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Drought stress and production of grain legumes in Europe
No full textLegumes (fam. Fabaceae) are the second most important family of agricultural crops worldwide. Even though legumes are used for grain, forage, silage, or green manure they are unfairly underrepresented in European cropping systems. Nowadays, legume production areas in the European Union occupy less than 5% of agricultural land. Due to the functional attributes that legumes offer, including nutritional and health provision, farmland biodiversity, and improved environmental stability, it is proposed to increase legume production in Europe as an important component in agro-ecological transitions. Various environmental pressures, such as higher temperatures together with the changed and unpredictable distribution of precipitation interfere with legume production. Water deficit is highlighted as the most significant environmental stressor that negatively impacts agricultural production. Legumes are mainly grown in rain-fed agricultural systems, and they are highly sensitive to drought and heat stress during both vegetative and reproductive stages. There is a need to develop various strategies in order to increase the drought-stress tolerance of legumes and enable crop productivity to meet food demands in water-scarce scenarios
Hemijsko-tehnološki sastav semena prolećnog graška (Pisum sativum var. hortense L.)
No full textThrough the chemical-technological analysis of (technologically) mature spring pea genotypes, we examined the following traits: moisture content, ash, oil, total nitrogen, protein, total sugars, starch, cellulose, and content of total soluble solids (Brix) (eight lines and two varieties). This research aimed to determine the chemical and technological characteristics of the selected spring pea genotypes, assess the variability structure of pea genotype characteristics, and therefore assess the contribution of the individual characteristics to the overall variability. The field trial was set up in 2022 at the Rimski Šančevi site on a chernozem-type soil in an irrigation system in the Department of Vegetable and Alternative Crops, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. The lines with a higher protein content SK-1, SK-5, and SK-10 as well as the lines with a higher sugar content SK-4, SK-5, and SK-8, which are included in the development of pea varieties, have a special value in the selection of vegetable peas with a high protein and sugar content. Pea genotypes SK-6, SK-7, and SK-8 with a higher Brix value can be used for the earlier selection of sweeter peas suitable for fresh or early spring consumption. Based on the cluster analysis, the pea genotypes were classified into individual groups to assess the impact on the variability of each trait. Principal component analysis revealed that the four separate components cumulatively explained 91.91% of the total variability.Istraživanje je imalo za cilј utvrđivanje nutritivnog kvaliteta: sadržaja vlage pepela, ulјa, ukupnog azota, proteina, ukupnih šećera, skroba, celuloze i sadržaja ukupno rastvorlјivih čvrstih materija (briks) semena odabranih, (tehnološki) zrelih, genotipova jarog graška (osam linija i dve sorte). Takođe, ispitana je struktura varijabilnosti analiziranih karakteristika genotipova graška i doprinos pojedinačnih karakteristika ukupnoj varijabilnosti. Poljski oglеd jе postavljеn tokom 2022. godinе na lokalitеtu Rimski Šančеvi na zеmljištu tipa čеrnozеm, u sistеmu navodnjavanja, u Odеljеnju za povrtarskе i altеrnativnе biljnе vrstе Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada. Posebnu vrednost u selekciji povrtarskih graškova imaće linije sa većim sadržajem proteina SK-1, SK-5 i SK-10 kao i linije sa većim sadržajem šećera SK-4, SK-5 i SK-8, koje će biti uklјučene u stvaranje sorata graška proteinskog tipa a slađeg ukusa. Genotipovi graška SK-6, SK-7 i SK8 sa većom vrednošću briksa možemo iskoristiti u ranijem izdvajanju graškova slađeg zrna pogodnih za svežu pijacu, tj. za rano prolećnu potrošnju. Na osnovu klaster analize, genotipovi graška su klasifikovani u četiri pojedinačne grupe na osnovu varijabilnosti ispitivanih osobina. Analizom glavne komponente, četiri odvojene komponente kumulativno su objasnile 91,91% ukupne varijabilnosti
Derived UAV data for evaluation of soybean germplasm grown in different environments
No full textThe potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and digital cameras in different areas of
agriculture has been greatly exploited in recent years. The new technologies enable fast and nondestructive
estimation of plant traits which can be especially useful in screening of breeding
material. This study aimed to explore the potential of specific growth parameters derived from the
UAV images to evaluate diverse soybean germplasm. During 2020 and 2021, the 206 genotypes
were sown in drought simulation environments and the control. In both seasons, trials were
photographed multiple times with UAV and multispectral camera. After each flight, plant height
(PH), biomass (BM), and canopy cover (CC) of soybean genotypes were calculated from the
images and used to construct the growth curves. Derived from the curves, traits such as maximum
plant height (PHmax), biomass accumulation rate (BAR), and time required to reach 50% of
canopy cover (CC50) were used for the evaluation of soybean varieties. The genotype evaluation
was based on the following principles: the PHmax should be between 70 and 90 cm, the lower
limit for BAR was 0.01 kg of BM/growing degree day (GDD) while the upper limit for CC50 was
200 GDDs in drought and 150 GDDs in the control. The results showed that two varieties from
the control and five from water-deficient environments met the criteria and were selected as
superior germplasm. The study indicates that UAV data can be successfully utilized as a new tool
for the evaluation of soybean breeding material
Application and effect of artificial intelligence for the functioning of metabolic bioengineering in systems biology
No full textEmerging synthetic biology capabilities have the potential to dramatically improve our ability to engineer biological systems. However, a fundamental obstacle to realizing this potential is the inability to accurately predict biological behavior following modification of the corresponding genotype. This method systematically leverages arbitrary amounts of new data to improve predictions, and does not assume any particular interactions, but rather implicitly chooses the most predictive ones. Metabolic bioengineering aims to maximize the production of bio-economically important substances (compounds, enzymes, or other proteins) through the optimization of the genetics, cellular processes and growth conditions of microorganisms. To achieve this goal, a large system of experimental techniques, compound libraries, computational methods and data resources, including multi-omics data, are used. The recent advent of multi-omics systems biology approaches significantly impacted the field by opening new avenues to perform dynamic and large-scale analyses that deepen our knowledge on the manipulations. However, given the great potential of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, integrating the data to gain a more comprehensive understanding is not a trivial task
Assessment of mineral and fatty acid profiles in milk and fresh cheese:A comparative study of kombucha and commercial starter cultures
No full textWithin this study, milk and fresh cheese samples made using kombucha and commercial starter
cultures were analyzed to determine their nutritional quality regarding mineral content and fatty acid
composition. A total of 27 different fatty acids were identified, with palmitic, oleic, stearic, and myristic
acids being predominant at average contents of 30.43%, 28.91%, 11.00%, and 8.81%, respectively.
No significant differences in the fatty acid profile were observed among milk, kombucha cheese, and
cheese made with commercial starter cultures. The total mineral content in milk was 0.70 g/100 g,
while it was higher in fresh cheese samples, ranging from 1.03 g/100 g to 1.51 g/100 g, with the
highest content in kombucha cheese. The average contents of phosphorus, calcium, potassium,
sodium, and magnesium in the samples were 495.44 mg/100 g, 97.48 mg/100 g, 69.72 mg/100 g,
30.91 mg/100 g, and 9.28 mg/100 g, respectively. Microelements such as zinc, copper, iron, and
manganese were significantly higher in fresh cheese compared to milk. Kombucha cheese had higher
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese levels and lower sodium content
than cheese made with commercial starter cultures. Thus, kombucha as a starter culture for fresh
cheese production yields a more nutritionally valuable product than cheese made with commercial
starters and milk
Sorghum as a raw material in beer production
No full textProizvodnja piva, kao jednog od najpopularnijih pića obuhvata samo četiri sastojka: kvasac, vodu, hmelj i slad. Kao primarni izvor žitarica za proizvodnju piva koristi se sladni ječam, dok alternativne sirovine poput sirka, usled njegovog fermentativnog kapaciteta, postaju sve popularnije. Sirkov slad se kao primarna sirovina u proizvodnji piva tradicionalno koristi u Africi, Indiji i Severnoj Americi. Pivo od sirka se dobija tradicionalnim i industrijskim metodama preko spontane ili usmerene fermentacije i u zavisnosti od regiona ili etničke grupe poznato je pod različitim lokalnim nazivima. Korišćenje sirka u proizvodnji slada i različitih piva se proširilo u mnoge zemlje širom sveta. Ova žitarica se pokazuje kao praktična alternativa standardnim sirovinama pre svega u situaciji kada klimatske promene sve više utiču na sistem biljne proizvodnje. Sirkov slad se u proizvodnji lager tip piva u Meksiku koristi standardno, dok se u SAD kao dodatak koristi od 1980-tih godina. Ovaj artikal predstavlja novinu na profilisanom tržištu Evrope. Laboratorijsko testiranje različitih varijanti upotrebe sirka u pivarstvu je pokazalo da se najkvalitetniji rezultat dobija uključivanjem 60% sirkovog slada i 40% nesladovanog sirka.The production of beer, as one of the most popular drinks, includes only four ingredients: yeast, water, hops and malt. Malted barley is used as the primary source of grain for beer production, while alternative raw materials such as sorghum, due to its fermentative capacity, are becoming more and more popular. Sorghum malt is traditionally used as the primary raw material in beer production in Africa, India and South America. Sorghum beer is obtained by traditional and industrial methods through spontaneous or directed fermentation and depending on the region or ethnic group is known by different local names. The use of sorghum in the production of malt and various beers has spread to many countries around the world. This grain is proving to be a practical alternative to standard raw materials, especially in a situation where climate change is increasingly affecting the plant production system. Sorghum malt is used as a standard in the production of lager type beer in Mexico, while in the USA it has been used as an additive since the 1980s. This article is a novelty on the profiled market in Europe. Laboratory testing of different variants of sorghum use in brewing has shown that the best quality result is obtained by including 60% sorghum malt and 40% unmalted sorghum
Total polyphenol and flavanoids content of new Serbian varieties of oil rape, safflower, and mustard seeds
No full textIn recent years, there has been an evident increase in interest in unconventional oilseeds. This
trend is driven by the the large number of smaller oilseeds on the world market, challenges in
cultivation due to the scarce rainfall, and the growing demand for a healthier diet rich in essential
nutrients.
This study evaluates two varieties of safflower and both white and black mustards as alternative
oilseeds, compared with two genotypes of rapeseed, as traditional oilseeds. The focus is on the
total content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
The total polyphenols content (TPC) in the analyzed samples ranges from 5.46 mgGAE/g DM to
11.09 mgGAE/g DM. A significantly higher TPC was obtained in white mustard, while the
lowest TPC was found in black mustard. The obtained results show insignificant differences in
TPC between two varieties of rapeseed and safflower. The situation is similar in the case of
black lettuce and both varieties of safflower, where the difference in TPC was not significant.
The total flavonoid content (TFC) was almost uniform and ranged from 4.56 QE/g DM to 6.11
mg QE/g DM. In this case, the highest TFC of 6.11 mg QE/g DM was obtained in oilseed rape of
the NS Svetlana genotype, followed by white scallion with 5.58 mg QE/g DM, which is almost
identical to the other oilseed rape genotype NS Jovana in which a TFC of 5.54 mg QE/g DM was
obtained.
The obtained results of the examined parameters are similar to previously published literature
data for the observed oilseeds.
This research shows that safflower and safflower crops can be a viable alternative to traditional
oilseeds, offering significant nutritional benefits and the potential to increase oilseed diversity
Environment, Soil, and Digestate Interaction of Maize Silage and Biogas Production
No full textIn this study are presented the possibilities of using maize silage for biogas production. An experiment with maize silage took place over three years (2016–2018) in two localities, Ilandža, Alibunar municipality (L1—Locality 1) and Dolovo (L2—Locality 2), Serbia, and using two variants: a control with no digestate (C) and a variant with digestate, which was organic manure from biogas facilities (AD). In the AD variant, 50 t ha−1 of digestate was introduced into the soil just before sowing the maize. The following traits were examined: plant height (PH), biomass yield (BMY), biogas yield (BGY), and methane yield (MY). The effects of the studied factors (year, fertilization, and locality) on the biogas yield were significant (p < 0.5). The most favorable year for biogas production was 2016 (207.95 m3 ha−1), while the highest values of maize plant height, biomass, and methane yield were recorded in 2018 (2.48 m, 51.15 t ha−1 dry matter, and 258.25 m3 ha−1). The digestate exerted a significant influence (p < 0.5) on the values of all the tested maize parameters in all three experimental years. The biomass yield was positively associated with the plant height, biogas, and methane yield (r = 0.62 *; r = 0.70 *; r = 0.81 **) and positively but nonsignificantly associated with temperature (r = 0.42) and precipitation (r = 0.12). The application of the digestate before sowing improves the anaerobic digestion of maize silage and biogas production
Influence of increasing quantities of nutrients on the leaves number and root weight of sugar beet
No full textŠećerna repa je važna prehrambena, industrijska i strateška namirnica. Zato je povećanje njene proizvodnje veoma važno. Obzirom da su proizvodne površine ograničene i da se moraju poštovati pravila plodoreda, to se mora ići na postizanje ovog povećanja raznim agrotehniĉkim merama među kojima važnu ulogu ima i primena hraniva. Proučavanje uticaja rastućih količina mineralnog đubriva na broj listova i težinu korena šećerne repe izvedeno je u toku tri godine na području južnog Banata na oglednim poljima PSS Instituta Tamiš kod pet sorti šećerne repe – Otis, Laetitia, Severina, Chiara i Irina
Mere prilagođavanja na klimatske promene u proizvodnju energenata
No full textPotražnja za energentima i obnovljivim izvorima energije je eminentna, te je potrebno pronaći biljne vrste koje su pogodne u ovu svrhu. Jedna od njih je i španska trska, kao i većina višegodišnjih rizomaskih trava pokazuju nekoliko pozitivnih osobina. To su energetski usevi visoke produktivnosti i zanemarljivih potreba za dopunskom mineralnom ishranom biljaka, jer intenzivno recikliraju hranljive supstance u svojim rizomima