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Intercultural training and attitudes of physical education teachers towards immigrant students in Chile: A multi-stakeholder perspective
No full textThe number of immigrant students has significantly increased in Chile over the past decade; this has posed new challenges for teacher education in the field of Physical Education (PE), especially in the southern macrozone of the country, where there have historically been tensions related to the recognition of cultural diversity within schools. The present study was conducted in three university campuses in the southern macrozone of Chile. The study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) What are the attitudes towards immigrant K-12 students of pre-service PE teachers, their university professors and the PE teachers who guide their practicum experiences in the placement schools?; (b) What are the perceptions of immigrant K-12 students and their parents regarding the attitudes toward foreign pupils of pre-service (who undergo practicum experience in schools) and PE in-service school teachers (who guide and give feedback on the practicum)?; (c) What are the differences and similarities between the perceptions of all stakeholders (PE in-service and pre-service teachers, their professors, immigrant K-12 students and their parents) about the effectiveness and appropriateness of university strategies preparing future PE teachers to engage with in intercultural contexts? University professors, pre-service PE teachers, and in-service PE teachers display positive attitudes towards interculturality, defined as the presence of K-12 immigrant students in schools. However, significative differences in attitudes exist between those responsible for their teacher education (university professors and in-service PE school teachers). Some K-12 immigrant students and their parents hold a critical perspective toward in-service PE school teachers (both pre-service and in-service), primarily because they perceive a lack of cultural inclusion within the classroom. There is a consensus among the majority of participants regarding the necessity to enhance teacher education concerning interculturality
Three arguments against institutional conscientious objection, and why they are (metaphysically) unconvincing
No full textThe past decade has seen a burgeoning of scholarly interest in conscientious objection in healthcare. While the literature to date has focused primarily on individual healthcare practitioners who object to participation in morally controversial procedures, in this article we consider a different albeit related issue, namely, whether publicly funded healthcare institutions should be required to provide morally controversial services such as abortions, emergency contraception, voluntary sterilizations, and voluntary euthanasia. Substantive debates about institutional responsibility have remained largely at the level of first-order ethical debate over medical practices which institutions have refused to offer; in this article, we argue that more fundamental questions about the metaphysics of institutions provide a neglected avenue for understanding the basis of institutional conscientious objection. To do so, we articulate a metaphysical model of institutional conscience, and consider three well-known arguments for undermining institutional conscientious objection in light of this model. We show how our metaphysical analysis of institutions creates difficulties for justifying sanctions on institutions that conscientiously object. Thus, we argue, questions about the metaphysics of institutions are deserving of serious attention from both critics and defenders of institutional conscientious objection
Paediatric obesity diagnosis and intervention practices in Australian hospitals - Australia-wide survey
No full textAim: Previous studies suggest a lack of a unified approach in identifying and addressing children with obesity while being inpatients in individual Australian hospitals. Our study aimed to describe current clinical practice across Australia and identify discrepancies that can aid in developing a more unified response to children identified with obesity as hospital inpatients.
Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory online survey was distributed to major paediatric in-patient departments in Australia, with a response rate of 68%. Questions focused on education, identification, interventions and attitudes towards a national protocol.
Results: Twenty percent of respondents indicated that staff in their department regularly record body mass index, 66% address weight issuesand only 8% consistently refer to appropriate outpatient services. Although 88% of respondents believe that a national protocol for addressing paediatric obesity would be beneficial, respondents emphasised concerns regarding their local resources.
Conclusion: Our study can inform the development of a guideline for a unified response to opportunistically identify children with overweight and obesity as inpatient
The Cumulative Incidence and Site of Recurrent Metastatic Breast Cancer and Post-Metastasis Survival of Females with an Initial Diagnosis of Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer in New South Wales
Get PDFThis dissertation aimed to investigate the population-level incidence, site, and survival of recurrent metastatic breast cancer (rMBC) occurring after stage I−III breast cancer, and changes over time. Breast cancer mortality has declined over the last 30 years due to advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the impact of improved cancer care on rMBC is not yet well understood because cancer registries do not routinely report on cancer recurrence (Chapter 1). A systematic review of 20 population-based studies provided evidence of improvements in survival for people with de novo metastatic breast cancer (stage IV at diagnosis) since 1995 in high-income countries. However, data for people with rMBC, who represent most new diagnoses of metastatic breast cancer, were limited (Chapter 2). An Australian population-based record linkage study was designed to address the research questions for rMBC. The study population comprised two cohorts of females with a first diagnosis of primary non-metastatic invasive breast cancer registered in the New South Wales Cancer Registry in 2001−2002 and 2006−2007 (Chapter 3).
Key findings
were: For the 2001−2002 cohort (n=6388), the 14-year cumulative incidence of rMBC was 22.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 21.1−23.2%) (Chapter 4). For the 2006−2007 cohort (n=6832), the 9-year cumulative incidence of rMBC was 3.6% (95% CI 2.3%−4.9%) lower for the 2006−2007 cohort (15.0%) than the 2001−2002 cohort (18.6%), with increased use of adjuvant therapy observed in the 2006−2007 cohort (Chapter 5). For those with rMBC (n=2267), the 2006−2007 cohort were more likely to have an initial diagnosis of regional disease than localised disease and were older at first rMBC record than the 2001−2002 cohort. Despite these poorer prognostic characteristics, post-metastasis survival was similar between the two study cohorts (5-year probability of breast cancer death: 2001−2002 65% (95%CI 60–66%); 2006−2007 63% (95%CI 62–68%), p=0.13) (Chapter 6).
These findings can inform planning for breast cancer services for treatment and supportive care, counselling patients, and future research. The methods developed can be applied to new cohorts to investigate the population impact of ongoing treatment changes, used to inform the development of cancer registry systems to routinely report on rMBC, and extended to other cancers (Chapter 7)
