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An active-optical reflectance sensor in-field testing for the prediction of winter wheat harvest metrics
Get PDFThe ambition of this study was to justify the possibility of wheat trait prediction using a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from a newly developed Plant-O-Meter sensor. Acquired data from Plant-O-Meter was matched with GreenSeeker’s, which was designated as a reference. The experiment was carried out in the field during the 2022 growing season at the long-term experimental field. The experimental design included five different winter wheat genotypes and 20 different NPK fertilizer treatments. The GreenSeeker sensor always gave out NDVI values that were higher than those of the Plant-O-Meter by, on average, 0.029 (6.36%). The Plant-O-Meter sensor recorded similar NDVI values (94% of the variation is explained, P<0.01). The Plant-O-Meter’s NDVIs had a higher CV for different wheat varieties and different sensing dates. For almost all varieties, GreenSeeker exceeded Plant-O-Meter in predicting yields for the early (March 21st) and late (June 6th) growing seasons. NDVIGreenSeeker data improved yield modeling performance by an average of 5.1% when compared to NDVIPlant-O-Meter; in terms of plant height prediction, NDVIGreenSeeker was 3% more accurate than NDVIPlant-O-Meter and no changes in spike length prediction were found. A compact, economical and user-friendly solution, the Plant-O-Meter, is straightforward to use in wheat breeding programs as well as mercantile wheat production
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Biological Activity of Angelica Root and Hop Strobile Essential Oils and Hydrolates
No full textThe purpose of this study was to obtain additional value of hydrolates (HYs), by-products during essential oil distillation. Chemical compositions of angelica and hop hydrolates were determined and compared with the corresponding essential oils, and their biological potential tested. Steam distilled essential oils and hydrolates were analyzed by GC-MS, and their biological potential was tested for antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and reduction power) and antimicrobial activities (against nine bacteria and fungi). Hydrolates were additionally tested for allelopathic activity (on corn and redroot pigweed). The investigated essential oils have totally different volatile profiles and aromas in comparison to hydrolates. The most dominant constituents in the angelica essential oil were limonene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene, α-phellandrene and δ-3-carene, while in the hydrolate it was trans-verbenol. In the hop essential oil the most dominant constituents were myrcene and α-humulene, while in the hydrolate isovaleric acid and linalool were dominant. Angelica essential oil showed higher antioxidant activity in comparison with hop, while hydrolates displayed significantly lower antioxidant activity. Low antimicrobial potential of both essential oils was observed in the case of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was not detected in neither of the two hydrolates. In terms of allelopathic activity, hydrolates showed a dose-dependent decreasing activity on germination and seedling growth of corn and redroot pigweed. Angelica and hop essential oils are mainly used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries because of their aroma. Hydrolates, as by-products, possess potential for application in agriculture as natural herbicides
Soybean and high-throughput phenotyping: perceiving growing patterns in different environments
Get PDFIn the previous decade, new technologies based on remote sensing and photogrammetry were established as a powerful tool for non-destructive estimation of different plant traits. The high-throughput phenotyping (HTPP) implies the utilization of these tools and techniques, resulting in a fast and accurate assessment of crop development data. In soybean breeding, traditional phenotyping is recognized as a bottleneck in the current selection of superior lines mainly because of the inefficiency and resource consumption. The HTPP could be applied to overcome these shortcomings and not just for the prediction of plant characteristics from a single time point but also for perceiving crop growth based on multi-temporal data. This study aimed to analyze soybean growing patterns in different environments (drought and control) based on the estimated height and biomass of 206 genotypes (early and late varieties) sown in 2020 and 2021. In both seasons, each trait was predicted in eight-time points with previously developed HTPP models and protocols. The estimated values were used to create growing curves and evaluate analyzed genotypes based on their performance. Early varieties were dominant for both traits in drought conditions. In the control, the late material performed better regarding height while early genotypes accumulated more biomass
NS H 8304, hibrid suncokreta
No full textNS H 8304, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-3816/2/2022-11 od 26.04.2024. godine, Beograd, Republika Srbij
Development of Crispr-Mediated Resistance To Fungal Diseases In Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus)
No full textCrop production has been substantially reduced by devastating fungal and oomycete pathogens, and these pathogens continue to threaten global food security. Although chemical and cultural controls have been used for crop protection, these involve continuous costs and time and fungicide resistance among plant pathogens has been increasingly reported. The most efficient way to protect crops from plant pathogens is cultivation of disease-resistant cultivars. However, conventional breeding strategies including pure line selection, pedigree, interspecific hybrids, and back-cross approaches are laborious and time intensive. Production of a major oil crop in Turkey and Serbia, sunflower, is greatly jeopardized by the fungal diseases caused by Scleritinia and Plasmopara leading to severe economic damage and fluctuations in oil production in already shaken oil market. Moreover, the emergence of new fungal races constantly breaking the resistance in hybrid genotypes makes it difficult to achieve long-term resistance in sunflower. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been utilized to enhance disease resistance among different crops such as rice, cacao, wheat, tomato, and grape. This system allows for precise genome editing of various organisms via RNA-guided DNA endonuclease activity. CRISPR/Cas genome editing is relatively more efficient and convenient, including no need for protein engineering, efficient target cleavage, and utilization of a relatively small protein. Furthermore, highly feasible multi-target site cleavage and DNA-free delivery of the CRISPR/Cas construct became an exceptional development in the history of genome editing, which can be conducted by delivery of preassembled Cas protein and guide RNA into the target organism’s cell. These beneficial properties provide a more precise and efficient tool for the generation of transgenic non-GMO-regulated plants.
MLO is a plasma membrane–localized seven–transmembrane domain protein that assists fungal penetration to plant cells. Therefore, loss-of-function mutations of one or more of the appropriate Mildew resistance locus o (Mlo) genes are a reliable “weapon” to protect plants from infection by powdery mildew fungi, as they confer durable broad-spectrum resistance. More recently, mlo-mediated resistance was discovered to be inducible in virtually every plant species and many other fungal pathogens. By now, MLO resistance has been found (as natural mutants) or generated (by induced mutagenesis, gene silencing, and targeted or nontargeted gene knock-out) in a broad range of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species. In the current study, MLO genes of sunflowers will be determined by ortholog analysis from other model species. The exon/intron structure will be identified and exon-specific gRNAs will be designed with bioinformatics tools. The most effective four gRNAs were inserted into agrobacterium plasmids with the golden gate assembly method. Plasmids will then be inserted into agrobacterium plasmid and verified with colony PCR. The tissue culture regeneration protocol was previously developed for some agriculturally important sunflower cultivars. The agrobacterium will be incubated on the sunflower explants (mature embryo) and washed with antibacterial-based solutions. The regenerated mutant lines will be determined with fungal resistant tests and PCR-sequencing analysis. This will be the first study aimed to develop CRISPR-mediated multiple fungal resistance in sunflower
Environmental impacts on the nutritional quality of Cucurbita plants: implications for selective breeding
No full textPlant breeding programs have traditionally focused on maximizing yield, often placing greater emphasis on quantity rather than on nutritional quality. Recently, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of food nutritional quality. This has raised the question about the potential role of plant breeding in its improvement. This multi-year study aimed to evaluate the variability within a breeding collection of Cucurbita species (C. maxima, C. moschata) concerning carotenoid and sugar content, which are key determinants of pumpkin fruit nutritional quality. Additionally, the study investigated how high air temperature stress during the reproductive phase of plant development affects these quality parameters. Significant differences were observed between plant species, genotypes within these species, and across different growing seasons regarding the content of carotenoids and sugars. Temperature stress led to a reduction in carotenoid content, with C. moschata showing a more pronounced effect. In contrast, sugar content was reduced in C. maxima and slightly increased in C. moschata when compared to temperate seasons. The variation in carotenoid and sugar content, as well as their response to temperature stress across different genotypes, indicates the potential for breeding Cucurbita plants to improve their fruit nutritional quality.This is a poster presented at the 7th Congress of the Serbian Genetic Society, held on 2-5 October 2024 in Zlatibor, Serbia. The published abstract is available in this repository here: [https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_fiver_4939
Zorica, sorta ozime uljane repice
No full textRešenje za ponovni upis u Registar sorti poljoprivrednog bilja Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije br. 320-04-7602/2021-11 od 24.12.2024. godin
Genotype and fertilization effect on nitrogen content in maize (Zea mays L.)
No full textNitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for maize growth and development, as well as an important factor in sustainable maize production. Timing and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application can influence maize grain yield, N uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) parameters. Efficient nitrogen fertilizer management is essential for achieving economic yields and for enhancing N use efficiency. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia situated at N 45° 19’, E 19° 50’. An experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement with four replications during the two years. Four divergent maize, NS-4023, NS-6010, NS-6030 and NS-640 were grown under eight nitrogen combinations: fertilizer combinations with nitrogen addition in autumn and spring. The following factors were studied: N1: P60K60; N2: P60K60 + Nmin spring; N3: P60K60 + N40autumn + Nmin spring [(nitrogen added based on mineral nitrogen content in spring (NO3-N)]; N4: P60K60 + N60spring; N5: P60K60 + N100spring; N6: P60K60 + N40autumn + N60spring + Zn; N7: P60K60 + N40autumn + N80spring + Zn; N8: P60K60 + N160spring + Zn in both years of study. Zinc was applied as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) in the amount of 1.0 kg ha-1 with foliar spraying, in the fourth and sixth week after sowing. Plant tissue analyses included contents of nitrogen in leaves and grain. Leaf samples (25 leaves) were taken under the cob in the silking stage (the second half of July). After maize harvest from each elementary plot cobs were taken for nitrogen analysis in grain. Results showed a fairly wide variability for leaf (1.91-2.58%) and grain N concentration (1.22-1.42%), amongst the hybrids, across different nitrogen systems fertilization. The two-way interaction of year and fertilization rate, fertilization rate and genotype significantly affected leaf and grain nitrogen concentration, respectively. Future studies need to be done in different locations in South Pannonian Basin to investigate the rates and timing effects of mineral fertilizers on the on the mineral composition and productivity of the maize
Protease inhibitors – anti-nutritional components of grasspea, or is there more to it?
No full textBalkan Peninsula is considered dispersion route of grasspea into Europe, leaving rich diversity of grasspea in this geographic area. Grasspea was familiar in Serbian agriculture throughout the centuries; however, nowadays it is only grown on small acreages. In the last decade, there have been attempts of the grasspea reintroduction in Serbia and other Western Balkan countries. One of the factors that limit the use of grasspea is the presence of anti-nutritional factors, including protease inhibitors (PI) - trypsin and chymotrypsin. On the other hand, we started to explore the possible role of protease inhibitors in seed protection against bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus), as the most devastating and limiting factor in legume production, including grasspea. Therefore, the main goals of this research are (1) to determine the content of chymotrypsin inhibitor
(CI) activity in seeds of 12 grasspea accessions and (2) to examine the suitability of grasspea in relation to other two legumes (common bean and faba bean) as the feeding medium for the development and population growth of the bean weevil. CI activity ranged from 5.7 CUI/mg to 16.3 CUI/mg, with medium of 13.3 CUI/mg for the analyzed collection. Further, the lowest total number of bean weevils emerged from faba bean, while the population growth of the bean weevil was the highest on common bean, followed by grasspea. These are preliminary results of larger research, which will focus on a role of protease inhibitors in protection of legumes to bean weevil and possibility of PIs to be used in the production of bioinsecticide. The correlation between these two parameters will be done in ongoing research
Broomrape in Serbia
No full textBroomrape (Orobanche cumana) is a continuous threat to sunflower production.
Awidely used method to control this parasitic plant is the development of resistant hybrids.
The control method itself requires knowledge of parasite virulence present in the particular
region. Virulence determination is based on the reaction of differential sunflower genotypes
and several genotypes are in use by researchers to determine broomrape race labeled with
capital Latin letters. In Serbia, broomrape is present in some sunflower planting regions.
Recently, researched limited number of broomrape populations indicated a sparse presence of
race F. In this research over 200 sunflower fields were surveyed for the presence of the
parasites. Broomrape plants were collected, air dried and labeled. Parasite virulence was
determined using inbred lines AD-66, LC1002, LC1003, LC1093, NR5, and P96, to identify
race type based on the reaction of sunflower to broomrape. Experiments were conducted in
semi- controlled greenhouse conditions by growing differential lines in pots containing
substrate with broomrape seeds. Reaction of each line was determined based on broomrape
presence on the host root. Broomrape was found in 88 sunflower fields. In majority of
surveyed fields, parasite was found sparsely ranging from few individuals to small patches of
infested sunflower plants. Results have confirmed the presence of race F based on the
susceptibility of line NR5 and the presence of race G based on the susceptibility of line P96.
Further research will include increased number of genotypes to assess variability in
broomrape virulence and experiments for genetic diversity determination of parasitic
populations of various geographical origin