RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Effekten av Bjørnis - Studie av effekten av Bjørnis på brannsikkerheten i norske husstander
No full textI denne FRIC studien er den forebyggende effekten av Bjørnis for brannsikkerheten i norske husstander studert. Hovedkonklusjonen er at Bjørnis har ført til en tydelig og dokumenterbar forbedring av brannsikkerheten i norske hjem. Studien er utført som en del av prosjekt 4.3 Brannsikkerhetstiltak for boliger i FRIC, i samarbeid med Stiftelsen Brannbamsen Bjørnis. Det er også et webinar på norsk og engelsk som presenterer studien, opptak av webinaret vil bli publisert her: https://fric.no/publikasjoner. | In this FRIC study, the effect of the fire mascot Bjørnis on the fire safety in Norwegian households is studied. The main conclusion is that Bjørnis has led to a clear and documentable improvement of the fire safety in Norwegian homes. This study is a part of project 4.3 Fire safety measures for dwellings in FRIC, in collaboration with the Bjørnis Foundation. There is also a webinar in Norwegian and English presenting the study, the webinar recording will be published at: https://fric.no/en/publications
FKG method for collecting data and calculation of climate footprint forcomponents supplied to the automotive industry
No full textTh is method is developed for the purpose of helping suppliers to the automotive industry present a potential climate footprint of their proposed products to their customers in a quotation stage. The supplier/producer company is responsible for making a complete inventory of all inputs and outputs of the proposed product in accordance with the D ata C o llection T emplate. The method is based on the modelling of a climate footprint for a fictive average product, that can be used to present an estimated potential climate footprint for future product offers. Th e method was developed as integral parts of a climate footprint project coordinated by FKG, representing Swedish automotive component suppliers. The project resulted in this method, including an inventory tool to be used by supplier s to collect data and an average product model and calculator to estimate a potential clim ate footprint of the suppliers products. The inventory data includes information on supplied materials (types and qualities), transportation ( volume , mode, and distance), and energy sources (types and suppliers) used in production during 2021 or 2022 . This data can be used in simulations for future products. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) consultants utilize the inventory to construct a simplified cradle to gate model in software tools like SimaPro, LCA for Experts (formerly GaBi )), or other LCA modelling software tool . This model, which employs a “simple cut off for recycled input materials and recyclable materials from production (“simple cut off” according to Ekvall et al. 2020 as recommended by EPD International see further chapter 2 and 3 for scope and modelling )), either utilizes certified climate data (e. EPDs) from sub suppliers or, more commonly, relies on general Ecoinvent data for materials and energy. A simplified LCA model for the average product from the previous year is documented and serves as the baseline for the calculation . Subsequently, a calculator is developed that can simulate a climate footprint for production of a new product in the factory based on the production volume and material mix from the previous year. In the calculator, the climate footprint of the 'core' for each main process and subprocess is treated as fixed factors proportional to the weight of the product. The upstream part treats the raw material mix (bill of materials) as a variable that can be adjusted for each product, where each raw material has specific materials) as a variable that can be adjusted for each product, where each raw material has specific climate footprint factorsclimate footprint factors.. Validation of the Validation of the method method toto developdevelop an an averageaverage--productproduct--model and the calculator is carried out by model and the calculator is carried out by a a validation bodyvalidation body.. In this first version of the methodIn this first version of the method, , the validation body is the validation body is RISE. The validation proRISE. The validation programgram builds on builds on review of review of assumed dataassumed data andand confirms the use of reasonabconfirms the use of reasonable and le and sufficient sufficient data for thedata for the simplifiedsimplified LCALCA modelmodel. The validation program. The validation program does not verify does not verify thatthat the bill of materials the bill of materials andand bill of bill of processes processes are sufficient are sufficient to produce to produce the the product/product/component butcomponent but validates the reasonableness of thvalidates the reasonableness of this is datadata.
IEA/HPT Annex 53 Advanced Cooling/Refrigeration Technologies Development– Executive Summary Report
No full textThis report documents work done under the International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pumping Technologies collaborative project IEA Annex 53, Advanced Cooling/Refrigeration Technologies Development. Research and development institutes in five Heat Pumping Technologies member countries—Germany, Italy, the People’s Republic of China, South Korea, and the United States of America—shared information on a range of advanced, lower-carbon heat pump/air-conditioning (AC) technologies. This annex was launched in response to the anticipated heavy growth in worldwide demand for AC and refrigeration by 2050. The technical scope of Annex 53 was very broad by design. It is unlikely that there will be only one or even a few so-called right solutions to the challenge. Therefore, the participants were free to investigate a wide range of possible technology solutions. Research, development, and demonstration efforts focused on advanced, higher-efficiency technology solutions for future AC and refrigeration systems. Technologies included those based on enhancements of the time-proven vapor compression cycle, electrochemical compression, absorption and adsorption (including compressor-assisted) systems, and others based on nontraditional cycles (including magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric, heat pipe–assisted caloric cycles, and more). Technology readiness levels for the investigated technology options ranged from approximately 2 to about 8 by the end of the annex
New insight into social relationships in dairy cows and how time of birth, parity, and relatedness affect spatial interactions later in life
No full textSocial interactions between cows play a fundamental role in the daily activities of dairy cattle. Real-time location systems provide on a continuous and automated basis information about the position of individual cows inside barns, offering a valuable opportunity to monitor dyadic social contacts. Understanding dyadic social interactions could be applied to enhance the stability of the social structure promoting animal welfare and to model disease transmission in dairy cattle. This study aimed to identify the effect of different cow characteristics on the likelihood of the formation and persistence of social contacts in dairy cattle. The individual position of the lactating cows was automatically collected once per second for 2 wk, using an ultra-wideband system on a Swedish commercial farm consisting of almost 200 dairy cows inside a freestall barn. Social networks were constructed using the position data of 149 cows with available information on all characteristics during the study period. Social contacts were considered as a binary variable indicating whether a cow pair was within 2.5 m of each other for at least 10 min per day. The role of cow characteristics in social networks was studied by applying separable temporal exponential random graph models. Our results revealed that cows of the same parity interacted more consistently, as well as those born within 7 d of each other or closely related by pedigree. The repeatability of the topological parameters indicated a consistent short-term stability of the individual animal roles within the social network structure. Additional research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the long-term evolution of social contacts among dairy cattle and to investigate the relationship between these networks and the transmission of diseases in the dairy cattle population. .his project was funded by Formas, a Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Stockholm, Sweden (ID: 2019–02276 and 2019–02111) and by the Kjell and Märta Beijer Foundation (Stockholm, Sweden).</p
Spatial restrictions inadvertently doubled the carbon footprint of Norway's mackerel fishing fleet
No full textThe ocean is increasingly used for industry, energy and recreation or protected for conservation, resulting in increasing spatial restrictions for fisheries. Simultaneously, producing seafood with a low climate footprint is becoming increasingly important. Despite this, the effects of spatial restrictions on the emissions of fishing fleets are poorly known. In the Northeast Atlantic, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU (Brexit) meant that the UK regained autonomy in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This suddenly imposed a spatial restriction for several foreign fishing fleets targeting Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Here, we use this natural experiment and open fisheries data to investigate how Brexit affected the performance and emissions of the Norwegian mackerel fishery. As the fleet was excluded from fishing grounds in the UK, the catch per fishing trip almost halved, while the number of trips per vessel doubled. As a result, fuel use intensity (FUI) more than doubled from ∼0.08 to ∼0.18 L fuel per kg mackerel. We estimate that this shift required an additional 23 million liters of fuel per year, causing additional fuel costs of ∼€18 million annually and emitting an additional ∼72,000 tonnes CO2 per year. The policy change undid ∼15 years of improved fuel efficiency in Norwegian pelagic fisheries. These findings provide rare empirical evidence on how spatial restrictions can undermine progress towards decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in fisheries, highlighting the need to monitor and account for emissions in fisheries management and consider these trade-offs in marine spatial management. This work is funded by the Norwegian Research Council , project 326896 </p
Klimatanpassning av samhällsviktig verksamhet – juridiska utmaningar
No full textClimate adaptation of vital societal functions – a deep dive into the legal issues The climate is changing. This can lead to more frequent extreme weather events which can cause major damages in cities. Especially in larger cities, the climate related damages can go far beyond individual homeowners, as e.g. flooding can impair important societal functions. Today, many cities face the need to implement effective climate adaptation measures. But it is neither possible nor economically justifiable to secure all infrastructure in our cities against all types of climate-related risks. Cities need to prioritize their measures. They may be faced with, for example, the choice of investing in extensive and costly redevelopments or take smaller measures to only protect vital societal functions. Careful consideration of other interests, such as accessibility, is also required. There are organizational, technical, and legal challenges. The roles and responsibilities for various private and public entities, regarding climate adaptation measures, are not entirely clear. In the project “Multifunctional urban climate adaptation in collaboration” (Multifunktionell urban klimatanpassning i samverkan, MuKlis), financed by Vinnova, we explore the conditions for implementing efficient and sustainable climate adaptation of the built urban environment. The focus is on reducing vulnerability in case of cloudburst and heat waves with measures that also create other social, economic, and environmental benefits. In the project, we also explore legal challenges and possibilities for climate adaptation of vital societal functions and critical infrastructure, with a specific focus on the following questions: • If it is legally possible for a public or private actor to protect vital societal functions and critical infrastructure, even if it means an impairment for other actors in the area. • If it is legally possible for local, regional, or national government to demand that a public or private actor protect its vital societal functions and critical infrastructure. • If it is legally possible for an actor with vital societal functions to demand that another actor shall climate-proof for the benefit of its own vital societal functions and critical infrastructure. • If there are special provisions that can be applied if the vital societal functions or critical infrastructure are covered by the scope of the Protective Security Act (i.e. when the vital societal functions or critical infrastructure are also considered as security-sensitive activities).Denna rapport är ett resultat av ett arbete som utförts i projektet ”Multifunktionell klimat-anpassning i samverkan” (MuKlis), finansierat av Vinnova (dnr 2021-02465). Projektet har handlat om att skapa förutsättningar för en effektiv och hållbar klimatanpassning i urban miljö.</p
Stereoselective Catalytic Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) : A Survey across the Catalytic Spectrum
No full textDeep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a mixture of two or more components, and at a particular composition, they become liquids at room temperature. When the compounds that constitute the DESs are primary metabolites namely, amino acids, organic acids, sugars, or choline derivatives, the DESs are called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). NADESs fully represent green chemistry principles. These solvents are highly welcome, as they are obtained from renewable resources, and gratifyingly are biodegradable and biocompatible. They are an alternative to room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). From the pharmaceutical industry’s point of view, they are highly desirable, but they unfortunately have been rarely used despite their enormous potential. In this review, we look at their impact on the asymmetric catalytic synthesis of key target molecules via metal-based catalysis, biocatalysis, and organocatalysis. In many cases, the NADESs that have been used are chiral and can even promote enantioselective reactions; this crucial and very exciting aspect is also discussed and analyzed. © 2024 by the authors.EPC acknowledges the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for funding through the strategic project to LAQV-REQUIMTE (FCT/MCTES; UIDB/50006/2020|UIDP/50006/2020). AJB acknowledges FCT for funding through the strategic project UIDB/00313/2020|UIDP/00313/2020 to Coimbra Chemistry Centre—Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS)</p
Områdesanalys för träindustrins biogena kolflöden
No full textMapping of biogenic carbon flows in the forest-based value chains in Sweden The sawmill and wood industry sector is characterized by a high proportion of the use of domestic raw materials, where only around 2% of the timber comes from imports. 2950 kt of carbon is exported, which can be compared to the domestic use (including for energy purposes) of 8720 kt of carbon. Of the primary raw material used in the sawmills, 28% ends up in sawn spruce (2280 kt of carbon) and 18% in sawn pine (1460 kt of carbon). The sawn timber is then sent to the construction trade or for further processing within the wood manufacturing industry into various construction products, as well as to the furniture industry. The remaining portion of the wood raw material in the sawmills becomes by-products that go to energy production or to the pulp and paper industry. From the Swedish wood manufacturing industry, there is a flow consisting of by- and residual streams where the majority becomes return wood chips (RT chips) that are either burned in their own boilers for heat production at the industry or sent to heating or combined heat and power plants. The amount of RT chips that enter the Swedish power and heating plants annually amounts to 1300 kt of carbon. The difference between what goes into the wood manufacturing industry and what is energy recovered in the form of primarily RT chips is bound in long-lived products such as wooden frames, building interiors, furnishings, and furniture, which are also partially exported. The market for reuse and recycling of wood within the construction sector is still underdeveloped in Sweden, pilot studies are ongoing, and only small amounts of timber flow in this process. Since construction products often have functional and quality requirements that need to meet current building codes upon reuse, reuse is complicated, and the issue of responsibility also complicates matters. Regulations, test methods, new actors, and business models need to be developed. There is a clear potential to use by- and residual streams from the wood value chain more efficiently considering the increasing competition for wood raw material from the forest. Two clear tracks • Capture juvenile fibers from the breakdown and postprocessing processes in the wood value chain and coordinate flows into volumes that can be utilized for products instead of energy production. This requires coordination of more sectors than just the actors in the forest sector to find the right biogenic raw materials for energy production. • Develop processes, methods, and business models that contribute to RT chips being used to a greater extent for products instead of energy production. A prerequisite for change is that both industry and society's energy supply (electricity and heat) can be managed with less energy from combustion of wood raw material. Among the actors in the value chain, there is an understanding and even a willingness to make a transition, but above all, there is a lack of economic incentives to do so. A further perspective, given the increasing competition for wood raw material from the forest, is to reflect on the volumes of exported wood, its use, resource efficiency and possible national need. Today, there is a significant lack of detailed public statistics and data on the amount of sawn timber that goes into various types of products. The risk of disclosing company- that data collected by, for example, SCB (Statistics Sweden) cannot be published officially. Not all companies report data either. Statistics are available for flows upstream for sawmill production and downstream for distribution. Individual companies in the value chain have good knowledge of their internal flows. Statistics for product categories within wood manufacturing are specified at the product level and not in the level of detail for the input material. The low resolution makes it difficult to compile reliable statistics for flows of wood-based material. For energy and heat production, statistics are available via Energiföretagen (Swedish Energy Companies) and industry organizations. However, there is currently poor knowledge about the material flows that go to RT chips, which then go to combustion. A further perspective, given the increasing competition for wood raw material from the forest, is to reflect on the volumes of exported wood, its use, resource efficiency and possible national need.BioInnovation är ett strategiskt innovationsprogram grundat av Skogsindustrierna, IKEM och TEKO. Programmet finansieras av Vinnova, Energimyndigheten och Formas samt de intressenter från näringsliv, akademi, institut och offentlig sektor som deltar. Målet är att öka förädlingsvärdet och konkurrenskraften i den svenska biobaserade sektorn genom att skapa bästa möjliga förutsättningar för att ta fram nya biobaserade material, produkter och tjänster. forest, wood, bioeconomy, pulp, paper, saw, carbon flows, carbon efficienc
Numerical simulation of fire spread in a large-scale open CLT compartment
No full textRecent experiments have shown that exposed cross-laminated timber (CLT) can have a significant effect on the fire dynamics of large compartments. A simulation with the Fire Dynamic Simulator has been conducted to better understand the fire behaviour of open-plan compartments with exposed CLT. The simulation was set up to replicate a large-scale experiment, FRIC-02, with exposed CLT on the back wall and ceiling. The compartment was 95 m2 (18.8 m × 5.0 m × 2.5 m), with one long wall open (opening factor 0.18 m1/2). A continuous wood crib was used as the variable fuel load. The characteristic results of FRIC-02 with a rapid fire development and non-symmetrical external flames were successfully reproduced. With the wind coming diagonally from behind, as in FRIC-02, the external flames emerged mainly out of one window. The flames covered the entire window height, which effectively inhibited the inflow of air through that window. The imbalance in air supply also created large temperature differences throughout the compartment. With no implementation of wind, external flames and temperatures were more symmetrical. Despite a good match to FRIC-02, the method still has several limitations, including the adaption of the burning rate to the feedback from surroundings.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the Research Council of Norway through the program BRANNSIKKERHET, project number 294649. </p
Bioflex aktörskonstellationer
No full textBioflex stakeholders Bioflex aims at increasing the flexibility, redundancy, and robustness of the energy system by integrating biobased energy carriers (biohydrogen/biogas) with electrolytic hydrogen. By combining 2 energy carriers, the project intended to investigate possible synergy effects between the different production pathways. The combination of energy carriers is expected to generate 3 main effects: more efficient resource utilization, increased share of biobased energy and increased flexibility in local energy systems. The project performed a lab and pilot study of a two-step bioprocesses, investigated synergy effects and flexibility in the interaction between the bioprocesses and electrolysis, techno-economic analysis of the system and an actor and stakeholder analysis. The goals of the project were to 1) demonstrate the two-step bioprocess continuously for 1.5 months, reduce the residence time for biogas production by 50% and optimize nutrient supply, and 2) formulate an implementation plan and recommendations to the stakeholders. This report presents the results of the stakeholder mapping and scenario analysis. Stakeholder mapping, interviews and scenario analysis has been done and the results are presented in this report. The results show that: 1. Collaborations are desired for sharing the risk when investing in this type of new technology. In particular, clear collaborations are required when it comes to symbiosis solutions. 2. Clear prerequisites for policy and regulations are requested from many parts of the value chain. 3. Biohydrogen is a niche and its possible position in the market needs further investigation. 4. The two-step bioprocess combined with electrolysis can increase the supply security of renewable energy sources locally and thus increase preparedness. 5. The replicability of the concept with the two-step bioprocess is assessed as high, since there are many different ways it could be done depending on local conditions, but the replicability decreases with increased complexity in the symbiosis solution.Bioflex – Biobaserade energibärares bidrag till ett flexibelt energisystem är ett forskningsprojekt finansierat inom ramen för Bio+ programmet hos Energimyndigheten.</p