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Change of morphological characteristics of soybean plants due to the application of aqueous extracts from fruits
No full textFolijarna primena vodenih ekstrakata biljaka sve se više koristi, kako u organskoj, tako i konvencionalnoj biljnoj proizvodnji. Delovi biljaka koji se javljaju kao nusproizvod u proizvodnji i preradi uspešno se mogu koristiti kao sirovina za dobijanje folijarnih preparata bogatih hranivima i fiziološki aktivnim materijama koji utiĉu na povećanje prinosa, morfoloških osobina biljaka i kvalitetu dobijenog proizvoda. Cilj ovih istraţivanja bio je sagledavanje uticaja folijarne primene vodenih ekstrakata od plodova voća na masu biljaka, masu i broj mahuna po biljci soje. Ogled je izveden na Rimskim Šanĉevima tokom 2022. i 2023. godine, sa srednjestasnom sortom soje NS Apolo, u tri ponavljanja.Foliar application of aqueous plant extracts is increasingly used, both in organic and conventional crop production. Parts of plants that appear as a by-product in production and processing can be successfully used as raw material for obtaining foliar preparations rich in nutrients and physiologically active substances that influence the increase in yield, morphological characteristics of plants and the quality of the obtained product. The aim of these studies was to assess the effect of foliar application of aqueous plant extracts from fruit fruits on plant mass, mass and number of pods per plant
Vineyard soil characterization in Serbia: importance, timing, and scope of analysis
No full textAutentičnost vina i zaštićene geografske oznake vina povezuju se s mestom nastanka, odnosno prirodnim karakteristikama područja, uključujući zemljište, kao i za druge komponente terroir-a. Kod karakterizacije zemljišta vinograda kao identiteta jedne vinarije, često se opisno navode karakteristike zemljišta bez utemeljenih istraživanja i analiza. Ovaj rad se bavi potrebnim elementima karakterizacije zemljišta, počev od pedoloških istraživanja i određivanja autohtonog tipa zemljišta, fizičkih karakteristika, parametara plodnosti uključujući makro i mikroelemente, sadržaja opasnih i štetnih materija, do bioloških karakteristika zemljišta. Pored toga, navedeni su razvijeni modeli za geostatističku obradu i prostorno mapiranje podataka. Materijal objedinjuje karakterizaciju zemljišta šest vinogradarskih rejona tokom prethodno realizovanih projekata: Pocersko-Valjevskog, Vranjskog, Niškog, Mlavskog, rejona Tri Morave i Šumadijskog. U ovom radu se razmatra i adekvatno vreme analiza i karakterizacije zemljišta. Zemljište pod vinogradima je pod jakim antropogenim uticajem, gde čovek moćnim meliorativnim merama u zasnivanju u velikoj meri menja prirodne karakteristike zemljišta, stvarajući tip zemljišta Rigosol. Detaljnije analize zemljišta se najčešće sprovode prilikom zasnivanja vinograda, dok naknadno sprovedene meliorativne mere značajno menjaju ovo početno stanje. Nivo intervencije prilikom zasnivanja je neophodan u cilju unapređenja zemljišta i stvaranja optimalnih uslova za rast i razvoj vinove loze, što se odražava na kvalitet grožđa i time predstavlja zaštitu i održivost cele investicije. Nakon zasnivanja vinograda, zemljište je potrebno ponovo karakterisati, dalje pratiti i pažljivo održavati u stalno dobrom stanju. Ovo se posebno odnosi na meliorativne mere koje je potrebno kontinuirano sprovoditi, kao što su kalcizacija i fosfatizacija u većini ispitivanih vinogradarskih rejona. Investicija u analize i karakterizaciju zemljišta je opravdana u poređenju sa ostalim potrebnim ulaganjima u vinogradarstvu i spram rezultata koji se mogu ostvariti unapređenjem zemljišta.The authenticity of wine and protected geographical indications are associated with the place of origin, specifically the natural characteristics of the area, including the soil, as well as other components of the terroir. In the characterization of vineyard soils as the identity of a winery, soil characteristics are often described without substantiated research and analysis. This paper addresses the necessary elements of soil characterization, starting with pedological research and the determination of the indigenous soil type, water-physical characteristics, fertility parameters including macro and microelements, the absence of hazardous and harmful substances, and biological soil characteristics. Additionally, developed models for geostatistical processing and spatial mapping of data are presented. The material consolidates the characterization of soils from six vineyard regions during previously implemented projects: Pocerina-Valjevo, Vranje, Niš, Mlava, Tri Morave, and Šumadija regions. This paper also examines the appropriate timing for soil analysis and characterization. Vineyard soils are under strong anthropogenic influence, where powerful ameliorative measures at the establishment significantly alter the natural soil characteristics, creating a type of soil known as Rigosol. Detailed soil analyses are most often conducted at the time of vineyard establishment, while subsequent ameliorative measures significantly change this initial state. The level of intervention at the establishment is necessary to improve the soil and create optimal conditions for the growth and development of the vine, which affects grape quality and thus represents the protection and sustainability of the entire investment. After the vineyard is established, the soil needs to be re-characterized, further monitored, and carefully maintained in a consistently good condition. This is particularly true for ameliorative measures that need to be continuously implemented, such as liming and phosphatization in most of the examined vineyard regions. Investment in soil analysis and characterization is justified compared to other necessary investments in viticulture and the results that can be achieved by improving the soil
The effects of climatic variations on the occurrence of stem weevils in oilseed rape
No full textClimatic variations can have a wide range of negative effects on agriculture, and can be analysed also through the altered behaviour of insects. Due to the increase of average yearly temperatures insect pests are expanding their areals and changing their frequency of occurrence and abundance. Rape stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll.) and cabbage stem weevil (C. pallidactylus Marsh.) are among six most economically important pests of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Europe, and can cause significant yield losses, which is why chemical control is often needed to protect crops from these pests. The abundance and time of occurrence of stem weevils after winter diapause vary depending on the year and location, which affects the optimal time for their control. Since oilseed rape stem weevils become active early in the spring, environmental factors, especially temperature, play a significant role in their activity
Cluster and Principal Component Analyses of the Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Under Different Fertilization Schemes
No full textThis research investigates the impact of various fertilization methods on the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of celery (Apium graveolens L.) root and leaf. Mineral fertilizer, poultry manure, cattle manure, sheep manure, supercompost, and molasses were applied. Total dry weight, phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed, along with fiber, protein, fat, sugar, and starch in celery root. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to correlate production conditions with the parameters. The highest fiber and protein contents were found in mineral-fertilized roots, while total fat and sugar were highest in cattle-manure-fertilized roots, and starch was highest in supercompost-fertilized roots. Fertilization with supercompost yielded the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents in leaves, while mineral fertilizer resulted in the highest antioxidant activity in roots. Notably, the highest dry weight in leaves and the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents in roots were also observed with supercompost. PCA and cluster analysis demonstrated significant correlations between plant parts, i.e., the celery root and leaf samples, cultivation conditions, and the observed parameters, emphasizing the importance of selecting suitable cultivation methods to optimize celery’s nutritional properties. Also, these findings suggest that supercompost, a byproduct of breweries, could potentially replace animal-based organic fertilizers, addressing the problem of reduced availability due to declining livestock numbers
Do Climate Conditions Affect the Quality of the Apiaceae Fruits’ Essential Oils?
No full textThis study investigated the impact of climate conditions on the quality of essential oils extracted from Apiaceae fruits, specifically coriander (Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum), aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), and annual caraway (Carum carvi var. annuum) grown at three distinct locations in Serbia over three consecutive years. Field experiments were conducted, and essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus followed by gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis for compound identification. Weather conditions during the vegetation periods were recorded, and statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis, were performed to assess the volatile compound compositions. Results indicate significant correlations among various compounds within each fruit type, with distinct patterns observed across different years. PCA further elucidates the influence of both year and sampling location on the chemical profiles of essential oils. Cluster analysis reveals clustering primarily based on the year of cultivation rather than geographical location, emphasizing the dominant role of weather conditions in shaping essential oil compositions. This study highlights the intricate relationship between climate conditions and the quality of essential oils in Apiaceae fruits, providing valuable insights for optimizing cultivation practices and enhancing essential oil production. In general, climate conditions strongly influence the coriander, anise, and annual caraway cultivation, and also essential oil quality
Uticaj klimatskih faktora na akumulaciju isparljivih komponenti u etarskom ulju i hidrolatu Salvia officinalis
No full textThe study investigated the cultivation, chemical composition, and potential applications of Salvia officinalis L. cultivar “Primorska” over three years. The research revealed that the essential oil of S. officinalis contains significant amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, including α-thujone (19.9-29.0%), camphor (15.8-19.6%), β-thujone (12.3-13.3%), and 1,8-cineole (8.8-11.3%). The content of these compounds varied across years and correlated with temperature fluctuations. The hydrolate derived from S. officinalis exhibited a similar chemical profile to the essential oil, with camphor emerging as the most abundant compound (42.4-49.6%). Statistical analysis revealed correlations between temperature, precipitation, and the content of various compounds in both the essential oil and hydrolate. Temperatures are in strong negative correlation with α-thujone (KT=-36.500), and in positive correlation with camphor (KT=9.5), β-thujone (KT=4.500) and 1,8-cineole (KT=5.000) in essential oil. In hydrolates is also noted similar trend of correlations: negative correlations between temperature and α-thujone (KT=-32.000), and positive correlations temperature and camphor (KT=34.000), β-thujone (KT=7.000), and 1,8-cineole (KT=7.000). S. officinalis essential oil is highly valued in the food and pharmaceutical industry, as well as in cosmetics, perfumery and aromatherapy. Numerous studies have indicated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. The study also highlighted potential applications of S. officinalis hydrolate in cosmetics, food sanitation, and pharmaceuticals due to its antioxidant properties and moderate antimicrobial effects. Overall, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of S. officinalis products' chemical composition and underscores the potential of its hydrolate as a valuable resource in multiple industries. Further exploration into its applications and benefits will drive innovation in product development and utilization.Ova studija se bavila ispitivanjem hemijskog sastava i etarskog ulja i hidrolata Salvia officinalis L. sorta “Primorska” gajene u Srbiji tokom tri godine. Takođe, bitna celina u ovom radu je i predočavanje potencijalne primene dobijenih proizvoda. Istraživanje je pokazalo da etarsko ulje S. officinalis sadrži značajne količine oksidovanih monoterpena, kao što su α-tujon (19.9-29.0%), kamfor (15.8-19.6%), β-tujon (12.3-13.3%), i 1,8-cineol (8.8-11.3%). Sadržaj ovih komponenti je varirao tokom godina i bio je u korelaciji sa klimatskim promenama, posebno variranja temperature. Hidrolat, dobijen kao nuzproizvod prilikom destilacije etarskog ulja S. officinalis pokazao je sličan hemijski profil kao i etarsko ulje, pri čemu je kamfor bio najzastupljeniji (42.4-49.6%). Statističkom analizom utvrđena je korelacija između temperature, padavina i različitih jedinjenja, kako u etarskom ulju, tako i u hidrolatu. U etarskom ulju temperatura je bila u jakoj negativnoj korelaciji sa sa α-tujonom (KT=-36.500), i u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa kamforom (KT=9.5), β-tujonom (KT=4.500) i 1,8-cineolom (KT=5.000). U hidrolatu je takođe zabeležen sličan trend korelacija: negativna između temperature i α-tujona (KT=-32.000), i pozitivne korelacije temperature i kamfora (KT=34.000), β-tujona (KT=7.000), i 1,8-cineola (KT=7.000). Etarsko ulje S. officinalis je veoma cenjeno u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji kao i u kozmetici, parfimeriji i aromaterapiji. Brojne studije su pokazale njegov antioksidativni, antimikrobni, antiinflamatorni i antikancerogeni potencijal. Ova studija je takođe istakla potencijalnu primenu hidrolata S. officinalis u kozmetici, sanitaciji hrane i farmaceutskim proizvodima zbog njegovih antioksidativnih svojstava i umerenog antimikrobnog potencijala. Sveukupno, ovo istraživanje doprinosi boljem razumevanju hemijskog sastava etarskog ulja i hidrolata S. officinalis i naglašava potencijal primene hidrolata kao vrednog resursa u različitim granama industrije. Dalja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti podstaćiće inovacije u razvoju i korišćenju proizvoda na bazi etarskog ulja i hidrolata S. officinalis
Protein and oil content yield in NS soybean varieties registered in 2024
No full textU Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo do 2024. godine registrovano je 179 sorte soje i to 34 sorti
soje grupe zrenja 000 i 00, 40 sorti 0 grupe zrenja, 56 sorti I grupe zrenja, 43 sorti II grupe zrenja
i 6 sorti soje III grupe zrenja. Cilj ovoga rada je analiza najnovijih sorti soje u pogledu prinosa,
sadržaja proteina i ulja u zrnu, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine. Najviši prinos
zrna ostvaren je sa sortom soje II grupe zrenja Granit (3085 kgha-1). Najviši sadržaj proteina
imala je sorta soje Merkur, 00 grupe zrenja (43,35%), a najviši sadržaj ulja zabeležen je kod
sorte II grupe zrenja Astra (21,20). Najviši prinos proteina i ulja po jedinici površine imala je
sorta II grupe zrenja Granit (1274 kgha-1, odnosno 626 kgha-1).Until 2024, 179 soybean varieties were registered at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 43 soybean varieties of ripening group 000 and 00, 40 varieties of 0 ripening group, 56 varieties of ripening group I, 43 varieties of ripening group II and 6 soybean varieties of ripening group III. The aim of this paper is to analyse the latest soybean varieties in terms of yield, protein and oil content in grain and protein and oil yield per unit area. The highest grain yield was achieved with the soybean variety of ripening group II Granit (3085 kgha-1). The highest protein content was in the soybean variety Merkur, 00 ripening group (43.35%), while the highest oil content was recorded in the soybean variety II of the ripening group Astra (21.20). The highest protein yield and oil yield per unit area was in the soybean variety of II ripening group Granit (1274 kgha-1, 626 kgha-1)
Are alien plants a pool for new eco-friendly “weapons” against lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica)?
No full textLesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera Bostrichidae) represents one of economically most important primary storage pests with a large commodity scale (wheat, peanuts, corn, legumes). Today, it is confirmed that this pest has developed resistance to a number of frequently used pesticides. This is why numerous studies on the efficacy of botanical (plant-derived) products and plant secondary metabolites are constantly increasing. Plants represent a great potential to be used as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient insecticides. The aim of this work was to determine the biological activity of three widespread invasive species in the city of Čačak: Ailantus altissima (Tree of heaven), Portulaca oleracea (Common purslane, little hogweed, or pursley) and Ambrosia artemisiofoliа (Common ragweed, annual ragweed, low ragweed) on the laboratory population R. dominica. Experiment was carried out in three steps: i) preparation of crude ethanol plant extracts of A. altisima, P. oleracea and A. artemisiofoliа and 0.1, 1 and 5 % solutions; ii) contact and contact-digestive toxicity tests on wheat and maize kernels (whole and broken kernel) (ObengOfori and Reichmuth, 1997) and iii) inhalation effects on adults of R. dominica in the test tubes (Stefanazzi et al., 2010). According to obtained results, the highest inhalation effect of all three plant extracts on R. dominica adults (17.66 %) was achieved by 5 % solution of A. altisima. However, this efficacy is of little significance. The highest contact efficacy (68.33 %) on R. dominica adults was registered in application of P. oleracea 5 %. These results indicate significant insecticidal potential of this invasive plant. The results from contact – digestive tests of all three plant extracts on R. dominica adults indicate: - on whole and broken maize kernels, the highest level of efficiency (13.33 % and 17.66 %) was registered for 0.1 % and 5 % solution of A. altissima, respectively - on wheat kernels, the highest level of efficacy (35.33 %) was for 5 % solution P. oleracea. The results indicate that contact efficacy of P. oleracea 5 % solution could be a satisfying “weapon” for small family or organic farms to control lesser grain borer. However, other extracts did not express satisfactory efficacy. Also, some obstacles in application of botanical insecticides can be removed by further planned research. Additional experiments will be carried out to identify possible influence of crude P. oleracea extract on bakery properties for wheat and bad smelt on maize as feed ingredient.IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, vol. 173, 202
Modeling and Optimization of Triticale Wort Production Using an Artificial Neural Network and a Genetic Algorithm
No full textTriticale grain, a wheat–rye hybrid, has been reported to comply very well with the requirements for modern brewing adjuncts. In this study, two triticale varieties, in both unmalted and malted forms, were investigated at various ratios in the grist, applying different mashing regimes and concentrations of the commercial enzyme Shearzyme® 500 L with the aim of evaluating their impact on wort production. In order to capture the complex relationships between the input (triticale ratio, enzyme ratio, mashing regime, and triticale variety) and output variables (wort extract content, wort viscosity, and free amino nitrogen (FAN) content in wort), the study aimed to implement the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model the mashing process. Also, a genetic algorithm (GA) was integrated to minimize a specified multi-objective function, optimizing the mashing process represented by the ANN model. Among the solutions on the Pareto front, one notable set of solutions was found with objective function values of 0.0949, 0.0131, and 1.6812 for the three conflicting objectives, respectively. These values represent a trade-off that optimally balances the different aspects of the optimization problem. The optimized input variables had values of 23%, 9%, 1, and 3 for the respective input variables of triticale ratio, enzyme ratio, mashing regime, and triticale variety. The results derived from the ANN model, applying the GA-optimized input values, were 8.65% w/w for wort extract content, 1.52 mPa·s for wort viscosity, and 148.32 mg/L for FAN content in wort. Comparatively, the results conducted from the real laboratory mashing were 8.63% w/w for wort extract content, 1.51 mPa·s for wort viscosity, and 148.88 mg/L for FAN content in wort applying same input values. The presented data from the optimization process using the GA and the subsequent experimental verification on the real mashing process have demonstrated the practical applicability of the proposed approach which confirms the potential to enhance the quality and efficiency of triticale wort production
Selective Genotyping and Phenotyping for Optimization of Genomic Prediction Models for Populations with Different Diversity
Get PDFTo overcome the different challenges to food security caused by a growing population andclimate change, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) breeders are creating novel cultivars that have thepotential to improve productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability. Genomic selection(GS) is an advanced approach that may accelerate the rate of genetic gain in breeding using genome-wide molecular markers. The accuracy of genomic selection can be affected by trait architectureand heritability, marker density, linkage disequilibrium, statistical models, and training set. Theselection of a minimal and optimal marker set with high prediction accuracy can lower genotypingcosts, computational time, and multicollinearity. Selective phenotyping could reduce the numberof genotypes tested in the field while preserving the genetic diversity of the initial population. Thisstudy aimed to evaluate different methods of selective genotyping and phenotyping on the accuracyof genomic prediction for soybean yield. The evaluation was performed on three populations:recombinant inbred lines, multifamily diverse lines, and germplasm collection. Strategies adoptedfor marker selection were as follows: SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) pruning, estimation ofmarker effects, randomly selected markers, and genome-wide association study. Reduction of thenumber of genotypes was performed by selecting a core set from the initial population based onmarker data, yet maintaining the original population’s genetic diversity. Prediction ability using allmarkers and genotypes was different among examined populations. The subsets obtained by themodel-based strategy can be considered the most suitable for marker selection for all populations. Theselective phenotyping based on makers in all cases had higher values of prediction ability comparedto minimal values of prediction ability of multiple cycles of random selection, with the highestvalues of prediction obtained using AN approach and 75% population size. The obtained resultsindicate that selective genotyping and phenotyping hold great potential and can be integrated astools for improving or retaining selection accuracy by reducing genotyping or phenotyping costs forgenomic selection