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Impacts of drought on plant disease development and use of biological control agents to mitigate its adverse effects
No full textDrought and plant diseases are the most complex and deleterious stress factors that limit plant growth and have a negative effect on crop productivity. Such stresses are compounded by the impacts of climate change, which will predictably increase the frequency and duration of drought periods in the future, thus affecting the development and spread of plant diseases. Biological control is an ecologically friendly alternative for the management of drought-induced plant diseases as well as the improvement of crop production in drought-affected environments. The use of biological control agents (BCAs) can increase plant tolerance to both stresses, reduce the application of agrochemicals, minimize environmental risks, and promote sustainable agricultural production. This chapter focuses on understanding the responses of plants, soil microbial communities, and plant pathogens to drought stress and the interactive effects of simultaneous drought stress and pathogen infection on plants. The most important BCAs belonging to Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as their modes of action, are discussed in light of their possible role in mitigating the adverse effects of drought on plant disease development. The paper analyzes the significance of BCAs for the growth and health of agricultural crops, followed by their limitations and prospects
Nutritive profile evaluation of the celery dehydrated by different methods
No full textCelery (Apium graveolens L.) is an aromatic vegetable, a member of the Apiaceae family. Celery is a globally cultivated vegetable. Celery root is rich in dietary fibre, mineral elements, vitamins and essential oils and, as such, has health benefits. Celery root has few calories, it can be consumed raw or treated.There are different dehydration methods used to preserve plant material, such as convective, lyophilisation and combined dehydration methods. Convective dehydration is characterized by a high temperature which influences the sensory and nutritional characteristics of the product. The lyophilisation method preserves the nutritional and sensory characteristics of products, but it involves increased process costs and longer dehydration times. The combined dehydration method consists of osmotic dehydration in molasses and lyophilisation as a successive dehydration phase. This study aims to investigate the effect of different dehydration methods on the chemical and mineral composition of the celery root. The significant differences between different methods of draying of celery root are confirmed by the application of post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test at a 95% confidence limit. The calculation of Z-Score Analysis, based on chemical and mineral parameters, points out the best score of celery root dehydration by the combined method, obtaining 91.67%, while celery lyophilisation and convective dehydration obtained only 15.67% and 7.60% of maximal score values, respectively
Nutritive profile evaluation of the combinedly dehydrated celery
No full textCelery (Apium graveolens L.) is an aromatic vegetable, a member of the Apiaceae family. Celery is a globally cultivated vegetable. Celery root is rich in dietary fibre, mineral elements, vitamins and essential oils and, as such, has health benefits. Celery root has few calories, it can be consumed raw or treated. There are different drying methods used to preserve plant material, such as convective, lyophilisation and combined drying methods. Convective drying is characterized by a high temperature which influences the sensory and nutritional characteristics of the product. The lyophilisation method preserves the nutritional and sensory characteristics of products, but it involves increased process costs and longer drying times. The combined dehydration method consists of osmotic dehydration in molasses and lyophilisation as a successive dehydration phase. This study aims to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the chemical and mineral composition of the celery root. The significant differences between different methods of draying of celery root are confirmed by the application of post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test at a 95% confidence limit. The calculation of Z-Score Analysis, based on chemical and mineral parameters, points out the best score of celery root dehydration by the combined method, obtaining 91.67%, while celery lyophilization and convective drying obtained only 15.67% and 7.60% of maximal score values, respectively
Edamame crashes Europe’s beer party
No full textEdamame je nezrelo zrno soje koje predstavlja popularnu grickalicu u Japanu i često se služi uz pivo. Visok nivo glutaminske kiseline u edamamu pruža prirodnu umami aromu koja savršeno dopunjuje gorčinu hmelja. Cenjen je zbog svojih nutritivnih prednosti, uključujući visok sadržaj proteina i bogatstvo bioaktivnih jedinjenja kao što su izoflavoni, esencijalne aminokiseline i antioksidansi, što sve doprinosi njegovoj nutritivnoj vrednosti i senzornoj privlačnosti. Međutim, trenutna proizvodnja edamame u Evropi je ograničena, pri čemu se većina useva uvozi iz azijskih zemalja. Kako potražnja za zdravim grickalicama nastavlja da raste širom Evrope, postoji značajna prilika za oplemenjivanje edamame prilagođene evropskim agro-klimatskim uslovima i tržištu. Napori u selekciji su usmereni na razvoj novih linija koje su dobro prilagođene ovim uslovima, sa fokusom na genetsko unapređenje osobina vezanih za prinos, kvalitet i nutritivni sadržaj, kako bi se zadovoljile potrošačke preferencije za ukusom i hranljivim vrednostima. U ovom istraživanju korišćena je senzorna evaluacija za analizu više od 60 genotipova edamame i senzorskih karakteristika koje su favorizovali potrošači, što je pomoglo u uspostavljanju kriterijuma za selekciju u oplemenjivanju. Senzorni podaci dobijeni iz ispitivanja ukusa (slatko, kiselo, slano, gorko, umami, orašasto i pasuljasto) korišćeni su za određivanje genotipova sa najboljim performansama na osnovu percepcije potrošača. Senzorna evaluacija se pokazala kao efikasan alat za usmeravanje oplemenjivača u povećanju tržišne privlačnosti i razvoju novih sorti edamame.Edamame, the immature soybeans harvested before they ripen, is a popular snack in Japan and is often served alongside beer. The high levels of glutamic acid in edamame provide a natural umami flavor that complements the bitterness of hops. It is valued for its nutritional benefits, including high protein content, rich in bioactive compounds such as isoflavones, essential amino acids, and antioxidants, all of which contribute to its nutritional value and sensory appeal. However, current edamame production in Europe is limited, with the majority of the crop being imported from Asian countries. As the demand for health-conscious snacks continues to rise across Europe, the potential for breeding edamame tailored to European climates and markets presents a significant opportunity. Breeding efforts have focused on developing new lines that are well-adapted to European agro-climatic conditions, emphasizing the genetic improvement of traits related to yield, quality, and nutritional content to meet consumer preferences for flavor and nutrition. In this study, sensory evaluation was employed to analyse more than 60 edamame genotypes and the sensory characteristics favored by consumers, aiding in the establishment of breeding selection criteria. The sensory data obtained from the screening study (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, nutty and beany) were used to determine the top-performing genotypes based on consumer perception. Sensory evaluation serves as an effective tool for guiding breeders in enhancing market appeal and developing new edamame varieties
How does the nutritive quality of barley seeds affect development of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.)?
No full textPirinčani žižak, Sitophilus orizae (L.) je primarna štetočina žitarica, od rastućeg značaja. Poslednjih godina predstavlja ograničavajući faktor tokom skladištenja strnih žita u Srbiji. Ima izraženu preferentnost prema pšenici, ali u značajnoj meri oštećuje i zrna ječma. S obzirom da su primećene razlike u podložnosti genotipova ječma na napad žižaka, od velikog je značaja definisati osobine semena koje utiču na tolerantnost prema ovoj štetočini, kako bi se mogla utvrditi međusortna razlika. Genetski potencijal za tolerantnost prema štetočinama uskladištenih proizvoda je ključan za smanjenje kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih gubitaka zrna tokom skladištenja. Stoga je i informacija o tolerantnosti određenog genotipa važna za unapređenje programa kontrole ove grupe štetočina i za razvoj novih strategija oplemenjivanja. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se: i) identifikuje pogodnost sorti ječma (27 genotipova) za razvoj pirinčanog žižaka, ii) u korelaciji sa nutritivnim osobinama zrna i iii) identifikuje gubitak mase semena. Pratili smo produkciju potomstva žižaka (broj novoispilelih jedinki) nakon jedne, dve i tri generacije i intenzitet ishrane (% konzumiranog zrna) nakon tri generacije (~ 90 dana), u testu „bez izbornosti“ u kontrolisanim uslovima.The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is a primary pest of cereals, with growing importance. In the last few years, it represents a limiting factor in a post-harvest storage of small grains in Serbia. It has strong preference for wheat, but damages barley grains at certain extent as well. As differences in susceptibility of barley genotypes to the weevil attack have been recorded, it is of great interest to define seed traits responsible for tolerance, so as to be able to differentiate suitable and/or tolerant varieties. Genetic potential to resist storage pests is crucial to minimize quantitative and qualitative grain losses during storage. Thus, further knowledge on the tolerance of a specific genotype, is important for improving pest management programs and developing new breeding strategies. The aim of the study was to: i) identify tolerance potential of barley varieties by testing suitability of 27 barley genotypes for the rice weevil development, ii) in correlation with nutritional traits, and to iii) identify the quantity loss of barley seeds. We monitored weevil progeny production (number of newly emerged adults) after one, two and three generations and feeding intensity (% of consumed grains) after three generations (~ 90 days), in a “no-choice” under controlled conditions
Statistička optimizacija hladnog pužnog presovanja semena krmne rotkvice u odnosu na sadržaj rezidualnog ulja u pogači, efikasnost ekstrakcije i kapacitet prese
No full textFodder radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers) is a promising biofuel
source. Response surface methodology was used to optimize screw pressing of
fodder radish seeds. The key parameters were nozzle diameter, press head temperature,
and screw frequency. A quadratic model accurately predicted the minimum
residual oil content in the press cake (20.7%), close to the actual one (22.1
± 0.7%), using an 8 mm nozzle diameter, 80 °C press head temperature, and 40
Hz screw frequencies. All three process factors are statistically significant, but nozzle
diameter had the most influence. An extended linear model identified all three
process factors as significant for seed throughput, with screw frequency having a
greater impact. The maximum seed throughput was achieved with a 12 mm nozzle,
80 °C press head temperature, and 60 Hz screw frequency (predicted 8.17 g/
min, actual 8.08 g/min).Metodologija odzivne površine korišćena je za optimizaciju pužnog presovanja semena krmne rotkvice (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers). Ključni parametri bili su prečnik mlaznice, temperatura glave prese i brzina obrtanja puža. Kvadratni model je tačno predvideo minimalni sadržaj zaostalog ulja u pogači (20,7%), blizak stvarnom (22,1 ± 0,7%), pri optimalnim uslovima presovanja (prečnik mlaznice od 8 mm, temperatura glave prese od 80 °C i brzina obrtanja puža od 40 Hz). Sva tri faktora procesa su statistički značajna, ali je najveći uticaj imao prečnik mlaznice. Za kapacitet prese, prošireni linearni model je identifikovao sva tri procesna faktora kao značajne, pri čemu je brzina obrtanja puža imala veći uticaj. Maksimalni kapacitet prese je postignut sa mlaznicom od 12 mm, temperaturom glave presa od 80 °C i brzinom obrtanja puža od 60 Hz (predviđen 8,17 g/min, stvarni 8,08 g/min)
Worldwide study on field trials of biotechnological crops: new promises but old policy hurdles
No full textField trials (FTs) are a necessary step towards future commercialization of biotech crops and products thereof, whether for research and development or cultivation approval. A total of 187 FTs in 30 countries have been compiled for 2022 and 2023 using a survey and intergovernmental databases. FTs have been classified according to methods, crops and traits. Compiled FTs are mostly conducted by the public sector on eight plant species with improved stress resistance, industrial application, yield, and quality. Regarding genome editing (GenEd), 23 FTs (12% of total) are carried out in 6 countries, on 10 crops. Regulations were examined in 141 countries to discuss why in some countries FTs are not performed, although basic biotech research is carried out. The EU particularly is compared to the rest of the world. Regarding the new proposal in the EU for GenEd product classification, it was found that all recent FTs of such products fall in the category that the EU would consider as ‘equivalent to conventional plants’ (NGT-1). We also studied current cultivation approvals to highlight differences with crops tested in the field and those may be approved in the future
Nova sorta bele lupine Monike (Lupinus albus L.)
No full textCharacterization of promising white lupine hybrid lines (LN5 and LN1-1) and their parental forms (Lucky801 and PI533704) was done. Biometric analysis of each variety and line was performed according to main quantitative traits and phenological stages and periods. A new variety of white lupine Monica (from line LN5) was created with a direction of use for seeds. It was obtained through repeated individual selection from the cross Lucky801 × PI533704. The variety belongs to the medium-ripening group with a duration of the vegetation period of 129 days. It has genetically completed growth. The height of the plant was 87 cm. The variety has high lodging resistance and good adaptability to abiotic conditions. The first pods were formed at 40 cm. The pods of the plant are formed on the main stem and on shortened lateral branches of the first and second order. About 28 uncrackable pods formed on one plant. The inflorescence is medium-sized, blue-white, the seeds are white, medium-sized. The number of seeds in one plant is on average 114. The protein content of the grain is 33%. The variety is distinguished by high potential seed productivity (the mass of seeds per plant 37 g). The mass of 1000 seeds is 339 g. The average yield of grain (3150 kg/ha) in the competition variety trials exceeds the average yield of the parental forms (2940 kg/ha). By decision of the Expert Commission at the Executive Agency for Variety Testing, Field Inspection and Seed Control, Bulgaria (appointed by order RD-10-1/14.01.2022) and by order No. RD-12-1 of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Bulgaria dated 02.03.2022, the Monica variety was recognized as a new and original.Urađena je karakterizacija perspektivnih hibridnih linija bele lupine (LN5 i LN1-1) i njihovih roditeljskih oblika (Lucki801 i PI533704). Urađena je biometrijska analiza svake sorte i linije prema glavnim kvantitativnim osobinama i fenološkim fazama i periodima. Stvorena je nova sorta bele lupine Monika (iz linije LN5) sa smerom upotrebe za seme. Dobijen je ponovljenom individualnom selekcijom iz ukrštanja Lucki801 × PI533704. Sorta pripada grupi srednjeg sazrevanja sa trajanjem vegetacionog perioda od 129 dana. Ima genetski završen rast. Visina biljke bila je 87 cm. Sorta ima visoku otpornost na leganje i dobru prilagodljivost abiotičkim uslovima. Prve mahune su formirane na 40 cm. Mahune biljke formiraju se na glavnom stablu i na skraćenim bočnim grančicama prvog i drugog reda. Na jednoj biljci formirano je oko 28 mahuna koje ne pucaju. Cvast je srednje veličine, plavo-bela, seme je belo, srednje veličine. Broj semena u jednoj biljci je u proseku 114. Sadržaj proteina zrna je 33%. Sorta se odlikuje visokom potencijalnomza produktivnost semena (masa semena po biljci 37 g). Masa 1000 semena je 339 g. Prosečan prinos zrna (3150 kg/ha) u ogledima takmičarske sorte je veći od prosečnog prinosa roditeljskih formi (2940 kg/ha). Odlukom Stručne komisije pri Izvršnoj agenciji za ispitivanje sorti, terenske inspekcije i kontrole semena u Bugarskoj (imenovana naredbom RD-10-1/14.01.2022.) i naredbom br. RD-12-1 ministra poljoprivrede Republike Bugarske od 02.03.2022., sorta Monika je prepoznata kao nova i originalna
Biodizel od ricinusovog ulja - od semena do održive energije
No full textRicinus (R. communis L.) je nejestiva uljarica iz porodice Euphorbiaceae, koja raste u tropskim, suptropskim i umerenim regionima, na prirodnim staništima (samonikla) i plantažama (gajena). Ova uljarica može se gajiti na marginalnim zemljištima, bez konkurencije sa prehrambenim biljnim vrstama za zemljište. Ricinus se obično gaji zbog semena iz kog se dobija ulje. Ocenjuje se da ricinus ima veliki potencijal za proizvodnju biogoriva, kao što je visok prinos semena, visok sadržaj ulja u semenu i niska cena proizvodnje. U ovoj knjizi – monografiji je sveobuhvatno razmatrano korišćenje ricinusa, koji se ne koristi u ishrani ljudi, kao energetskog useva za proizvodnju ulja i biogoriva (biodizel, bio-mlazno gorivo, biogas, bioetanol i druga) od semena i biljnih ostataka posle žetve (stablo i list), pripreme semena (ljuske) i ekstrakcije ulja (pogača ili sačma od semena) pokrivajući različite aspekte u rasponu od gajenja useva do socio-ekoloških uticaja proizvodnje biogoriva. Najpre se razmatraju glavne karakteristike biljke i semena ricinusa, uključujući morfologiju, genetiku, oplemenjivanje, biohemiju, uslove za gajenje i tehnologiju proizvodnje, kao i tradicionalne i nove upotrebe. Zatim su opisani važni aspekti žetve, prijema i dorade semena ricinusa i ekstrakcije, rafinisanja i skladištenja ulja. Udubljujući se u ključne detalje, fokus se pomera na ekstrakciju, sastav, fizičkohemijska svojstva i upotrebu ricinusovog ulja. Akcenat je stavljen na metode ekstrakcije ulja iz ricinusovog semena, kao što su mehaničko presovanje, ekstrakcija rastvaračem, kombinacija prethodnog presovanja i ekstrakcija rastvaračem i nove tehnologije (vodena enzimska, ultrazvučna, mikrotalasna i ekstrakcije natkritičnim ugljenik(GU)-oksidom i potkritičnim butanom). Prikazani su, takođe, rezultati statističke optimizacije, kinetike i termodinamike ekstrakcije ricinusovog ulja. Pri razmatranju fizičkohemijskih svojstava i sastava ricinusovog ulja naglasak je na sastavu i sadržaju masnih kiselina i bioaktivnih supstanci. U knjizi se, zatim, analizirajući različite puteve i istražujući nove procese, kritički razmatraju različite, širom sveta korišćene tehnologije proizvodnje biodizela od ricinusovog ulja. Posebna pažnja je posvećena statističkoj optimizaciji, kinetičkom modelovanju i termodinamičkoj analizi proizvodnje biodizela od ricinusovog ulja. Dalje, razmatraju se fizičkohemijska i gorivna svojstva biodizela, performanse motora i emisije izduvnih gasova od sagorevanja biodizela od ricinusovog ulja i njegovih mešavina sa dizel gorivom, uzimajući u obzir relevantne standarde kvaliteta biodizela. Takođe, ukratko je opisana i proizvodnja drugih biogoriva od ulja, pogače od semena i biljnih ostataka, kao što su bio-mlazno gorivo, bio-gas i bioetanol, s naglaskom na njihovu proizvodnju u biorafinerijama. Zatim se raspravlja o tehno-ekonomskim, ekološkim i društvenim aspektima proizvodnje biogoriva od ricinusove biomase, pri čemu se naglašava važnost isplativih i održivih metoda i njenih ekoloških i društvenih uticaja. Jasna poruka knjige je da bi buduća upotreba ricinusa trebalo da se zasniva na potpunom iskorišćavanju celokupne biomase u biorafinerijama, kako bi se dale visoke dodate vrednosti njenom ulju, pogači ili sačmi od semena i biljnim ostacima. Na kraju, knjiga se završava razmatranjem perspektiva i izazova proizvodnje biogoriva od ricinusove biomase. Zaključeno je da je perspektiva ricinusa kao sirovine za proizvodnju ulja, biogoriva i biohemikalija dobra, sa više mogućnosti za održivi razvoj. Međutim, neophodno je odgovoriti na moguće izazove i osigurati da je ukupni proizvodni proces održiv i društveno odgovoran za realizaciju svog punog potencijala. Naglašeno je da budućnost ekonomičnog i održivog korišćenja ricinusove biomase kao energetske sirovine zavisi od isplativih i održivih metoda njegovog gajenja, ekstrakcije semena i proizvodnje biogoriva, dostupnosti zemljišta i uvažavanja tehno-ekonomskih, ekoloških i društvenih aspekata. Pri tome, moraju se rešiti izazovi proizvodnje velikih razmera. Uz dalja istraživanja, ricinusova biomasa bi mogla postati održiva i isplativa sirovina za proizvodnju biogoriva uz ublažavanje nepovoljnog uticaja na životnu sredinu.Ricinus (R. communis L.) is an inedible oil plant from the Euphorbiaceae family, which grows in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, in the wild (wild) and on plantations (cultivated). This oilseed can be grown on marginal lands (dry and poor), preferably in dry farming, without competition with food plant species for land. Castor оп 15 usually cultivated јог its seed oil. И is estimated that castor has great potential јог biofuel production, such as high seed yield, high seed оп content, and low production cost. In this book - monograph, the use of castor, which 15 not used in human nutrition, as ап епегру стор for the production ог oil and biofuel (biodiesel, bio-jet fuel, biogas, bioethanol, and others) from seeds and plant residues after harvest (tree and leaf), seed preparation (husk) and oil extraction (seed cake or meal) covering different aspects ranging from crop cultivation (0 socio-ecological impacts ог biofuel production. First, the main characteristics of the castor plant and seed are discussed, including morphology, genetics, breeding, biochemistry, growing conditions, production technology, and traditional and emerging uses. Then, the crucial aspects of harvesting, receiving, and processing castor seeds and oil extraction, refining, and storage are described. The focus shifts to the extraction, composition, physicochemical properties, and uses of castor oil, delving into the essential details. Emphasis is placed on castor oil extraction methods, such as mechanical pressing and solvent extraction. The book then critically examines the different production technologies of castor oil biodiesel used worldwide, analyzing different routes and exploring new processes. Special attention is paid to statistical optimization, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamic analysis of biodiesel production from castor oil. Furthermore, biodiesel physicochemical and fuel properties, engine performance, and exhaust gas emissions from the combustion of castor oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel are considered, taking into account the relevant biodiesel quality standards. Also, the production of other biofuels from oil, seed cake, and plant residues, such as bio-jet fuel, biogas, and bioethanol, is briefly described, emphasizing their production in biorefineries. The techno-economic, environmental, and social aspects of biofuel production from castor biomass are then discussed, emphasizing the importance of cost-effective and sustainable methods and environmental and social impacts. The book's clear message that the future use of castor oil should be based on the full utilization of the entire biomass in biorefineries to give high added values to its oil, cake, ог seed meal and plant residues. Finally, the book concludes by discussing the prospects апа challenges ог biofuel production from castor biomass. The perspective of castor oil as a raw material for producing oil, biofuels, and biochemicals is good, with more opportunities for sustainable development. However, responding to possible challenges and ensuring the overall production process 15 sustainable and socially responsible for realizing its full potential is necessary. It was emphasized that the future of economic and sustainable use of castor biomass as а raw energy material depends оп cost-effective and sustainable methods of cultivation, seed extraction and biofuel production, land availability, and consideration of techno-economic, ecological, and social aspects. In doing so, the challenges of large-scale production must be addressed. With further research, castor biomass could become a viable and cost-effective feedstock for biofuel production while mitigating environmental and social impacts
SMARTSUN – sunflower defying climate change
No full textChanges are inevitable! Changes in climate must be accompanied by changing strategies in breeding. Now more than ever breeders need to anticipate and accelerate sunflower breeding toward creating hybrids that can withstand current and future environmental changes in order to meet oil crop demand. At the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, we are exploiting one of the greatest collection detection and introduction of desirable traits. Within the project “Creating climate smart sunflower for future challenges” (SMARTSUN), grant number 7732457 funded by Science Fund of Republic of Serbia through IDEAS call, we have identified root traits associated with drought tolerance aiming to introduce them in our commercial breeding material. Root as a primary organ for water uptake has been heavily neglected in sunflower breeding programs, thus this research enabled its expansion. Future studies will include the identification of drought-resistant epiQTLs and epigenetic-targeted resistance genes and the creation of markers for their detection in marker-assisted selection