVC-folie, rör, golv och profiler. IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) har på uppdrag av Stiftelsen IVL (SIVL) och PVC Forum/IKEM - Innovations- och kemiindustrierna i Sverige undersökt potentialerna för en ökad insamling och materialåtervinning av byggplast i Sverige. Projektet genomfördes i form av två fallstudier, där plastavfall från en totalrivning respektive en ombyggnation sorterades ut, eftersorterades och delvis analyserades med avseende på materialegenskaper. This report is only available in Swedish. English summary is available in the report.I Sverige uppkommer årligen runt 43 000 ton plastavfall från byggbranschen, varav endast 150 ton sorteras ut för materialåtervinning. Detta trots att livscykelanalyser visar att materialåtervinning generellt är betydligt resurseffektivare än tillverkning av plast från jungfruliga råvaror. I många andra europeiska länder materialåtervinns idag plast från byggsektorn, vilket skapat en marknad för den upparbetade plasten. Polyvinylklorid (PVC) utgör den vanligaste plasttypen inom byggbranschen. Totalt samlades år 2013 i Europa sammanlagt 435 000 ton PVC-avfall in för materialåtervinning, varav Tyskland och Storbritannien står för ca 50 procent. Det insamlade materialet utgjordes huvudsakligen av kabelskrot, styv PVC-folie, rör, golv och profiler. IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) har på uppdrag av Stiftelsen IVL (SIVL) och PVC Forum/IKEM - Innovations- och kemiindustrierna i Sverige undersökt potentialerna för en ökad insamling och materialåtervinning av byggplast i Sverige. Projektet genomfördes i form av två fallstudier, där plastavfall från en totalrivning respektive en ombyggnation sorterades ut, eftersorterades och delvis analyserades med avseende på materialegenskaper. This report is only available in Swedish. English summary is available in the report.Rapport om hur 43 000 ton plastavfall från byggbranschen kan sorteras och materialåtervinnas bättre
Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human populations in the vicinity of International Airports
No full textDue to the historical usage of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) which contained per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) at fire drills at Göteborg Landvetter Airport and Stockholm Arlanda Airport, elevated PFAS concentrations were found in surface waters and fish in the vicinity of these airports. As a result of these findings, Swedavia Swedish Airport and IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd IVL initiated the co-financed project Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human Populations in the vicinity of international airports (RE-PATH) to study the long-term consequences of the releases of PFAS from firefighting training sites. Since the project start in 2009, about 700 samples have been collected and analysed for their PFAS content. Toxicity tests have been performed to investigate potential influence of PFAS on reproduction, immobility and hatching frequency. The sediment-water balance has been studied to elucidate whether the PFAS accumulated in sediments contributes substantially to the water concentrations. The bioaccumulation and depletion potential was studied in goldfish, zebrafish and in crayfish. Furthermore, the load of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to Lake Mälaren was estimated and compared to releases via other sources. A mass balance model was developed to investigate the distribution and the rate of decline of PFOS-levels in the environment around Stockholm Arlanda Airport. In this final report, the results from 2009 to 2014 are summarised. More details on methods and results are given in individual reports and publications (Woldegiorgis et al., 2010, Norström et al., 2011, Norström& Viktor, 2012, Norström et al., 2013, Ahrens et al., 2015). The main conclusions from the project are: Firefighting training sites are significant point sources contributing to the environmental contamination of PFAS in Sweden. Individual firefighting training sites contribute only by a small fraction of the total load of PFAS to the Swedish environment, but can locally cause elevated concentrations of PFOS in fish and water by up to a factor of 100, in comparison to reference areas. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.Due to the historical usage of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) which contained per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) at fire drills at Göteborg Landvetter Airport and Stockholm Arlanda Airport, elevated PFAS concentrations were found in surface waters and fish in the vicinity of these airports. As a result of these findings, Swedavia Swedish Airport and IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd IVL initiated the co-financed project Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human Populations in the vicinity of international airports (RE-PATH) to study the long-term consequences of the releases of PFAS from firefighting training sites. Since the project start in 2009, about 700 samples have been collected and analysed for their PFAS content. Toxicity tests have been performed to investigate potential influence of PFAS on reproduction, immobility and hatching frequency. The sediment-water balance has been studied to elucidate whether the PFAS accumulated in sediments contributes substantially to the water concentrations. The bioaccumulation and depletion potential was studied in goldfish, zebrafish and in crayfish. Furthermore, the load of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to Lake Mälaren was estimated and compared to releases via other sources. A mass balance model was developed to investigate the distribution and the rate of decline of PFOS-levels in the environment around Stockholm Arlanda Airport. In this final report, the results from 2009 to 2014 are summarised. More details on methods and results are given in individual reports and publications (Woldegiorgis et al., 2010, Norström et al., 2011, Norström& Viktor, 2012, Norström et al., 2013, Ahrens et al., 2015). The main conclusions from the project are: Firefighting training sites are significant point sources contributing to the environmental contamination of PFAS in Sweden. Individual firefighting training sites contribute only by a small fraction of the total load of PFAS to the Swedish environment, but can locally cause elevated concentrations of PFOS in fish and water by up to a factor of 100, in comparison to reference areas. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.Study showing the impact of the spread of highly fluorinated substances at airports where it previously used fire extinguishing foam
Förutsättningar för ett regionalt nätverk för klimatanpassning
No full textThis report is only available in Swedish
Non-road mobile machinery model - updates 2015
No full textThe model used in Sweden for modelling fuel consumption and emissions from non-road machines has within this project been updated in following ways: several types of alternative fuels have been included, machines with an installed engine power above 560 kW have been added, load factors have been updated for some machine types, an algorithm that calculates the effect of the engine load factor on fuel consumption has been added, emission factors of machines that meets the Stage V emission standard have been added. In addition there were also a few more minor updates.This report describes updates of the model used for modelling air emissions and energy use of non-road mobile machinery in Sweden. The modelled results are used, e.g. for Sweden’s air emissions reporting obligations to the UNFCCC, CLRTAP and EU
Råvaruströmmar från skogen - tillgång och samband
No full textThis report is only available in Swedish
Utökad demontering av personbilar
No full textEnligt EU-direktiv 2000/53/EG om uttjänta fordon ska återvinningsgraden för uttjänta bilar uppgå till minst 95 procent av bilens vikt i genomsnitt, varav minst 85 viktprocent ska gå till återanvändning eller materialåtervinning. Målet ska uppfyllas från och med 2015. Den största utmaningen för att klara målet är att materialåtervinna material som idag inte materialåtervinns i nämnvärd omfattning, framförallt icke-metalliska material där plast representerar den största mängden. En högre materialåtervinning skulle kunna åstadkommas med hjälp av demontering av bildelar före fragmentering. I fallet plastdelar sker i princip ingen demontering för materialåtervinning i Sverige idag varför plasten hamnar i den så kallade fluffraktionen, det vill säga en av materialfraktionerna som uppkommer vid fragmenteringen och den efterföljande sorteringen av uttjänta bilar. Fluffen går främst till energiåtervinning, men även deponering förekommer. This report is only available in Swedish. English summary is available in the report.Utvärdering av demontering- och fragmenteringsförsök av 220 personbilar