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Genetic adaptation of phenological stages in Chinese and European elite soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) across latitudes in Central Europe
No full textGenetic adaptation of soybean phenological stages to high-latitude long-day environments is the major pre-requisite for enhancing regional plant-based protein production. Both E-genes controlling flowering and growing environment determine timing of flowering and maturity, and E-gene composition might differ between Chinese and European soybeans bearing the potential for improving adaptability. Therefore, 140 early maturity elite soybean cultivars of either Chinese or European origin were genotyped for the E1 to E4 flowering loci, and genotypes were tested across 17 European environments spanning a latitude range from 45 to 52°N in order to determine effects of various E-allele combinations. Differences in E-allele composition between Chinese and European cultivars were largest for the loci E1 and E3. Wild-type alleles significantly delayed flowering, and effects of particular E-alleles were depending on geographic latitude. Consequently, photoperiod-insensitive E-haplotypes carrying several non-functional alleles proved to be suitable for cultivation in higher latitudes, whereas photoperiod-sensitive late-maturity E-haplotypes are adapted to lower latitudes only. Thus, breeding for new E-haplotypes through combining Chinese and European alleles could enhance the potential for further soybean adaptation to northern growing regions
Note on the intraspecific variation of style shape, a trait of potential taxonomic value, in pea (Pisum sativum)
No full textThe traditional systematics of the leguminous tribe Fabeae, including numerous important
temperate crops and their wild relatives, was based on morphological features among which style shape was considered as one of the most important. Using scanning electron microscopy, we describe a phenotypic variation of the style shape in a garden pea (Pisum sativum) strongly reminiscent of the one of its allied genus, Vavilovia. The two morphs differ in the mode of the junction between the style and the ovary. Typically, the style margins continue on the carpel valves as ribs in pea, whereas in a newly discovered form and Vavilovia the ovary is free from the style margins. These differences probably have little or no impact on breeding value and adaptive potential and hence were hardly selectable in the course of crop diversification and natural evolution. The existence of intraspecific variation resembling interspecific differences contributes
to the idea that minor morphological nuances are of relatively low value in the systematics of related genera and species
Unveiling sunflower morphological and phenological adaptations to drought stress
No full textDrought stress significantly threatens crop productivity worldwide, requiring a comprehensive understanding of plant adaptations to alleviate its adverse effects. Sunflower, as an important source of edible oil, is greatly affected by drought in different developmental stages. This review investigates the morphological aspects and phenological adaptations of sunflower under drought conditions. Through a detailed description of morphological and phenological changes in sunflower, induced by drought, we aim to unravel the plant’s strategies for coping with water scarcity. In addition, the study describes genetic background of drought tolerance in sunflower, as well as insight about valuable genetic resources. Finally, we have described drought mitigation mechanisms known in sunflower, through morpho-physiological adaptations and agricultural practices which can alleviate the effect of drought. As a future strategy this research emphasizes the importance of genetic diversity in cultivating drought-resilient sunflower, using modern breeding techniques through genomic selection and omic’s technologies as a promising strategy in the face of escalating water limitations and development of drought tolerant and tenacious sunflower
Field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) control in Conviso® Smart sugar beet
No full textField dodder is an obligate parasitic weed that causes significant damage in sugar beet production. With the introduction into practice of Conviso® Smart varieties of sugar beet tolerant to ALS inhibitors, the possibilities of weed control using the herbicides foramsulfuron+thiencarbazone-methyl have been expanded. The aim was to examine the possibilities of controlling field dodder by applying the recommended rates of herbicides foramsulfuron+thiencarbazone-methyl at the time when they are registered for use in Conviso® Smart sugar beet
Application of biotechnology in health safe plant production
No full textBiotechnology represents the application of living organisms, in the creation of certain products or the management of appropriate processes. Plant diseases and pests lead to significant yield loss in crop production. Efforts have been made for centuries to reduce losses by selecting genotypes resistant to phytopathogens and plant pests, by applying chemical protective agents, and more recently by biological control measures. Measures of biological control and biological fertilization provide an environmentally acceptable way to manage plant diseases and pests and increase yields, and they also significantly contribute to the production of healthy food
Assessing the Impact of UAV Flight Altitudes on the Accuracy of Multispectral Indices
No full textPrecision agriculture has increasingly incorporated the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral cameras. This study examined the influence of different UAV flight altitudes on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE), Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), and Leaf Chlorophyll Index (LCI), indices critical to crop monitoring and health assessment. The experiment was conducted on a 2-hectare winter wheat field at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The field was divided into 400 plots, each containing different wheat varieties subjected to twenty distinct combinations of artificial mineral fertilizer (NPK) treatments. A DJI P4 Multispectral drone was employed to capture images at altitudes of 30, 60, and 90 meters on three separate dates, corresponding to different plant growth stages: May 9, May 20, and June 6, 2022. All other operating parameters were held constant. The data were processed using the DJI Terra and Pix4D software to generate orthomosaic maps, which were subsequently analyzed using ArcGIS (v10.5, ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) to calculate the multispectral index values for each plot. The results were statistically analyzed using the STATISTICA Tibco software. The analysis revealed significant differences in the index values based on the UAV flight altitude (p < 0.05). This research underscores the centrality of selecting the optimal UAV flight altitude to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data. While higher altitudes enable UAVs to cover larger areas in a single flight, factors such as image resolution, wind conditions, and the precision of crop health indicators must be considered. These findings offer valuable insights for agricultural professionals seeking to improve crop monitoring and ultimately enhance agricultural productivity through more effective UAV deployment
Diversity and Aggressiveness of the Diaporthe Species Complex on Sunflower in Serbia
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the Diaporthe species associated with Phomopsis stem canker of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Serbia. The significant increase in sunflower and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivation may have created the bridge favorable conditions for the distribution of Diaporthe species in this region. The present study identified five Diaporthe species on sunflower: D. gulyae, D. helianthi, D. pseudolongicolla, D. stewartii, and the newly identified D. riccionae based on morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characteristics. The research emphasizes the importance of effective inoculation methods and evaluates the aggressiveness of isolates. Sunflower plants were inoculated using the stem wound method, while seeds of sunflower and soybean were inoculated using the standard seed method. Most of the tested isolates demonstrated high aggressiveness, resulting in more than 80% premature wilting of sunflower plants. Additionally, this research examined the aggressiveness of Diaporthe species on sunflower seeds, highlighting D. stewartii and D. pseudolongicolla as common pathogens of both sunflower and soybean. The most aggressive species on seeds was D. stewartii, causing seed decay of up to 100% in sunflower and 97% in soybean. The findings suggest the development of resilient sunflower genotypes through breeding programs and the implementation of strategies to manage cross-contamination risks between sunflower and soybean crops. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the interactions between Diaporthe species and the seeds of sunflower and soybean. Future research will enhance our understanding of the impact of Diaporthe species on sunflower and soybean
Toksikološka procena meda iz konvencionalne i organske proizvodnje i procena rizika za javno zdravlje stanovništva
No full textHoney has become a focal point of concern due to the potential presence of pesticide residues originating from agricultural practices. This study undertakes a comprehensive toxicological assessment of pesticide residues in conventional and organic honey, as well as a risk assessment employing estimated daily intakes (EDIs) in the evaluation of the potential risks of these agrochemicals to public health. A total of 200 honey samples originating from conventional and organic producers were collected and analyzed by a Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe method (QuEChERS). Analysis of organic honey didn’t detect any residue of investigated pesticides. The most detected pesticides in conventional honey samples were boscalid (0.01 µg/kg), and coumaphos ranging between 0.012 µg/kg to 0.016 µg/kg, respectively. Detected pesticides such as acetamiprid, pyraclostrobin, thiacloprid, and azoxystrobin were under the reporting level (RL). Results obtained by EDI indicated that all investigated honey samples are safe for human consumption. In conclusion, this research contributes to the understanding of the toxicological implications of pesticide residues in both conventional and organic honey consumption. By delineating the potential health hazards associated with each type, this study aims to provide consumers, regulators, and beekeeping industries with valuable insights to make informed decisions that safeguard human health while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.Med je postao fokus zabrinutosti zbog potencijalne prisutnosti ostataka pesticida. Cilj ovog rada je toksikološka procena ostataka pesticida u konvencionalnom i organskom medu, kao i procena rizika primenom procenjenih dnevnih unosa (EDI) po javno zdravlje stanovništva. Ukupno 200 uzoraka meda poreklom od konvencionalnih i organskih proizvođača prikupljeno je i analizirano pomoću Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) metode. Analiza organskog meda nije zabeležila ostatke ispitivanih pesticida. Najviše detektovani pesticidi u uzorcima konvencionalnog meda su bili boskalid (0,01 µg/kg) i kumafos, u rasponu od 0,012 µg/kg do 0,016 µg/kg. Pesticidi poput acetamiprida, piraklostrobina, tiakloprida i azoksistrobina bili su ispod nivoa izveštavanja (<RL). Rezultati dobijeni putem EDI ukazuju da su svi ispitivani uzorci meda bezbedni za konzumaciju ljudi. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti, da ovo istraživanje doprinosi razumevanju toksikoloških posledica ostataka pesticida u konzumaciji kako konvencionalnog, tako i organskog meda. Proučavanjem potencijalnih zdravstvenih opasnosti, ovo istraživanje ima za cilj da pruži potrošačima, regulatornim telima, kao i pčelarima značajne informacije za donošenje odluka koje čuvaju ljudsko zdravlje promovišući istovremeno održivu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju
State of vegetable organic production in the Republic of Serbia
No full textThe areas under organic crop production in Serbia in 2021 amounted to 23,527 ha and were 12.2% higher compared to 2020.The largest areas in 2021 were under organic fruit production - 36%, under cereals - 28%, fodder plants - 19%, while the smallest land was planted and sown with vegetables, medicinal and herbs. Looking at regions, organic production was most represented in Vojvodina, where these areas accounted for 38.36%, followed by the region of Southern and Eastern Serbia with a share of 31.58%. Vegetable organic production in Republic Serbia has been gaining traction in recent years, driven by increasing consumer demanding for organic products and growing awareness of sustainable farming practices. Serbia has established regulations for organic farming that align with EU standards, allowing producers to access both local and international markets. Serbia’s diverse climate and fertile soil provide a good foundation for organic vegetable production. Farmers are increasingly adopting practices such as crop rotation and integrated pest management. Local markets, supermarkets, and export opportunities are expanding for organic products, supported by initiatives aimed at promoting Serbian organic goods. Farmers face challenges such as transitioning from conventional to organic practices, pest management, and market competition. The organic vegetable sector in Serbia shows promise for growth, contributing to both the local economy and environmental sustainability
Quality parameters of 'nugget' type Cucurbita maxima fruits under high-temperature stress
No full textAmong various Cucurbita maxima cultivars, the 'nugget' type has recently gained popularity among
both producers and consumers. The semi-bush plants yield small to medium-sized fruits that are bright
orange colored, with a distinctive brown pattern. The fruits are transverse to broadly elliptic in shape.
The 'nugget' fruits are particularly noted for their pleasant nutty flavor and relatively high carotenoid
content. The study aimed to assess variability in fruit quality parameters (weight, number per plant, dry
weight content, flesh juice pH, fresh weight sugar and carotenoid content) within a breeding collection
of 30 'nugget' type C. maxima accessions. Additionally, the study sought to assess the effect of high-temperature
stress during the reproductive phase of plant development on these parameters. For that
purpose, a comparative analysis of field-grown plants across two temperate and two high-temperature
stress growing seasons was conducted. The accessions exhibited significant variation across all
analyzed parameters, establishing a strong foundation for breeding high-quality varieties. High-temperature
stress predominantly impacted carotenoid content, which was reduced by an average of
27.1% compared to temperate seasons. Additionally, sugar content and fruit weight were decreased by
15.2% and 5.7%, respectively. Conversely, flesh dry weight content was increased by 28.6%, while the
number of fruits per plant and flesh juice pH remained largely unchanged. The differential response
among accessions suggests variability in stress tolerance, which may be crucial for maintaining fruit
quality under increasingly frequent high-temperature conditions.Poster presented at the 13th EUCARPIA meeting on Cucurbit genetics and breeding, held on 3-6 November 2024 in Vico Equense, Italy is available in this repository here: [https://fiver.ifvcns.rs/handle/123456789/5285