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Symbolic or Strategic? Understanding FSC and PEFC Certification in Resource-Constrained SMEs: The Swedish Timber Industry
No full textThis study investigates the motivations, barriers, and perceived value associated with eco-certifications, specifically the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Sweden’s timber industry. Despite growing global emphasis on sustainable supply chains, eco-certification systems remain structurally biased toward larger firms, posing significant challenges for SMEs. Drawing on Institutional Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), this research explores how institutional pressures, internal capabilities, and certification-related costs shape SME engagement with FSC and PEFC Chain of Custody (CoC) processes. The study employs a qualitative methodology, combining thematic analysis of relevant literature with semi-structured interviews across five certified SMEs and one certification body. Findings reveal that coercive pressures from B2B stakeholders and geopolitical developments are primary drivers of certification, while private consumer demand and intrinsic sustainability values play minimal roles. The most significant barriers occur during the planning and execution phases, where SMEs face high information and administrative costs due to complex and poorly tailored certification standards. While certification provides some strategic benefits, it is often perceived as a necessary compliance tool rather than a competitive advantage. The study concludes with recommendations to improve accessibility and reduce the burden of eco-certifications for SMEs through standard simplification, clearer guidance, and greater institutional support
Is the 50+1 rule an advantage or an obstacle for Swedish football?
No full textThe following study was carried out to investigate how the Swedish ownership model is used in Swedish football. This as the Swedish ownership model means that the members within the association own most of the associations. The study examines this as a trend in foreign football has become that players and investment companies choose to buy up the associations and commercialize them. The research has a general interest as it focuses on researching whether the Swedish ownership model is an obstacle or an advantage as it protects members but excludes the possibility for actors to own and commercialize the associations. The research takes place in the form of interviews with a sample that consists of both individuals who actively work in football as well as journalists. This is to see if opinions about the Swedish ownership model differ depending on the position the individual holds. The interviews have then been analyzed into themes that show what the sample thinks about the Swedish ownership model. The result that the study researched is that there are advantages to the Swedish model in the form that it appeals to members' interest and causes members to become involved in their association on a non-profit basis due to a sense of belonging.Furthermore the disadvantage of the rule is explained to be that it stops actors/investment companies from commercializing associations. Which prevents an economically favorable advantage for the associations
OV Beachhandball in a consumer's perspective - a qualitative study
No full textSyftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka bakomliggande faktorer som finns till grund för olika gruppers vilja till att delta i OV Beachhandboll. De grupperna som studien fokuserar på är skolklasser och handbollsföreningar. OV Beachhandboll är ett årligt evenemang som spelas på stranden i centrala Helsingborg. Evenemanget växer för varje år som går och 2018 var det över 1600 deltagande lag i olika klasser. Studien använder semistrukturerade intervjuer där sex personer från handbollsföreningar och skolor har deltagit. De teorier som studien utgår ifrån är Aakers modell för varumärkeskapital samt teorier om konsumentbeteende. Resultatet visar att deltagandet motiveras av en kombination av emotionella och praktiska faktorer, såsom tradition, gemenskap, tillgänglighet, kostnad och upplevd kvalitet. Det framkommer också skillnader mellan skolors och föreningars resonemang där skolor främst betonar social samvaro medan föreningar lyfter sportens innehåll och tradition
UN Climate Policy and Non-Interference - How looking at international norms can give insights into international system change : A Multimethod Analysis of COP Documents
No full textThis thesis answers the question, “How is the norm of non-interference changing in UN climate policy?” in order to gain insights into changes in the international system. Yan Xeutong’s theory of international system change examines how components of the system change, which can provide insight into the system’s transformation. One of these components are international norms. This thesis looks at the norm of non-interference in the specific context of climate change. Drawing on a constructivist understanding of norms and discourse, this thesis applies a multi-method approach that combines discourse analysis and descriptive statistics of UN COP documents to gain insights about norm change. The analysis reveals that non-interference has been consistently present in COP documents since 1995 and is not disappearing. However, recently, non-interference and a state-centric approach to climate change are beginning to share their dominance with a more global, people-centred approach and other norms. This thesis concludes that the current international norms have not yet changed, although they may soon, and thus, the international system has not yet changed, but crises such as climate change are creating the conditions for it to possibly change in the future
The impact of state security privatization
No full textThis thesis looks into how intelligence outsourcing to private actors impacts state security and sovereignty. This is done in response to the growing amount of influence private intelligence is gaining on state security. The theoretical framework consists of neoclassical realism and liberal institutionalism. These approaches look at state security control, institutional cooperation and how other actors have an influence. Critical security studies is also addressed to assess the research question better where the other two approaches fall short. The research method used in this thesis is that of textual comparative analysis, done through comparing three different national security strategies from the US and Israel. Through analyzing these reports, it shows that sovereignty and security governance get drastically altered through the rise of public-private collaborations. Sovereignty and security governance do not lose their definition, but rather get reshaped in a way previous IR theories fail to adapt to.
Analysis of Universal Application of Nel Noddings´ Ethics of Care : -
No full textNel Noddings' ethics of care is a theory that, while often associated with the domestic sphere, is not limited to it and can be meaningfully applied within educational contexts. For the ethics of care to be practised across diverse geographical, gendered, and situational contexts, it must demonstrate universal applicability. This thesis critically examines the challenges to such universality within Noddings' framework. It explores key concepts such as engrossment, interrogates the languages used in articulating the theory, and considers how the notion of universality in care ethics compares with that found in traditionally masculine ethical theory. The analysis contends that while certain critiques of the theory are valid, not all can be integrated without compromising the distinctly feminine orientation that is central to Noddings's feminine ethical approach. Furthermore, this study identifies notable gaps in the existing literature, particularly concerning the intersection of culture and care, specifically, the ways in which care is prioritised and practised across different cultural contexts.
Psykiskt våld mot barn inom familjen : En litteraturöversikt
No full textThe study highlights psychological violence against children in the home environment with a focus on a Nordic context. Psychological violence against children is a global public health problem that is not always recognized as child abuse. The study will present how psychological violence is described, what child care looks like from a Nordic context and what risk and protective factors exist, as well as what consequences psychological violence can have on the child's development. The study also highlights how child care in the Nordic countries handles psychological violence. Psychological violence is a type of violence that is not always noticed, which means that children's vulnerability is not always detected or prevented. Children are dependent on the attachment between their guardians, and a secure attachment is the basis for children's positive development and health. Psychological violence can lead to children having long-term negative consequences, such as mental illness, substance abuse problems and difficulties in school. By examining how the legal systems in the different countries relate to psychological violence against children, as well as how attachment theory and ecological systems theory affect the child's development, a deeper understanding is created. It clarifies how social structures can both promote a safe environment for the child to grow up and at the same time risk making it more difficult. The study highlights how psychological violence should be given more attention so that children's vulnerability to violence can be identified and prevented within the family
Utforskning av tennoxidstrukturer på ädelmetallytor baserat på maskininlärning och täthetsfunktionalteori
No full textThe formation mechanism for tin oxides remain poorly understood, with previous work largely based on methods guided by intuition and lacking confirmation through x-ray diffraction methods. This work investigates the minimum energy structure of tin oxide on Pt(111), Pt3Sn(111), and Rh(111) 2x2 surfaces using the global optimization with first-principles energy expressions (GOFEE) algorithm and Density Functional Theory (DFT), which has been succesfully used to find structures that were able to be confirmed with experimental diffraction data. The GOFEE algorithm reduces the number of single-point calculations by employing a machine learning potential to evaluate the candidate structures with the most promising being chosen for a DFT evaluation which is then used to refine the surrogate potential. In this work it was found that for Sn2O3 on Rh(111), a structure similar to that found by Yuhara et al. (2011) could be reproduced through the GOFEE search. Similarly, the minimum energy structures of Sn3O3, Sn3O4, and Sn4O4 on the three substrates exhibited the same configuration. However, only Sn3O3 on Rh(111) showed a bilayer instead of monolayer honeycomb structure. Although the structure of Sn2O3 did not differ from that of Yuhara et al. (2011), a stability comparison using the formalism proposed by Reuter et al. (2001) suggests that the (2x2) minimum energy structure of tin oxide on Rh(111) is formed by Sn3O3 at lower temperatures and Sn3O4 at higher temperatures.Bildningsmekanismen för tennoxider är fortfarande dåligt förstådd, med tidigare arbete som till stor del bygger på metoder som styrs av intuition och saknar bekräftelse genom röntgendiffraktionsmetoder. I detta arbete undersöks den minsta energistrukturen för tennoxid på Pt(111), Pt3Sn(111) och Rh(111) 2x2-ytor med hjälp av GOFEE-algoritmen (Global Optimization with First-principles Energy Expressions) och täthetsfunktionalteori (DFT), som framgångsrikt har använts för att hitta strukturer som kunde bekräftas med experimentella diffraktionsdata. GOFEE-algoritmen minskar antalet enpunktsberäkningar genom att använda en maskininlärningspotential för att utvärdera kandidatstrukturerna, varvid de mest lovande väljs ut för en DFT-utvärdering som sedan används för att förfina surrogatpotentialen. I detta arbete visade det sig att för Sn2O3 på Rh(111) kunde en struktur liknande den som hittades av Yuhara et al. (2011) återskapas genom GOFEE-sökningen. På samma sätt uppvisade de lägsta energistrukturerna för Sn3O3, Sn3O4 och Sn4O4 på de tre substraten samma konfiguration. Det var dock bara Sn3O3 på Rh(111) som uppvisade en bikakestruktur med två lager i stället för ett lager. Även om strukturen hos Sn2O3 inte skilde sig från den hos Yuhara et al. (2011), tyder en stabilitetsjämförelse med hjälp av den formalism som föreslagits av Reuter et al. (2001) på att den (2x2) lägsta energistrukturen hos tennoxid på Rh(111) bildas av Sn3O3 vid lägre temperaturer och Sn3O4 vid högre temperaturer
Game On, Chat! Investigating Audience Participation and Interaction in APGs
No full textThis study examines how player skill levels influence audience behavior in Audience ParticipationGames (APGs), using Choice Chamber as a test environment. Through gameplay sessions with players of varying abilities and post-game group interviews with the audience, we investigated audience decision-making patterns and empathic responses. Our findings reveal that audience behavior dynamically shifts based on player performance, with participants typically helping struggling players while challenging skilled ones. What appears as ”sabotage” often represents audiences optimizing gameplay experiences through appropriate challenge levels. Empathy functions as a natural regulating mechanism, especially when actions have visible consequences and players show clearemotional responses. This research extends spectator typology frameworks by demonstrating thataudience roles are conditional rather than fixed, providing insights for game designers to createmore engaging participation mechanics in interactive entertainment
Ethnic Diversity in Practice? : A Qualitative Study on how Ethnic Diversity is Understood, Expressed and Experienced at Malmö University
No full textDenna kvalitativa studie undersöker hur etnisk mångfald utrycks, förstås och upplevs vid Malmö universitet. Studien bygger på intervjuer med fyra lärare och tre studenter samt en analys av tre policydokument. Syftet är att belysa hur etnisk mångfald framställs i dokumenten och hur den upplevs i praktiken. Resultaten visar att det i policydokumenten uttrycs en vilja till inkludering och breddad rekrytering, men att etnisk mångfald inte nämns direkt eller konkretiseras. Lärarna har olika uppfattningar om vad etnisk mångfald innebär-vissa ser det som en resurs, andra som ett ideal utan praktiskt genomslag. Studenterna upplever att etnisk mångfald är tydlig bland studenter, men frånvarande bland undervisade personal. Studien synliggör ett glapp mellan det som uttrycks i policy och det som upplevs i praktiken, särskilt vad gäller representation bland anställda.