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The swedish leadership style in the United Arab Emirates : A qualitative study on the challenges swedish leaders face and how they adapt their leadership style
No full textGlobaliseringen har medfört att allt fler svenska ledare verkar i internationella sammanhang där kulturella skillnader påverkar både ledarskapets innehåll och utövande. Förenade Arabemiraten är ett exempel på en snabbt växande, mångkulturell affärsmiljö där svenska ledare ställs inför nya organisatoriska, kommunikativa och kulturella utmaningar. Tidigare forskning visar att den svenska ledarstilen fungerar väl inom Sverige men möter utmaningar i andra kulturella kontexter. Den svenska ledarstilen har hittills inte studerats i en Mellanösternkontext, vilket innebär att denna studie bidrar med ny kunskap till den vetenskapliga litteraturen. Denna studie undersöker vilka utmaningar svenska ledare möter i Förenade Arabemiraten samt hur de upplever behovet av att anpassa sin ledarstil i en mångkulturell och dynamisk affärsmiljö. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ undersökning genomförts. Datainsamlingen består av personliga semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska ledare i Förenade Arabemiraten. Studiens undersökningsmodell har utformats med utgångspunkt i det teoretiska ramverket, vilket också har legat till grund för utformningen av intervjufrågorna. Det insamlade empiriska materialet har kodats i NVivo, och en tematisk analys har genomförts i syfte att besvara studiens frågeställning. Baserat på analysen och de framkomna resultaten har en nyteoretisk modell utvecklats och presenterats. Studien belyser hur kulturella skillnader, kommunikation, hierarki och relationer påverkar ledarskapet i praktiken. Resultatet visar att ledarna utgår ifrån en svensk ledarstil, men möter utmaningar i delegering, kommunikation, att hantera olika religionstillhörigheter, relationsbyggande och tidshantering. Ledarna utvecklar en form av kombinerat ledarskap, där svenska värderingar kombineras med situationsanpassade och adaptiva strategier. Studien presenterar en teoretisk modell som beskriver denna iterativa process av anpassning, och bidrar med insikter om hur den svenska ledarstilen omformas i globala sammanhang.Globalization has led to an increasing number of Swedish leaders operating in international contexts where cultural differences influence both the content and execution of leadership. The United Arab Emirates serves as an example of a rapidly growing, multicultural business environment where Swedish leaders are faced with new organizational, communicative, and cultural challenges. Previous research shows that the Swedish leadership style is effective within Sweden but encounters difficulties in other cultural settings. There is limited research about the Swedish leadership style in a Middle Eastern context, which means this study contributes new knowledge to the academic literature. This study explores the challenges Swedish leaders face in the United Arab Emirates and how they perceive the need to adapt their leadership style within a multicultural and dynamic business environment. To achieve the aim of the study, a qualitative research design was used. The data collection consists of personal semistructured interviews with Swedish leaders in the United Arab Emirates. The study's research model was developed based on the theoretical framework, which also guided the formulation of the interview questions. The collected empirical data was coded using NVivo, and a thematic analysis was conducted to address the research questions. Based on the analysis and the results, a new theoretical model was developed and presented. The study highlights how cultural differences, communication, hierarchy, and relationships influence leadership in practice. The findings show that while the leaders draw on a Swedish leadership style, they encounter challenges related to delegation, communication, religious diversity, relationship-building, and time management. The leaders develop a form of combined leadership, where Swedish values are integrated with situational and adaptive strategies. The study presents a theoretical model that illustrates this iterative process of adaptation, contributing insights into how the Swedish leadership style is reshaped in global contexts
The Philosopher’s Corner : The ’Immersed Flesh’: A Phenomenological Conceptualization of Immersive Virtual Reality Embodiment
No full textImmersive virtual reality (IVR) provides an emerging research discourse for the information systems (IS) field, with respect to ”embodiment.” Embodiment has been a subject for IS studies. Contemporary research on IVR embodiment, however, is scarce, especially from the perspective of the immersive experience. Hence, this paper explores how Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological view on embodiment and ontology of the Flesh can be employed to conceptualize IVR embodiment for the IS field. As a result, this paper contributes with the concept of ”Immersed Flesh,” a phenomenological conceptualization of IVR embodiment that is proposed to advance the IS discourse on IVR research, embodiment, and phenomenology. The Immersed Flesh is defined as the tissue or matrix that gives rise to a potency of merging worlds (e.g., physical, virtual) bearing actuality, in a dynamic and relational process of embodying activities among a plurality of singularities that constitutes the very fabric of reality. As a concept, the Immersed Flesh focuses on the very feeling of immersive embodiment and highlights it through three illustrative examples: (1) embodying the ”living body” of an immersed body-subject, (2) embodying intersubjective perspective-taking of the other’s body-schema, and (3) embodying the objective body and immersed interworld of passing entities.
Snails ahead! Metaphors of change and distributed prefiguration in the degrowth movement
No full textWhat can just and sustainable futures look like? How can transformative processes be navigated to embody these futures? Are these represented by a snail going ahead slowly, a snake shedding skin, or an old oak tree harbouring great diversity? In this research, we focus on the metaphors used by pluriversal alternatives to explore and enact desirable futures through distributed prefiguration, which manifest across various currents of the degrowth movement. We analyse the resulting imaginaries and transformative strategies through their metaphors of change, since several heuristics and models for change highlight the role of metaphors for deep transformations. Metaphors underpin worldviews and mental models, and are fundamental to interpreting the world, organising cognitive landscapes, and structuring societal systems. Building on transformation studies and cognitive metaphor theory, we use the discourse dynamics framework to surface and interpret metaphors of change used by activists and researchers in the degrowth movement. From the analysis of an international survey, a participatory activity, and interviews, it emerges that the imaginaries and strategies among degrowth proponents draw mostly on relational root metaphors and ecological or societal domains. The imaginaries suggest that degrowth can inspire deep transformations on the interrelated planes of material transactions, human and more-than-human interactions, social structures, and inner being. The transformative strategies are classified as symbiotic, ruptural, interstitial, intermingling, and enabling. Considering the means-ends coherence, the balance between unity in directionality and openness to plurality is discussed in relation to hegemony-transcending transformations, to inspire new ways of thinking, acting, and relating in prefigurative efforts.CC BY 4.0</p
Mot utveckling av funktionsgraderade materialkombinationer av legering 718-NiCrAlY och legering 718-YSZ med hjälp av DED-LB/p-processen
No full textAlloy 718 is a nickel-based superalloy widely used in high-temperature structural applications such as aeroengines, combustion chambers, and gas turbines, owing to its excellent high-temperature mechanical strength, good creep resistance, and oxidation performance. However, under aggressive thermal loads, Alloy 718 often experiences setbacks in meeting long-term durability and oxidation resistance demands. Traditionally, these limitations are addressed using thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, in which Alloy 718 is coated with a top ceramic coat primarily for thermal insulation and an intermediate metallic bond coat for mitigating the property difference between substrate and ceramic coat, and for oxidation resistance. Yttria-stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) and NiCrAlY are the widely used ceramic and bond coat materials, with proven success in enhancing oxidation resistance. Yet, these coatings experience issues with poor adhesion and thermal property mismatch, resulting in spallation of coatings under cyclic loading. Developing these layers with Directed Energy Deposition with laser beam and powder (DED-LB/p) process improves interfacial bonding both between the layers and with the substrate, and allows for potential integration of substrate and coating fabrication into a unified manufacturing process. Despite having these advantages, the direct deposition of NiCrAlY and YSZ involves a sharp interface that is prone to cracking due to sudden variation in properties. Replacing this sharp interface with a gradient composition helps in minimising the interfacial stresses and enhances the durability of the coating. The DED-LB/p process, with its ability to use multiple powder feeders and dynamic feed rate adjustments, attracted research on developing these compositionally graded structures called Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). Hence, this thesis investigates the development of Alloy 718-NiCrAlY and Alloy 718-YSZ compositionally graded FGMs using DED-LB/p process. The main objective of this thesis is to compositionally grade Alloy 718 with NiCrAlY to improve external oxidation protection and grade Alloy 718 with YSZ to reduce the temperatures experienced by the Alloy 718 substrate, resulting in improved high-temperature performance. This study primarily focused on understanding the metallurgy-related and process-induced challenges in realising fully functional and optimised FGM structures. In the Alloy 718-NiCrAlY system, a two-level three-factor Design of Experiments (DoE) was conducted to understand the influence of laser power, scan speed, and powder feed rate on geometrical and microstructural characteristics of the NiCrAlY deposition on Alloy 718 substrate. The process parameters, primarily laser power and scan speed, influenced the dilution of the substrate, which affected the grain morphology and phase fractions of γ-Ni and β-NiAl. Single track, multilayer direct deposition of NiCrAlY exhibited top surface transverse cracking, primarily attributed to the presence of brittle β-NiAl phase and thermal mismatch. The 10 wt.% compositionally graded FGM effectively reduced the surface cracking, but compositional mixing along the gradient led to the formation of crack-susceptible compounds, which ultimately developed solidification cracking in intermediate regions. In the Alloy 718-YSZ system, 10 wt.% gradient single-track experiments showed a clear separation of Alloy 718-rich and YSZ-rich regions, with increasing YSZ content. It was observed due to inferior wetting, significant density differences, and improper melt pool mixing between materials. The grain structure of YSZ in ceramic regions also changed with an increase in YSZ content. Formation of low-melting or deleterious compounds in intermediate regions was identified as a major challenge in developing Alloy 718-NiCrAlY FGMs, whereas melt pool separation and lack of gradient-specific process parameters were identified as major challenges to be addressed in the development of the Alloy 718-YSZ system to realise a structurally and functionally sound FGM.Alloy 718 är en nickelbaserad superlegering som används flitigt i högtemperaturstrukturella tillämpningar som flygmotorer, förbränningskammare och gasturbiner, tack vare sin utmärkta mekaniska styrka vid höga temperaturer, god krypmotståndskraft och oxidationsbeständighet. Men under aggressiva termiska belastningar upplever Alloy 718 ofta bakslag när det gäller att uppfylla kraven på långsiktig hållbarhet och oxidationsbeständighet. Traditionellt hanteras dessa begränsningar med hjälp av termiska barriärbeläggningssystem (TBC), där Alloy 718 beläggs med ett keramiskt toppskikt främst för termisk isolering och ett mellanliggande metalliskt bindskikt för att mildra egenskapsskillnaden mellan substratet och det keramiska skiktet, samt för oxidationsbeständighet. Yttria-stabiliserad zirkonia (YSZ) och NiCrAlY är de mest använda keramik- och bindskiktsmaterialen, med bevisad framgång när det gäller att förbättra oxidationsbeständigheten [A1.1]. Ändå upplever dessa beläggningar problem med dålig vidhäftning och termisk mismatch, vilket resulterar i att beläggningarna flagnar under cyklisk belastning. Att utveckla dessa skikt med Directed Energy Deposition med laserstråle och pulver (DED-LB/p)-processen förbättrar gränssnittsbondningen både mellan skikten och med substratet och möjliggör potentiell integration av substrat- och beläggningstillverkning till en enhetlig tillverkningsprocess. Trots dessa fördelar innebär direkt deposition av NiCrAlY och YSZ en skarp gränsyta som är benägen att spricka på grund av plötsliga variationer i egenskaper. Att ersätta detta skarpa gränssnitt med en gradientkomposition bidrar till att minimera gränssnittsstressarna och förbättrar beläggningens hållbarhet. DED-LB/pprocessen med sin förmåga att använda flera pulvertillmatare och dynamiska justeringar av matningshastigheten lockade till forskning om utveckling av dessa kompositionsgraderade strukturer som kallas Funktionellt graderade material (FGM). Därför undersöker denna avhandling utvecklingen av kompositionsgraderade FGMs av legering 718-NiCrAlY och legering 718-YSZ med hjälp av DED-LB/p-processen. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling är att kompositionsgradera Alloy 718 med NiCrAlY för att ge externt oxidationsskydd och att gradera Alloy 718 med YSZ för att minska temperaturerna som Alloy 718-substratet utsätts för, vilket resulterar i förbättrad högtemperaturprestanda. Denna studie fokuserade främst på att förstå de metallurgirelaterade och processinducerade utmaningarna vid realiseringen av fullt funktionella och optimerade FGM-strukturer. I systemet Alloy 718-NiCrAlY genomfördes en tvånivåtrefaktor Design of Experiments (DoE) för att förstå inflytandet av lasereffekt, skanningshastighet och pulvertillförselhastighet på de geometriska och mikrostrukturella egenskaperna hos NiCrAlY-avsättningen på Alloy 718-substratet. Processparametrarna, främst lasereffekten och skanningshastigheten, påverkade utspädningen av substratet, vilket i sin tur påverkade kornmorfologin och fasfraktionerna av γ-Ni och β-NiAl. Enkelspårig, flerskiktig direkt deposition av NiCrAlY uppvisade tvärgående sprickbildning på ytan, vilket främst tillskrivs närvaron av den spröda β-NiAl-fasen och termisk mismatch. Den 10 viktprocent kompositionsgraderade FGM:en minskade effektivt ytans sprickbildning, men kompositionsblandning längs gradienten ledde till bildning av sprickkänsliga föreningar, vilket i slutändan utvecklade stelnesprickor i mellanliggande områden. I systemet Alloy 718-YSZ visade gradientexperiment med enskilda spår med 10 viktprocent en tydlig separation av Alloy 718-rika och YSZ-rika områden, med ökande YSZinnehåll. Det observerades på grund av sämre vätning, betydande densitetsskillnader och otillräcklig blandning av smältbadet mellan materialen. Kornstrukturen hos YSZ i keramikområdena förändrades också med ökningen av YSZ-innehållet. Bildandet av lågsmältande eller skadliga föreningar i mellanliggande regioner identifierades som en stor utmaning vid utvecklingen av Alloy 718-NiCrAlY FGMs, medan separation av smältbadet och brist på gradient-specifika processparametrar identifierades som stora utmaningar som måste hanteras i Alloy 718-YSZsystemet för att uppnå en strukturellt och funktionellt sund FGM.Paper D is to be submitted and not included in the electronic licentiate thesis.</p
Föreningslivet som hälsofrämjande arena? : Föreningsrepresentanters perspektiv på arbetet med barn och ungdomars hälsa
No full textWork Integrated Learning as a Knowledge Management Strategy : An innovative argument for using work integrated learning to accelerate the generation of tacit knowledge
No full textThe aim of this research is to explore whether adopting a Work Integrated Learning (WIL) approach can accelerate the generation and transfer of tacit knowledge amongst professionals. Tacit knowledge is the knowledge gained by individuals from experience and is difficult to articulate and formalize. The transfer of tacit knowledge is a key concern for organisations with niche knowledge, particularly when the workforce is aging and there is a risk of knowledge loss. This study is based on the concept of the internalisation phase of the knowledge spiral and examines quantitative data collected from a working population located primarily in Sweden and India. The practical implications of this research are relevant for leaders looking to implement or improve their knowledge management processes. Findings suggest that by adopting WIL, companies can improve employee engagement in knowledge management systems by increasing willingness to share knowledge with others. Additionally, managed socialization appears to be an important component of the knowledge management strategy, as opportunities to interact improve employees’ future outlooks. Preferences for learning and communication methods indicate that tenure, potentially role type, may have a stronger influence on individual preferences than personal demographic factors such as age or background. Overall, WIL approaches were found to be highly valued by working professionals. These practices help to increase workers understanding of new learnings, and increased engagement in knowledge transfer practices can in turn improve overall information quality within the broader knowledge management system. It is important for leaders to maintain time for peer knowledge-sharing and self-reflection in order to maintain these benefits
Metaphoric Competence in English 5 : A study of Swedish Students’ Understanding of Figurative Language
No full textThis study explores the relationship between English language proficiency and metaphoric competence (MC) among ESL and EFL learners. Previous research explains metaphorical concepts and MC and how they can improve the progression of language learners. Students who take the course English 5 in Swedish schools provided translations of English sentences based on metaphorical concepts as well as their experiences of English through an online questionnaire. The data from the survey revealed that students who are more proficient language learners demonstrate a higher understanding of metaphorical phraseology. The results align with previous research which indicate that advanced language learners tend to possess stronger skills in recognizing and interpreting metaphors. The study argues for the value of incorporating MC into language teaching and suggests further research to investigate how it could be done
Fusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Hastelloy C-Series : A Comparative Study on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Residual Stress
No full textThe fusion-based single-pulsed gas metal arc welding (SP-GMAW) additive manufacturing (AM) process has attracted considerable attention because of its high production efficiency, elevated deposition rates, and near-net-shape capabilities. The present study presents a comparative investigation of Hastelloy C-276 and Hastelloy C-22 thin-walled components fabricated using an SP-GMAW-based AM process. This study thoroughly investigates the microstructure, material properties, and residual stress of the components. The microstructures in various regions comprise dendrite structures in Hastelloy C-276 and C-22 superalloys. The Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis revealed a discrepancy in elemental composition between C-276 and C-22 materials. Additionally, the average grain size in the top, middle, and bottom portions of C-22 are 67.8 µm, 78.6 µm, and 87.6 µm, while C-276 has 72.5 µm, 80.2 µm, and 96.8 µm, respectively. Compared to the build direction, the travel direction has a higher mean microhardness. Hastelloy C-22 achieves a maximum hardness of 320 HV, while Hastelloy C-276 has a hardness of 286 HV. The highest recorded tensile strength for Hastelloy C-22 was 772 ± 5.1 MPa, whereas Hastelloy C-276 displayed a tensile strength of 758 ± 4.1 MPa in the upper regions along the travel direction. According to the stress distribution, the as-fabricated specimens of Hastelloy C-276 and C-22 are mostly impacted by tensile residual stress. Research on Hastelloy C series alloy comparisons and single-pulsed GMAW-based WAAM technologies is limited and progressing. The comparative results of this research will be significant in the chemical-based, nuclear energy, maritime, and manufacturing industries.CC BY 4.0</p
Age limits on the senior housing market
No full textDen ökande och åldrande befolkningen ställer krav på fler bostäder avsedda för seniorer och ett friskt åldrande. Denna studie undersöker vilken funktion åldersgränsen 55+, som ofta sätts i bostadskoncept för seniorer, har och hur den korrelerar med målgruppen seniorer. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap till utvecklingen av framtidens bostadskoncept för seniorer, samt till hur fastighetsutvecklare kan arbeta med målgruppssegmentering och marknadskommunikation. Inom ramen för studien har data från websidor, enkäter och intervjuer analyserats och av resultatet kan konstateras att åldersgränsen inte motsvarar potentiella kunders definition av senior och inte heller fastighetsutvecklarens målgrupp. Åldersgränsen är dessutom i många fall omotiverad vid utveckling av seniorbostadskoncept, men kan behövas för att bibehålla det som koncept. Beroende på hur marknadskommunikationen utformas påverkas seniorers benägenhet att identifiera sig med koncepten. Med livsstilsbetonad kommunikation kan andra målgrupper tilltalas, vilket kan leda till att inriktningen mot just seniorer suddas ut och konceptet därmed urholkas.The demographic changes and an increasing aging population puts pressure on the housing sector to provide more residences designed for seniors and healthy aging. An age limit of 55+ is often applied in senior housing concepts. This study investigates the role of the age limit and how it correlates with the target group of seniors. The aim is to provide insights into the development of future seniors housing, as well as to how real estate companies can use segmentation to define their target group and design marketing communication. Within the study, data from websites, surveys, and interviews have been analysed and the result show that the age limit is not equal to potential customers’ definition of a senior, nor to the real estate developers’ actual target group. In many cases, the age limit is unjustified in the development of senior housing concepts, but may be necessary to maintain the concept as such. Depending on how the marketing communication is designed, seniors’ willingness to identify with the concepts is affected. Lifestyle-oriented communication can appeal to other target groups, which may take out the focus on seniors and thereby dilute the concept
Arbetsintegrerad språkinlärning
No full textAdult migrants will often face the dual challenge of learning a new language and securing employment. In many cases, skills in the host country language will be a prerequisite for securing a job. To meet these challenges, programmes that allow migrants to develop both the language and vocational skills have been developed in Sweden. This dissertation explores how, in these so-called combination programmes, boundary crossing can create affordances for learning. In contemporary times, informal language learning will often complement formal classroom instruction, making the classroom just one of many potential learning environments. These environments include the workplace. However, for language development to take place in the workplace, there is a need for active engagement from the parties involved. It does not occur automatically. Integrated programmes have been implemented in various countries to support workplace language learning, and to better facilitate entry to the labour market, a factor often regarded to be a key aspect of successful integration. However, research remains limited. This is particularly the case for combination programmes. This dissertation examines the boundaries, boundary crossings, and affordances that arise in combination programmes. Interview and ethnographic methods have been used. The results show that language teachers, vocational teachers, and workplace supervisors are engaged in various forms of collaboration. These practices can be understood as examples of boundary crossing, and can be analysed through use of concepts such as ‘boundary crossers’, ‘boundary objects’, ‘boundary interactions’, and ‘boundary practices’. In the findings generated in this dissertation, boundary objects play a particularly prominent role. A model was developed to illustrate the varying types of boundary crossings that can take place in a combination programme, and which can give rise to affordances for learning. Two specific types of affordances are identified: domain affordances, which support the acquisition of vocational-specific linguistic knowledge, and affordances for oral communication, which offer opportunities to develop oral skills by encouraging learners to engage verbally rather than to remain silent. Moreover, the dissertation demonstrates that boundary objects and hybrid situations arising in workplace practices can produce learning opportunities, even in low-interaction settings such as cleaning. Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) is both a pedagogical approach and a research field. In this dissertation, work-integrated learning is defined as a pedagogical approach that integrates classroom-based education with relevant workplace experiences and which is deliberately included in the curriculum. Building on this definition, and grounded in the examination of combination programmes, Work-Integrated Language Learning (WILL) can be understood as a program or other form of education that primarily targets the development of L2 skills, where classroom and workplace-based learning are intentionally combined, and where connections between settings are actively sought.Vuxna migranter ställs ofta inför den dubbla utmaningen att lära sig ett nytt språk och att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. I många fall utgör språkkunskaper i värdlandets språk en förutsättning för att kunna få arbete. För att möta dessa utmaningar anordnas i Sverige så kallade kombinationsutbildningar, för att parallellt stödja utvecklingen av språk- och yrkeskunskaper. Denna avhandling utforskar hur gränsöverskridanden i kombinationsutbildningar kan skapa affordaces för lärande. Informell språkinlärning kompletterar ofta formell undervisning i klassrummet, vilket innebär att klassrummet endast är en av flera möjliga språkinlärningsmiljöer. En annan språkinlärningsmiljö är arbetsplatsen. För att språkutveckling ska kunna ske på arbetsplatsen krävs dock aktivt engagemang från samtliga involverade parter; det sker inte per automatik. Utbildningsprogram som syftar till att stödja migranters inträde på arbetsmarknaden och språkinlärning i arbetslivet har initierats i flera länder, då detta ofta betraktas som en central del av integrationsprocessen. Forskning inom området är dock begränsad. Det gäller inte minst forskning om kombinationsutbildningar. Denna avhandling fokuserar på de gränser, gränsöverskridanden och affordanses som uppstår i kombinationsutbildningar. Intervjuer och etnografiska metoder har använts. Resultaten visar att olika typer av samverkan mellan språklärare, yrkeslärare och handledare finns. Dessa samverkansformer kan förstås som exempel på gränsöverskridanden och analyseras utifrån begreppen ’gränsöverskridare’, ’gränsobjekt’, ’samspel övergränsen’ och ’gränspraktik’. Resultaten i denna avhandling visar särskilt på gränsobjektens centrala roll. En modell har tagits fram för att illustrera dessa gränsöverskridanden som kan förekomma inom kombinationsutbildningar, och hur dessa kan ge upphov till affordances för lärande. Två specifika typer av affordances identifieras i avhandlingen: domänspecifika affordances, vilka stödjer elevernas språkliga kunskapsutveckling genom praktiskt handlande och interaktion inom en yrkesmässig kontext, samt affordances för muntlig kommunikation, vilka skapar möjligheter att träna muntlig kommunikation och interaktion och underlättar för elever att våga uttrycka sig muntligt. Vidare visar avhandlingen att även i mycket lingvistiskt begränsade miljöer, såsom vid städarbete, medför gränsobjekt och hybrida situationer affordances för lärande. Arbetsintegrerat lärande (AIL) är både en pedagogisk metod och ett forskningsfält. I denna avhandling definieras arbetsintegrerat lärande som en pedagogisk metod som integrerar klassrumsbaserad utbildning med relevanta erfarenheter från arbetslivet, som avsiktligt integrerats i kursplanen. Med utgångspunkt i denna definition och med kombinationsutbildningar som empirisk grund definieras arbetsintegrerad språkinlärning (Work-Integrated Language Learning, WILL) som ett program eller annan utbildningsform som primärt syftar till utveckling av andraspråkskunskaper, där lärande i klassrum och på arbetsplats medvetet kombineras och där kopplingar mellan miljöerna aktivt eftersträvas.Delarbete 3 är submitted och inte inkluderad i den digitala avhandlingen.Paper 3 is submitted and not included in the electronic thesis.</p