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Influence of Hull and Impurity Content in High-Oleic Sunflower Seeds on Pressing Efficiency and Cold-Pressed Oil Yield
No full textThis study investigates the effects of hull and impurity content on the efficiency of cold-pressing high-oleic sunflower seeds using a screw press. High-oleic sunflower oil is valued for its oxidative stability and health benefits, and optimizing pressing conditions is crucial for maximizing yield and maintaining oil quality. The identification of high-oleic sunflower oil was performed by analyzing its fatty acid composition, iodine value, and refractive index. Eleven seed samples with varying hull and impurity contents were processed to assess their impact on cake composition, pressing efficiency, and pressing oil yield. Oil yield ranged from 39.24% to 76.52%, with higher hull content contributing to increased yield due to its role in facilitating oil drainage. Multiple linear regression models were developed to predict moisture and oil content in the cake, as well as pressing efficiency, based on hull and impurity content, demonstrating strong predictive accuracy. These parameters were selected as they represent economically significant indicators, given that moisture and oil content indirectly reflect the protein content in the cake, while sunflower cake is primarily used as animal feed. Additionally, pressing efficiency indicates oil yield during pressing, which is the most critical economic parameter of the cold-pressing process. Cluster analysis identified three sample groups with distinct characteristics, revealing interactions between seed composition and pressing performance. The results highlight the significance of seed preparation in optimizing cold-pressing efficiency and provide insights for improving oil extraction processes. These findings support the industrial application of high-oleic sunflower seed pressing and contribute to the development of sustainable, high-quality oil production method
Bimodal distribution of potentially toxic elements in urban soils: the impact of particle size
No full textThe aim of the study was to ascertain the distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) across different soil particle sizes, particularly on Fluvisol soil type in Novi Sad, Serbia, characterised by a significant proportion of sand as coarser particles. PTEs, such as As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb were analysed in urban soil near major roads. Bulk samples of urban soil were collected and subsequently subdivided into seven different particle size fractions using the wet sieving technique. Based on PTE concentrations and PTE mass loadings, the research confirmed a bimodal binding of PTEs according to soil particle sizes. The highest contribution was observed in the finest fractions ( 500 μm), while medium-sized particles (50–500 μm) displayed the lowest contribution. Due to the predominant presence of sand in urban soils, it is important to include coarser fractions in risk assessments
Traversing the heat - A review on heat stress untangling the modern approaches in soybean (Glycine max. L)
No full textThe soybean crop, known as a "miracle crop" for its versatility as an oilseed, legume, and protein-rich source, is facing yield curtailments due to fluctuating global temperatures, emphasizing a deeper understanding of its heat stress tolerance mechanisms ply both conventional and non-conventional methods. Cutting edges techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9, genetic engineering, QTL mapping, and transcriptome studies are in limelight. The core motif is to supercharge heat tolerance by manipulating heat shock proteins (HSPs), transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. Soybean response to heat stress entails complex molecular and cellular processes including hormone signaling, ROS detoxification, antioxidant synthesis, and gene expression regulation. Additionally, transcriptome and proteome perusal has shown the significant role of transcriptional changes in heat stress response. Abiotic stresses, including drought and nutrient deficiencies, also pose risks to global food security by reducing crop yields. Advanced approaches that enhance stress resilience in soybean are critical for buoy future production amid unpredictable climate challenges
Environmental sustainability and influence of digestates on rye height in biogas production
No full textThe influence of digestate, a by-product of biogas production, on rye height was investigated. Trials over three years at Ilandža and Dolovo examined rye growth with and without the application of 50 t ha-1 of digestate. The tallest plants were found at Dolovo with digestate application. The highest plant height (130.99 cm) was recorded in 2023, while the lowest (126.46 cm) was in 2021. The study contributes to climate change mitigation and CO2 emission reduction
Maximizing Cannabinoid and Polyphenol Extraction from Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L. cv. Helena) Areal Parts: A Comparative Study of Ultrasound-Assisted and Conventional Methods at Two Harvest Stages
No full textIn this work, two extraction techniques, conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques, were employed for the extraction of natural bioactive compounds (NBCs) from the areal parts of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. cv. Helena) at two harvesting stages: (i) the beginning of flowering and (ii) the full flowering of the hemp plants. In the conventional extraction, the effect of different extraction solvents on the extraction yield and the content of NBCs was examined. The extraction temperature, extraction time, and ultrasonic power were chosen for the process parameters in UAE. The highest value of the investigated responses in UAE-obtained extracts was higher compared to extract obtained with conventional extraction techniques when the same solvent was used (50% ethanol): extraction yield (17.54 compared to 15.28%), content of total phenols and total flavonoids (1.7795 compared to 1.0476 mg GAE/mL and 0.6749 compared to 0.3564 mg CE/mL, respectively) and cannabidiol (0.8752 compared to 0.4310 mg/mL). Comparing the plant material in different developmental stages, it can be concluded that hemp aerial parts at the beginning of the flowering stage represent a good source of the phenolic compound with sinapic acid and apigenin being dominant, while hemp aerial parts in the full flowering stage represent a good source of cannabinoids
Procena bakterijske pegavosti paprike: vizuelno i multispektralnim senzorskim uređajem
No full textPlant diseases represent one of the main biotic stressors that, depending on the time of occurrence and intensity, lead to a reduction or complete yield losses. Phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, a major causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease (BLS) in sweet peppers causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruits. The aim of this study was to select spectral reflectance indices that correlate to the highest extent with the results of the visual assessment of BLS. The appearance of disease symptoms was assessed on two tolerant and two susceptible sweet pepper lines, by visual scoring according to the Horsfall–Barratt (HB) scale and by using an active, portable multispectral optical device (Plant-O-Meter), in the field under natural infection. The results indicated that vegetation indices (VIs) showed different significance depending upon the particular stage of visual assessments (V.A.). Indices, such as EVI, WDRVI, GRDVI, PNDVI were found to be the most suitable for early disease detection since they showed significant correlation at third V.A. The largest number of vegetation indices showed the highest significant correlation at 4 V.A. and 5 V.A. which indicated that they can serve in later stages of disease detection. This study provides valuable insights into the use of an active sensor device for sweet pepper bacterial leaf spot detection, monitoring, and evaluation, potentially enabling more timely and targeted interventions. Further research could explore the practical implementation of these findings in field settings and evaluate their effectiveness in large-scale disease management strategies.Biljne bolesti predstavljaju jedan od glavnih biotičkih stresora koji u zavisnosti od vremena i intenziteta pojave dovode do smanjenja ili potpunih gubitaka prinosa. Fitopatogena bakterija Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, prouzrokovač bakterijske pegavosti (BP) paprike, dovodi do pojave lezija na listovima, stabljikama i plodovima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se odaberu indeksi spektralne refleksije koji u najvećoj meri koreliraju sa rezultatima vizuelne procene BP. Pojava simptoma bolesti je procenjena na dve tolerantne i dve osetljive linije slatke paprike, vizuelnom ocenom prema Horsfall–Barratt (HB) skali i korišćenjem aktivnog, prenosivog multispektralnog optičkog uređaja (Plant-O-Meter), u polju u uslovima prirodne infekcije. Rezultati su pokazali da su vegetacijski indeksi (VI) pokazali različitu značajnost u zavisnosti od određene faze vizuelne procene (VP). Pokazalo se da su indeksi, kao što su EVI, WDRVI, GRDVI, PNDVI, najpogodniji za rano otkrivanje bolesti jer su pokazali značajnu korelaciju tokom treće VP. Najveći broj vegetacionih indeksa pokazao je značajnu korelaciju u 4. i 5. VP, što je ukazivalo da mogu poslužiti u kasnijim fazama praćenja BP. Ova studija pruža vredan uvid u upotrebu aktivnog senzorskog uređaja za otkrivanje, praćenje i ocenu bakterijske pegavosti paprike, potencijalno omogućavajući pravovremene i ciljane mere kontrole. Dalja istraživanja bi mogla biti usmerena na praktičnu primenu ovih nalaza na većim površinama kao i procenu efikasnosti u strategijama upravljanja ovom bolešću
Evaluation of grain morphometry and gliadin diversity among twenty accessions of the genus Aegilops from the National collection of Bulgaria
No full textThe objective of the study was to evaluate the genetic diversity in twenty Aegilops
accessions belonging to five plant species with respect to specific grain morphometric parameters
and gliadin proteins, employing digital image analysis and A-PAGE electrophoresis.
The considerable variation was observed among accessions for grain morphometric traits - area,
perimeter, length, width and colour of grain. A total of 96 gliadin polymorphic bands were
identified, with the number of bands varying between 13 and 22 per accession. The overall genetic
diversity in the samples based on the patterns observed for each of the four gliadin regions showed
that the ω, γ and β regions had high genetic variation index (H = 0.950), while α regions
(H = 0.938), respectively. The mean genetic diversity estimate was high (H = 0.947). The average
genetic similarity between all 20 genotypes ranges from 0.14 to 0.93 with a mean of 0.56,
indicating that the studied accessions exhibited considerable genetic variability. The study found
that the clustering of Aegilops genotypes was not linked to their geographic origin.
Two-dimensional Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) based on the gliadin and morphometric
analyses revealed wide genetic dissimilarity between most of the genotypes, explaining 97.16%
of the variations, with the model explaining 97.16% of the observed variation. Of this, PCo1
accounted for 93.65% and PCo2 for 3.51%. Genotypes with analogous genomes were grouped in
close proximity within the phylogenetic tree, indicating that their evolutionary relationships may
have originated from the same parental lineage
GWAS study of yellow rust tolerance in a triticale European collection
No full textTriticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) is a potential alternative to other small cereals since it is a double-purpose grain and forage crop, thriving even on marginal soils with lower nutrient inputs. Since its introduction, triticale has been considered a healthier option than its progenitors. However, with its introduction in cultivation, triticale has begun to show susceptibility to several fungal diseases, including powdery mildew, fusarium head blight, septoria leaf blotch, and rust, adversely affecting yield and grain quality. One of the primary goals of triticale breeding is to develop resistance to these diseases, such as yellow rust, caused by the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), which is recognized as one of the top 10 crops fungal pathogen (Dean et al., 2012), and new aggressive isolates began to spread. In this study, 280 triticale genotypes, 112 commercial varieties, and 170 breeding lines were cultivated over two to three seasons at five locations. To ensure uniform infection, the plots were surrounded by a highly susceptible triticale cultivar. The accessions were primarily evaluated for their tolerance/susceptibility to yellow rust. Still, other interesting phenotypic traits not influenced by the disease were recorded, such as soil cover, plant height, and flowering time. Genetic variation was assessed using DArT (Diversity Arrays Technology) markers. The final number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) included in the study after filtering was around 15’000. Those were aligned to a synthetic triticale genome, constructed from the A and B subgenomes of the IWGSC wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ v2.1 and the R genome of the rye inbred line ‘Lo7’ v3. Later, the SNPs were used to assess the population structure and associated with the phenotypic traits, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed
Influence of Genotype on Wheat Yield Components and Importance for Health
No full textDue to its dominant role in world nutrition, wheat has acquired the character of a strategic product. Its participation in human nutrition is gradually decreasing in developed countries where changes in the structure of the diet have given priority to proteins of animal origin. In underdeveloped countries where the phenomenon of hunger is present in a severe form, the basic aspiration is to provide a sufficient quantity that will ensure the population's nutritional needs. Wheat is regarded as excellent source of dietary fiber, B-group vitamins, minerals, and protein, making it a great food for promoting health. Constipation, cardiovascular diseases, diverticulum disease, obesity, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease are among the illnesses that whole wheat help prevent. The paper examined the influence of varieties of different lengths of the growing season, namely: Sothys - an early variety with axils and Sosthene - a mid-late variety without axils on the following components of the winter wheat yield of different lengths of the growing season, during 2022/2023, namely: spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and mass of grains per spike. Within the components of wheat yield in Sothys varieties, the largest spike length (8.96 cm) was measured. In addition, the largest number of spikelets in the spike (19.60) was counted in these varieties. On the contrary, the number of grains per ear, as well as the mass of grains per ear did not vary significantly depending on the genotype. Both tested varieties are characterized by high fertility potential, but also certain genotypic and phenotypic specificities, so it is up to the wheat producers to choose the variety depending on their own needs
Study of the genetic potential of autochthonous populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) for use in breeding purposes
No full textThe testing and evaluation of native populations of perennial ryegrasses (Lolium perenne L.) collected from the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina were conducted from 2020 to 2022 at experimental fields and laboratories of the Institute for Genetic Resources and the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka. Six native populations (labelled G1–G6) and two cultivars, Esquire and Tivoli (labelled G7 and G8), were analysed in this study. The following traits were examined: the plant height (cm), number of generative stems per plant, inflorescence length (cm), number of spikes per inflorescence, seed mass per inflorescence (g), and seed yield per plant (g). The results showed that all the native populations exhibited higher average plant heights compared to the Esquire standard (G7). Population G2 had the highest average number of spikes per inflorescence (26.8), while population G4 achieved the greatest average inflorescence length (27.7 cm). Statistically significant differences in the inflorescence length were observed between populations G2, G3, G4, and G6, compared to the standards G7 and G8 (Esquire and Tivoli). The genotype and year had a significant impact on the seed yield per plant. The average yield ranged from 32.4 g (G7) to 53.4 g (G4). The seed yield per plant showed a strong positive correlation with the number of generative stems per plant, the inflorescence length, and the number of spikes per inflorescence. The native populations G4 and G5 achieved significantly higher seed yields per plant compared to the other populations and may serve as highly valuable material for breeding programmes