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Creating new generation of sunflowers for future challenges
No full textIn recent years, overcoming the negative impact of climate change on the oil crops productivity
and creating tolerant genotypes have become one of the strategic goals in agriculture. Climate
change has different effects in different agroecological conditions, which requires the creation of
different genotypes, adapted to the specific environmental conditions and tolerant to the
predominant stresses still having appropriate adaptability and stability. Sunflower breeders are thus
using all available resources and tools to increase genetic variability, and mine for desirable traits
and genes for creating productive genotypes in stressful conditions. At the Institute of Field and
Vegetable Crops, we are currently combining different –omics approaches for extensive
characterization of our breeding material for abiotic stress resilience. By exploiting
transcriptomics, we will be able to identify desirable tolerance genes, while phenomics will help
get more insight into genotype-environment interactions which is essential in crop breeding.
Combining different approaches will facilitate tailored breeding for a particular environment and
help create new generation sunflower hybrids ready to face new challenge
Towards Climate-Resilient Crops: From Conventional Breeding To New Breeding Approaches
No full textAgriculture is one of the “victims” of climate change and one of the most severely affected sectors. The consequences of climate change including more extreme weather, higher temperatures, elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, water deficiency and increasing pest and disease problems, significantly impact production and yields of important crops worldwide. It has become evident that as the climate changes, crop production strategies must change as well, including primarily adaptations through breeding and crop management.
In the future, it is expected that integrative approaches that combine conventional breeding and new breeding approaches will accelerate the identification of target genes and markers for complex traits and facilitate crop adaptation to the changing environment. Genome editing is one of new breeding tools that is rapidly finding its application in crop improvement. It provides the means to solve challenges related to the climate change, thus enabling creation of climate-resilient crop varieties better adapted to changing environment and market demands
Fusarium spp. associated with onion (Allium cepa L.) rot
No full textOnion (Allium cepa L.) is a cultivated vegetable plant grown in Serbia mostly for fresh use and as a component for industrial food production. A wide occurrence of onion rot caused by Fusarium spp. has been observed in many vegetable-growing areas worldwide. The aim of this research was to identify the causative agents of onion rot on samples collected from different localities in the Serbian agroecological region of Bačka. All isolates were divided into four groups based on the morphological features of fungi grown on PDA and CLA. Identification was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the TEF 1-α gene. BLAST analysis (NCBI GenBank) confirmed the identity of F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae, F. tricinctum, and F. verticillioides. The results of this study showed that different Fusarium species were responsible for onion rot which is base for further analysis of onion resistance, mycotoxins, and protective measures
Agroecological growing factors, classification and production technology of energy crops
No full textU Srbiji je moguća proizvodnja većeg broja ozimih i jarih energetskih biljnih vrsta koje imaju različitu botaničku pripadnost, morfologiju i poreklo. Prema nameni, energetske biljne vrste mogu se klasifikovati na: uljane (uljana repica, lanik, slačice, ricinus), skrobne i šećerne (sirak, sudanska trava, kukuruz) i ligno-celulozne vrste (miskantus, konoplja). Opšta karakteristika svih navedenih biljnih vrsta je da kroz godišnji ciklus produkcije na polju proizvode više biološkog materijala pogodnog za biogoriva nego ostale ratarske biljne vrste. Međutim, sam prinos biološkog materijala je pod velikim uticajem složenih interakcija između klimatskih i zemljišnih uslova, abiotskog i biotskog stresa, odnosno agroekoloških uslova, ali i tehnologije proizvodnje. Samim tim su unapređenje sortimenta i tehnologije proizvodnje važni preduslovi povećanja prinosa i površina pod energetskim biljnim vrstama značajnim za proizvodnju biogoriva u Srbiji. U radu je dat pregled najznačajnijih energetskih biljnih vrsta gajenih u Srbiji, njihovih zahteva u pogledu uslova spoljne sredine, kao i opis preporučene tehnologije proizvodnje u kontekstu upotrebe biomase ovih useva za proizvodnju energije. Pored toga, dat je i kratak osvrt na ekonomski značaj prozvodnje ovih useva.Serbia offers possibilities for growing a large number of winter and spring energy crops that differ in botanical nomenclature, morphology, and origins. Considering their purpose, energy crops can be classified as oilcrops (rapeseed, camelina, mustard, castor), starchy and sugary crops (sorghum, Sudanese grass, maize), or lignocellulosic crops (miscanthus, hemp). Generally speaking, over the annual production cycle in the field, these crops produce more biomass suitable for biofuel production than other field crops. However, the very yield of this biomass is greatly influenced by complex interactions between climate and soil conditions, abiotic and biotic stress – agroecological conditions, and production technologies. Therefore, the improvement of cultivars and production technologies are important preconditions for increased yields and areas under energy crops important for the production of biofuels in Serbia. This study overviews the most important energy crops grown in Serbia, their requirements for the environmental conditions, and a description of recommended production technologies considering the use of their biomass for energy production. Additionally, the economic importance of these crops is shortly discussed
Biochemical response of sunflower inbred lines inoculated with Macrophomina phaseolina
No full textMacrophomina phaseolina, the causative agent of charcoal rot, affects a wide array of plant hosts, including sunflower. This disease thrives in warm, arid conditions, leading to symptoms such as the wilting, drying, and premature ripening of sunflower plants. This study aims to explore the biochemical responses of 15 inbred lines, each exhibiting varying levels of resistance, to uncover potential correlations between resistance levels and biochemical reactions in sunflower inbred lines. The investigation focused on: total protein content (TPC), lipid peroxidation intensity as a marker of membrane integrity (LP), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide-dismutase activity (SOD), and total phenolic content as antioxidant compounds (TP). These parameters were assessed 10 days following the laboratory inoculation of inbred lines with the pathogen and compared with disease severity. Correlations between resistance levels and the results of these five assays were analyzed in conjunction with disease severity observed in the inbred lines. Remarkably, after the 10-day assessment period, only the total phenolic content showed a significant positive correlation with the resistance of inbred lines (r=0.712; p<0.05). This finding identified inbred lines PB 21 and L 1 as the most resilient among the tested varieties. It was observed that different inbred lines exhibit distinct responses to M. phaseolina. However, in the majority of cases, an increase in total phenolic content was noted in sunflower plants following inoculation. This suggests a potential defensive mechanism triggered by the pathogen. Further studies can analyze more precisely into the molecular intricacies of sunflower resistance to charcoal rot and validate these findings across broader genetic backgrounds.This is a poster presented at the conference. The published abstract is available here [http://fiver.ifvcns.rs/handle/123456789/4697
Canola test weight and relationship with quality traits
No full textKvalitet uljarica je važan element celokupnog lanca vrednosti kako bi se proizveo proizvod visokog kvaliteta, uskladištio, obradio i na kraju isporučio potrošaču. Hektolitarska masa je jedan od parametara kvaliteta koji određuje fizičke osobine semena i predstavlja masu jednog hektolitra izraženu u kilogramima. U radu su istaknuti značaj određivanja hektolitarske mase i faktori koji utiču na nju. Istražena je hektolitarska masa uljane repice tokom tri proizvodne godine i analizirana je njena veza sa drugim parametrima kvaliteta. Vrednosti hektolitarske mase su varirale tokom ispitivanih godina i između sorti i hibrida.The quality of oilseeds is an important element of the value chain in order to produce a high-quality product, encompass storage, processing, and consumer delivery. Test weight (hectolitre mass) represents the mass of one hectolitre of seeds expressed in kilograms. This paper highlights the importance of determining the test weight and the factors that influence it. The study investigates test weight of rapeseed over three production years, analysing its correlation with other quality parameters. Results reveal varying test weight values across the examined years and among different cultivars and hybrids
Variation of yield and quality of soybeans due to irrigation
No full textNavodnjavanje je nezamenjiva agrotehnička mera u vreme klimatskih promena koja povećava prinose i kvalitet gajenih biljaka. Soja veoma pozitivno reaguje na navodnjavanje, naročito u godinama sa izraženom sušom u vreme formiranja i nalivanja zrna. Navodnjavanje je u nepovoljnoj 2022. godini povećalo prinos soje od 41 do 94%, a u povoljnoj, 2023. godini od 13,99 do 15,46%. Usled navodnjavanja smanjen je sadržaj proteina, povećan sadržaj ulja i povećan prinos proteina i ulja po jedinici površine.Irrigation is an irreplaceable agrotechnical measure in times of climate change that increases yields and the quality of cultivated plants. Soybeans respond very positively to irrigation, especially in years with pronounced drought at the time of grain formation and pouring. Irrigation increased soybean yield from 41% to 94% in the unfavorable year 2022, and from 13.99% to 15.46% in the favourable year 2023. As a result of irrigation, the protein content decreased, the oil content increased and the yield of protein and oil per unit area increased
Transfer Learning in Multimodal Sunflower Drought Stress Detection
No full textEfficient water supply and timely detection of drought stress in crops to increase yields is an important task considering that agriculture is the primary consumer of water globally. This is particularly significant for plants such as sunflowers, which are an important source of quality edible oils, essential for human nutrition. Traditional detection methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and rely on advanced sensor technologies. We introduce an innovative approach based on neural networks and transfer learning for drought stress detection using a novel dataset including 209 non-invasive rhizotron images and 385 images of manually cleaned sections of sunflowers, subjected to normal watering or water stress. We used five neural network models: VGG16, VGG19, InceptionV3, DenseNet, and MobileNet, pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, whose performance was compared to select the most efficient architecture. Accordingly, the most efficient model, MobileNet, was further refined using different data augmentation mechanisms. The introduction of targeted data augmentation and the use of grayscale images proved to be effective, demonstrating improved results, with an F1 score and an accuracy of 0.95. This approach encourages advances in water stress detection, highlighting the value of artificial intelligence in improving crop health monitoring and management for more resilient agricultural practices
NS H 8304 CLP, hibrid suncokreta (Rusija)
No full textNS H 8304 CLP, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Ruske Federacije (Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации), rešenje Državne komisije Ruske Federacije za ispitivanje i zaštitu selekcionih dostignuća (Государственная комиссия Российской Федерации по испытанию и охране селекционных достижений (ФГБУ Госсорткомиссия)) br. 7852810 od 2024. godine, Moskva, Ruska Federacija, 2024
Effects of Heat Stress during Anthesis and Grain Filling Stages on Some Physiological and Agronomic Traits in Diverse Wheat Genotypes
No full textHeat stress represents a significant environmental challenge that adversely impacts the growth, physiology, and productivity of wheat. In order to determine the response to high temperatures of the wheat varieties developed mostly in the Pannonian environmental zone, as well as varietal differences, we subjected seven varieties from Serbia, one from Australia, and one from the UK to thermal stress during anthesis and mid-grain filling and combined stress during both of these periods. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and index, leaf temperature, and main agronomic traits of nine winter wheat varieties were investigated under high temperatures. Heat stress negatively affected leaf temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the chlorophyll index during different growth stages. Compared to the control, stress at anthesis, mid-grain filling, and combined stress resulted in yield reductions of 32%, 46%, and 59%, respectively. Single treatment at anthesis had a more severe effect on the number of grains per plant, causing a 38% reduction compared to the control. Moreover, single treatment during mid-grain filling resulted in the greatest decline in grain weight, with a 29% reduction compared to the control. There was a significant varietal variation in heat tolerance, highlighting Avangarda and NS 40s as the most tolerant varieties that should be included in regular breeding programs as valuable sources of heat tolerance. Understanding the genetic and physiological mechanisms of heat tolerance in these promising varieties should be the primary focus of future research and help develop targeted breeding strategies and agronomic practices to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress on wheat production