RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Evaluating the Viability of Computational Offloading for Vehicles Under Adverse Network Conditions
No full textThe safe and efficient operation of automated vehicles requires processing massive amounts of sensor data. However, the computational capabilities of vehicles are often limited. Recent results point to computational offloading as a promising solution for transferring raw sensor data to be processed elsewhere. This alleviates vehicles from performing costly computations while increasing their perception of complex environments. The work in this paper evaluates the resilience of such solutions, specifically focusing on adverse network conditions, which are often overlooked when evaluating computational offloading. To emulate adverse network conditions, we use synthetic network interference that includes, e.g., packet loss, throughput rate limiting, packet corruption, and RF attenuation. We conducted experiments with a real vehicle on a test track, where object detection was offloaded to an edge server. An optical camera, one of the most common perception sensors, was mounted on the vehicle to scan the environment. The experimental results indicate that network conditions can significantly impact the object detection performance. Packet loss and packet corruption proved to be especially impactful on the accuracy of detections. During the scenario of 5% packet corruption, the median value of false detections reached as high as 20%. The results emphasize the need for resilience and robustness to poor network conditions when designing computational offloading strategies
Utvärdering av resiliens och sårbarhet i produktion
No full textFör att stötta företag att bli mer hållbara och hjälpa dem att bli resilienta och mindre sårbara behövs stöd. Stödet måste vara enkelt att förstå och innehålla tydliga steg som är anpassade till målgruppen. Denna dokumentation beskriver hur metoden Utvärdering av resiliens och sårbarhet i produktion ska genomföras och inkluderar förberedelser, uppföljning, exempel och fördjupningsinformation som kan behövas. Syftet med rapporten är att öka resiliensen i ett företag genom att identifiera och adressera sårbarheter i produktionsprocessen. Metoden består av fyra steg och ett förberedande steg som är lätt att tillämpa och fördjupande analyser kan genomföras genom att ytterligare undersöka till exempel materialflöden, subkomponenter, supply chain och kompetensförsörjning.Målgruppen för Utvärderingen av resiliens och sårbarhet är coacher eller yrkesverksamma som vill utvärdera sin produktionsanläggnings resiliens och sårbarhet. Utvärderingsenheten är en producerande fabrik men metoden kan genomföras på flera produktionsanläggningar eller en hel försörjningskedja.
EcoDur – Long term durability and performance of eco concretes with low cement clinker content
No full textThe ECODUR project investigates the long-term durability and performance of concretes with significantly reduced cement clinker content, aiming to enable more sustainable infrastructure solutions in Sweden. Reducing clinker in cement is a key strategy for lowering CO₂ emissions in the construction sector, but it requires ensuring that durability and structural integrity are not compromised. Eight concrete mix designs were developed with clinker replacement levels up to 65 %, using various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as ground granulated blast furnace slag from two different sources, fly ash, calcined clay, bio-ash, limestone filler and silica fume.The study combined laboratory testing including compressive strength, carbonation resistance, chloride ingress and freeze–thaw with real-world field exposure assessments. Specimens were placed in two harsh environments in Sweden: a marine site in southwestSweden (Träslövsläge), representing marine conditions, and a highway site near Gothenburg (RV40), representing freeze–thaw cycles and de-icing salt exposure. Performance was monitored after one and two years of exposure to validate laboratory predictions.Results after two years indicate that concretes with high clinker substitution, when combined with appropriate SCM combinations, can achieve durability levels comparable to conventional mixes. These findings suggest that substantial clinker reduction is feasible without compromising service life and may provide a basis for future revisions of standards such as SS 137003, EN 206 and EN 1992-1-1, supporting the transition toward low-carbon concrete in infrastructure applications
Incorporating Life Cycle Assessment and Uncertainties in Early Building Design : A Case Study Using Leaf Cutter Ant
No full textTo mitigate the impact of the climate, there is an advantage in incorporating climate calculations for design alternatives early in the design process. However, there is a need for tools dedicated to providing climate feedback on design sketches in the early design stages. A main actor in this stage is the architect. It is therefore beneficial if the toolchain already used by architects can be adapted to provide the necessary decision support for climate optimized design. For this purpose, a software tool called LCAnt version 0.2.2 was developed. This tool assists in determining amounts of materials from volume sketches in Rhino using a novel method for estimating the load-bearing structure and connecting it to an existing life cycle assessment database through Grasshopper. A real-life case study was used to demonstrate and evaluate how this type of tool can be applied in early design stages. This study was expanded by exploring strategies for managing uncertainties naturally present in these early design stages. This work demonstrates how to incorporate uncertainty evaluation into the early building design phase to obtain higher-quality decision support for low-climate-impact buildings. The uncertainty evaluation will at the same time identify in which stage important decisions regarding layout and material choices should be made to minimize the climate impacts of the finished building. Combining this with the studied tool LCAnt, which adapts to the workflow of professional building design, will facilitate implementation. This research was funded by The Swedish Energy Agency, grant number P2021-00213.</p
Skin, scales, and cells in a Jurassic plesiosaur
No full textPlesiosaurs are an iconic group of Mesozoic marine reptiles with an evolutionary history spanning over 140 million years (Ma).1 Their skeletal remains have been discovered worldwide; however, accompanying fossilized soft tissues are exceptionally rare.2 Here, we report a virtually complete plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic (∼183 Ma)3 Posidonia Shale of Germany that preserves skin traces from around the tail and front flipper. The tail integument was apparently scale-less and retains identifiable melanosomes, keratinocytes with cell nuclei, and the stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale of the epidermis. Molecular analysis reveals aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons that likely denote degraded original organics. The flipper integument otherwise integrates small, sub-triangular structures reminiscent of modern reptilian scales. These may have influenced flipper hydrodynamics and/or provided traction on the substrate during benthic feeding. Similar to other sea-going reptiles,45678910 scalation covering at least part of the body therefore probably augmented the paleoecology of plesiosaurs. Financial support included Swedish Research Council grants to J.L. (2020-03542), B.P.K. (2020-03423), P.S.(2019-03731), and M.E.E. (2019-03516)</p
Effect of thermomechanical pulp fibers and clay on the characteristics of high- and low-density polyethylene biocomposites
No full textThis study focused on the performance evaluation of clay and thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fiber to reinforce low- and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) biocomposites. A 23 factorial experiment was designed using two levels of clay, TMP fibers, and PE as variables. Mechanical properties, thermal behavior, melt flow index, and water absorption were evaluated. In HDPE, the partial replacement of TMP fiber with 10 wt% clay increased the melting point. Clay also reduced the main polymer degradation temperature in both matrices (LDPE and HDPE). The mechanical properties of the samples with 20 wt% fiber and 10 wt% clay were similar to or better than those containing 30 wt% TMP, that is, tensile strength and modulus of 34 and 2700 MPa, compared to 30 and 2400 MPa, respectively. Although the water absorption increased with the addition of TMP fiber and clay, the water absorption of the composite with 20 wt% TMP and 10 wt% clay was relatively low and similar to the biocomposite containing 30 wt% TMP, that is, 1.15 and 1.07% after 30 days, respectively. The comparable properties of biocomposites with 30 wt% TMP and biocomposites with 20 wt% TMP and 10 wt% clay demonstrate the potential of clay to reduce the cost of the final product. Highlights: Clay enhances the tensile modulus and strength, and reduces the color darkening, compared to TMP. TMP fibers and clay reduce the melt flow index, elongation, and impact toughness. TMP fibers and clay increase the melting point and reduce the degradation temperature. Reduction in production costs of biocomposites by adding inorganic clay filler. The Research Council of Norway supported the study through the knowledge-building WoBiCo project “From wood to sustainable biocomposites” (Grant no. 328773).</p
Computational Analysis of Flow Separation in Non-Transferred Plasma Torch : Causes, Impacts and Control Methods
No full textIn a non-transferred plasma torch, the working gas becomes ionized and forms plasma as it interacts with the electric arc at the cathode tip. However, in certain cathode shapes, particularly flat ones, and under specific conditions, the gas flow can separate at the cathode tip, forming a vortex region. While this flow separation is influenced by geometric factors, it occurs in the critical zone where plasma is generated. Understanding the causes of this separation is essential, as it may significantly impact torch performance. If the separation proves detrimental, it is important to identify ways to mitigate it. This paper presents a computational analysis of a non-transferred plasma torch to investigate the physics behind flow separation. The results highlight the location and causes of the separation, as well as its potential advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the paper explores theoretical approaches to address flow separation in plasma torches, offering practical insights for enhancing their design and efficiency. The funding is obtained by Swedish Energy Agency, Project grant no. 49609-1.</p
EU regulatory sandboxes - An opportunity for coordinating AI Innovation
No full textThe aim of the report is to make the synergies between the EU’s different regulatory sandboxes explicit. A specific focus is on the role of and coordination among public authorities in respect to AI-driven innovation, with the aim to prevent silo management by giving concrete examples of how the initiatives interact and complement each other. We provide insights in how regulatory sandboxes, and similar initiatives, can be explored together, even if some will not come into force until 2029. In short, our analysis is that regulatory sandboxes shall support innovation by clarifying how to apply certain rules to innovative systems and technologies. This is done with the involvement of relevant authorities and under contextual constraints. The similarities across EU’s regulatory sandboxes, and the overlap in scope, opens for a governance structure that focuses on regulatory guidance for innovative and complex products, instead of establishing silo management based on individual regulations. The AI Act establishes regulatory sandboxes for AI-driven innovation. From our study we propose to start now, through the regulatory sandboxes established by the Interoperable Europe Act and the Net-Zero Industry Act, and transfer the understanding of how to establish and govern regulatory sandboxes to AI regulatory sandboxes and related initiatives, such as the Cyber Resilience Act and the European Health Data Space. This report is a deliverable from the pre-study Forsa, which is a research project funded by the Swedish innovation agency and conducted by Theo Andersson, Mats Snäll and Jeanna Åkerman at the Swedish Agency for Digital Government and Håkan Burden and Susanne Stenberg at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
How food disgust sensitivity influences perceptions of insects as food and feed : evidence from complementary quantitative and qualitative analysis
No full textThe role of food disgust on entamophagy acceptance is well established but further indepth analysis of how food disgust impacts other aspects that include a wider range of attitudes have been seldom investigated. The study employed a two-study mixed-methods approach to determine the impact of food disgust on consumer’s perceptions of insects as food and feed. In study one, an online questionnaire (N = 402) was deployed to determine the impact of food disgust on perceptions of insects as food and animal feed, familiarity, willingness to try foods containing insects, and sensory expectations. Food disgust inversely correlated with insects being acceptable as both food and feed. Individuals with higher food disgust had no willingness to try any foods with insects included. Providing information had a minor change on sensory expectations of hypothetical hamburgers with insects. In study two, participants were split into groups of low/high disgust and by five dietary orientations, and discussed topics concerning general attitudes towards traditional/alternative protein sources and insects as food/feed. Food disgust overrode differences in dietary orientation for participants’ attitudes towards insects as food. Themes including culture, sustainability, ethics, scepticism, hygiene, convention, and familiarity were identified. Themes of naturalness, food safety and ethics emerged in addition. The mixed-method approach revealed the reasons behind the general unwillingness to try insects and the types of barriers experienced towards insects as food. This work was part of the research centre FINEST supported by funding from FORMAS – Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning, grant number 2020-02839.</p