RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Alternatives for securing critical supply Emergency supply of manufactured parts in crises
No full textPurpose: When faced with severe crises or war, Swedish authorities need to adaptively secure supply of critical components for their operations. They are in this dependent on industry’s production system and supply chain (SC) network. When critical shortages occur, alternatives need to be investigated and developed quickly. This paper aims to present a methodology and way of work to review SC alternatives and developing solutions when an acute shortage is at hand. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents action-research based work, performed within a project developing resilient SC-management. An iterative scenario workshop approach was applied to develop and test the methodology. The workshops were performed in a simulated crisis-situation setting. Participating authorities oversaw infrastructural functions and a simulated component shortage, while a cross functional team of researchers and experts applied the methods to find solutions to the situation. The workshop goal was to find and develop several parallel solutions to each shortage situation. Between workshops, literature search, discussion and trials with practitioners, and cross functional process development was done. Findings: The findings resulted in a guideline for the process from identifying a need to initiating parallel solutions to resolve a shortage. Available materials, production techniques, and critical product-specific characteristics were identified and investigated within the workshops. The solutions were based on four main redesign concepts: •Re-sourcing/Sourcing of equivalent product(s) •Reuse via washing/repair/recycling •Reverse engineering - copying existing product •Product development - developing a new product Research limitations: The conducted workshops were designed with predefined specific conditions, such as national localization for solution application, logistical challenges, and import restrictions. Practical, managerial and societal implications: The research was part of a larger research project where the aim was to support Swedish authorities in their development of resilience and security of supply. Both practical results and methodological development of how to perform supply chain scenario workshop simulations will be used by authorities. Original/value: There exist several studies on how to proactively redesign supply chains to be more resilient, but less papers focus on how to redesign the supply when shortage occurs in crisis situations. This paper contributes with empirical research on such situations. Keywords: Emergency supply, Scenario workshop simulation, Action research, Supply chain resiliensThis study was funded by The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) and part of the projects Supply preparedness and resilient production of critical components (“Försörjningsberedskap och resilient produktion av kritiska komponenter” in Swedish) (MSB 2022-12444) and Resilient material and product supply in case of crisis and conflict (“Resilient material- och produktförsörjning i händelse av kris och konflikt” in Swedish) (MSB 2022-09211).</p
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) among elementary school children in Stockholm : Associations with asthma, allergies, and home and school environment
No full textObjective: Few studies have investigated links between fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), the home and the school environment. FeNO is a biomarker of T helper 2 (Th2) airway inflammation. We investigated associations between FeNO and airway symptoms, allergies, household and classroom exposure among pupils in ten primary schools in Stockholm (N = 415). Methods: Information on health and household environment was obtained by a questionnaire. FeNO was measured at school. Particle mass (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, and relative air humidity (RH) were measured in the classrooms. Microbial DNA and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OHs) from endotoxin in Gram-negative bacteria were analysed in vacuumed dust from floors and upper surfaces. Three-level linear mixed models were used to analyse associations. Results: In total, 9.7 % of the pupils had elevated FeNO (>20 ppb), 15.2 % doctor diagnosed asthma, 10.7 % current asthma, 17.8 % reported allergy and 9.6 % doctor diagnosed allergy. Reported allergy (p = 0.02), diagnosed allergy (p = 0.002), and current asthma (p = 0.007) were associated with elevated FeNO. Children living in single-family houses with basement had higher FeNO than those in self-owned apartments (p = 0.001). In the classrooms, PM10 (p = 0.008), RH (p = 0.004) and DNA copies from Gram-negative bacteria in vacuumed floor dust (p = 0.008) were associated with higher FeNO. C16 3-OH in floor dust (p = 0.046) and C10 (p = 0.02) and C11 3-OHs (p = 0.04) in upper surface dust were associated with higher FeNO. The association between Gram-negative bacteria at school and FeNO was stronger among girls. Children with parental asthma and allergy, and among those with dampness and mould at home and in single-family houses with basement. Conclusions: FeNO is associated with reported asthma and allergy. In the school environment, PM10 and exposure to some subpopulations of Gram-negative bacteria can increase FeNO. Sex, parental asthma or allergy, dampness at home and type of housing can modify associations between classroom exposure and FeNO. Our study had financial support by grants from the Swedish Council for Environmental and Agricultural Science and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) (grant 2016-00955), the Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association’s Research Foundation (grant F2017-0011) and the Swedish Research Council (grant 2017-05845).</p
Particle formation during peristaltic pumping of therapeutic proteins : Hofmeister anions effect
No full textThis study reveals specific ion effects on particle formation during peristaltic pumping of a monoclonal Antibody (Antibody A). For this purpose, three anions in the direct Hofmeister series were selected, ranging from the kosmotropic SO42- to the more neutral Cl- and the chaotropic SCN-. Protein particle formation during peristaltic pumping is described primarily as a surface-driven mechanism. Therefore, the effect of the anions was hypothesised to affect the particle formation with the smallest amount of protein adsorbing and the least particles formed in the presence of SCN-, followed by the highest in SO42-. The alternative hypothesis was that most protein particles would be formed in SCN- due to the lower intrinsic stability of Antibody A. On the other hand, if none of the factors dominates the particle formation, it would not necessarily follow the Hofmeister series linearly. This was shown to be the case as significantly more particles were formed in the presence of NaCl, which could be explained by the interplay of the protein’s intrinsic, colloidal, and interfacial stability. Antibody A had the highest protein adsorption in NaCl and the lowest colloidal stability compared to Na2SO4 or NaSCN, which led to the highest amount of subvisual particles formed during pumping. This research was funded by theSwedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA)Research Council through the competence centre NextBioForm undergrant number 2018−04730.</p
On the Performance of Damper-Optimised Demand-Controlled Ventilation Systems During a Fire
No full textModern heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are complex, interconnected systems optimised to be energy efficient. Damper-optimised demand-controlled ventilation systems (DCV) minimise energy consumption by using a dedicated control unit that calculates the optimal fan speed based on room sensors and the feedback from all DCV dampers, which each measures the airflow rate and adjusts its damper angle accordingly. In buildings that do not use a compartmentation strategy in the event of a fire, it is crucial that the ventilation system is pressurised and provides balanced ventilation in order to prevent smoke from spreading via the ventilation system and to avoid creating pressure imbalances, which may impair evacuation. In the present study, two full-scale fire tests from a series of 14 tests in a mock-up building equipped with a damper-optimised DCV system are presented, and the ventilation system’s performance during the fire is assessed. The tests revealed various failure mechanisms caused by heat exposure, leading to individual damper uncontrolled opening or closing or the building management system losing contact with all dampers. Furthermore, it was shown that the failure of individual dampers and the gradual clogging of the extraction filter can affect the pressure balance in other parts of the building outside the fire room and increase the risk of smoke spreading through the ventilation ducts.This research has been financed by the project "BRAVENT - Efficient smoke ventilation of small fires" funded by the Research Council of Norway, grant no. 321099 and its project partners.</p
Towards Explainable Automotive Intrusion Detection: A Chunk-based Framework forCAN Traffic
No full textIn this work, we propose an explainable intrusion detection framework for Controller Area Network bus traffic using the ROAD dataset. By segmenting raw traffic into fixed-size chunks, we extract features that capture timing behavior, entropy, payload statistics, and CAN ID survival rates. We evaluate three classifiers, Decision Tree, Random Forest (with TreeSHAP), and Feedforward Neural Network (with KernelSHAP). The framework extracts multi-level features from CAN traffic, revealing through explainability that tree models detect protocol anomalies while neural networks capture signal-level distortions, underscoring the role of model choice in explainable IDS design.This work is supported by the EU project Citcom.AI,Vinnova INTERSTICE project (reference number: 2024-00661), and VINNOVA FFI Project MAGIC (referencenumber: 2024-03687). This work is also partiallysupported by KKS Research Profile NIIT, and DataCommunication Security Laboratory at Ewha WomansUniversity, South Korea.</p
Correcting market failure for no-regret electric road investments under uncertainty
No full textSeveral electric road system technologies that enable in-motion charging of electric vehicles are nearing market readiness. However, substantial contribution to decarbonization requires rapid deployment on an international scale. Investment is discouraged by prior research that has identified that declining battery costs may eventually leave the infrastructure a stranded asset. We explore under what circumstances electric roads offer effective and low-risk decarbonization of European heavy-duty road freight. Transport system dynamics are explored and quantified, through pairwise comparison of scenarios with and without electric road incorporation, using a purpose-built agent-based simulation (MOSTACHI). Prior stranded asset risks are confirmed, but we show that policy that encourages high electric road utilization can correct for market failures and make the infrastructure a no-regret investment in much of Europe – never yielding worse outcomes than not investing. Electric roads are shown to be an effective risk mitigation strategy, achieving market-driven phase-out of fossil fuels before 2050, also in pessimistic scenarios where static charging alone would be insufficient. Electric roads reduce levelized system cost by 0–17%, greenhouse gas emissions by 7–63% (2030 to 2050, cumulative) and battery mineral demand by 20–40%. Benefits are maximized with early and predictable deployment.This research was funded by Region Blekinge and the European Regional Development Fund through the project “Genomförbarhetsstudie av elvägspilot E22.”</p
The neurobench framework for benchmarking neuromorphic computing algorithms and systems
No full textNeuromorphic computing shows promise for advancing computing efficiency and capabilities of AI applications using brain-inspired principles. However, the neuromorphic research field currently lacks standardized benchmarks, making it difficult to accurately measure technological advancements, compare performance with conventional methods, and identify promising future research directions. This article presents NeuroBench, a benchmark framework for neuromorphic algorithms and systems, which is collaboratively designed from an open community of researchers across industry and academia. NeuroBench introduces a common set of tools and systematic methodology for inclusive benchmark measurement, delivering an objective reference framework for quantifying neuromorphic approaches in both hardware-independent and hardware-dependent settings. For latest project updates, visit the project website (neurobench.ai). Authors of this work have been supported in parts by SemiconductorResearch Corporation (JY), the European Research Council (ERC) underthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 101001448), a grant from the ResearchGrants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China[Project No. CityU 11200922], ARC Laureate Fellowship FL210100156,and the EU H2020 project BeFerroSynaptic (871737). We acknowledgethe financial support of the CogniGron research center and the UbboEmmius Funds (Univ. of Groningen). We acknowledge a contributionfrom the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), M4C2,funded by the European Union -NextGenerationEU (Project IR0000011,CUP B51E22000150006, “EBRAINS-Italy”). The work of SynSense waspartially supported by the European Commission, under the Horizongrant Ferro4Edge AI (grant agreement 101135656). This work is partlyfunded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF) and the free state of Saxony within the ScaDS.AI center ofexcellence for AI research and by the German Federal Ministry forEconomic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) under contract01MN23004F (ESCADE). This work is partially supported by NSF Grant2020624 AccelNet:Accelerating Research on Neuromorphic Perception, Action, and Cognition and NSF Grant 2332166 RCN-SC: ResearchCoordination Network for Neuromorphic Integrated Circuits. SandiaNational Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC(NTESS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., forthe U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) under contract DE-NA0003525. This written work isauthored by an employee of NTESS. The employee, not NTESS, owns theright, title and interest in and to the written work and is responsible for itscontents. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed inthe written work do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S.Government. The publisher acknowledges that the U.S. Governmentretains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license topublish or reproduce the published form of this written work or allowothers to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. The DOE will providepublic access to results of federally sponsored research in accordancewith the DOE Public Access Plan. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might beexpressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S.Department of Energy or the United States Government.</p
Grid stability and market disruption – a policy analysis from the perspective of bi-directional charging : Deliverable 5.3.
No full textSCALE (Smart Charging Alignment for Europe) is a three-year Horizon Europe project that aims at preparing EU cities for mass deployment of electric vehicles and the accompanying smart charging infrastructure.SCALE is funded by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 101056874.</p
Testbädd för säker övning och innovation : Förstudie inför etablering av testbädd i Karlstad
No full textDenna rapport presenterar resultaten från en förstudie som undersöker förutsättningarna för att etablera en testbädd för säker övning och innovation. I ett förändrat och förvärrat säkerhetspolitiskt läge, kännetecknat av Rysslands fullskaliga invasion av Ukraina och växande hybridhot, är det av yttersta vikt att Sverige förmår att innovera och öva på nya sätt för att hantera hot och kriser. Syftet med förstudien har varit att analysera hur en miljö kan skapas där samhällets aktörer – offentliga institutioner, näringsliv, akademi och civilsamhälle – kan arbeta tillsammans för att bygga motståndskraft, säkerhet och resiliens.Förstudien finansierades av Region Värmland. Den genomfördes av RISE i nära samarbete med Karlstads kommun.</p
Internet of Materials – A concept for circular material traceability
No full textThere are many different approaches to establishing traceability of material items and products. However, known efforts consider unconnected parts or perspectives of material traceability, without aiming at a full picture. This has led to the development of many incompatible solutions. The traceability of different materials gets lost along value chains when materials are mixed together in warehouses or process industry. Highly identifiable products from industrial serial production are given model and serial numbers, which are only identifiable through their manufacturer. Even though sources of materials may be the same for different manufacturers, the lack of traceability harmonization between sectors makes identifying materials difficult to sort for recycling at the end of life. Supply chains of individual organizations are optimized for the individual company’s needs. Solutions are also built on individual technologies that are suitable for limited types of traceability. Much effort is still needed to practically solve the incompatibilities, mismatches and gaps between the different existing and proposed solutions. This research introduces the Internet of Materials (IoM) concept, which is largely based on existing international standards as its components. The article lays out the feasibility of IoM as a harmonizing concept and also presents some of its challenges. Because of similarities in name and some application areas, the research also compares and positions IoM to the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. The paper concludes with implications of the IoM concept for analyzing and designing circular material traceability for sustainability transitions