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Knowledge Graphs and Natural Logic
No full textKnowledge graphs have emerged as a widely used method for representing and organizing information in a structured, graph-based form that facilitates understanding, navigation, and utilization by both machines and humans. The graphs model classes, entities and their relationships as nodes and edges in a graph. Natural logics are logics where sentences are expressed in a stylized form of natural language and where computational reasoning is conducted directly on the natural logic phrases, rather than on the underlying formal logic. NATURALOG is a dialect of natural logics that comes with a graph form, enabling knowledge in the knowledge base to be visualized and processed as graphs. NATURALOG thus offers an approach to natural logic graphs and additionally incorporates logical quantifiers, compound terms, and deductive reasoning, thereby going beyond the capabilities of traditional knowledge graph models. Here we specifically discuss the affinity between knowledge graphs and the natural logic graphs of NATURALOG.Knowledge graphs have emerged as a widely used method for representing and organizing information in a structured, graph-based form that facilitates understanding, navigation, and utilization by both machines and humans. The graphs model classes, entities and their relationships as nodes and edges in a graph. Natural logics are logics where sentences are expressed in a stylized form of natural language and where computational reasoning is conducted directly on the natural logic phrases, rather than on the underlying formal logic. NaturaLog is a dialect of natural logics that comes with a graph form, enabling knowledge in the knowledge base to be visualized and processed as graphs. NaturaLog thus offers an approach to natural logic graphs and additionally incorporates logical quantifiers, compound terms, and deductive reasoning, thereby going beyond the capabilities of traditional knowledge graph models. Here we specifically discuss the affinity between knowledge graphs and the natural logic graphs of NaturaLo
The Epistemic Habits of Danish Populists:Objectivity, Legitimacy and Evidence
No full textEpistemic conflicts and disagreements characterise our political debates, as consensus surrounding what qualifies as legitimate knowledge in political settings becomes increasingly difficult to maintain. This article examines how right-wing populist party voters in Denmark produce legitimate political knowledge, based on a series of focus groups conducted in different locations throughout the country. Analysing how the participants discussed migration and climate change, I demonstrate that epistemic habits, or a shared set of beliefs and expectations about how political knowledge is produced and presented, allow participants to transform personal experiences and opinions into legitimate knowledge. I analyse how these voters demonstrate objectivity, claim legitimacy, and provide evidence for their claims, and show that the epistemic habits of this group have distinctly populist characteristics. Furthermore, I examine how the epistemic habits of Danish populists use and transform Danish cultural ideals in their attempts to produce legitimate knowledge and delegitimize knowledge produced in other settings. The article concludes by noting that these epistemic habits may be incommensurable with the epistemic habits of other political groups, and argues that understanding how political groups produce, value, and judge knowledge is vital for understanding current political developments and conflicts
Air pollution, noise, greenspace and pneumonia, a nation-wide cohort study from Denmark
No full textAmbient air pollution, traffic noise, and residential green space have each been linked to respiratory health, including pneumonia. Exposure correlation make mutual confounding a concern. We investigated long-term associations between these exposures and pneumonia incidence in a nationwide Danish cohort. We included all residents aged ≥35 years, without prior pneumonia, followed from 2010 to 2017. We estimated 5-year mean residential exposures to PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), road traffic noise, and percentage green space within 150m and 1000m of the home. Exposure-response relationships were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, linearly and with natural cubic splines, adjusting for time-varying individual and area-level covariates and exposures. Among 2 418 958 individuals contributing 16.8 million person-years, 159 724 pneumonia cases occurred. In linear analysis Hazard ratios (HR) per interquartile range (IQR) were 1.22 (95 % confidence interval: 1.20–1.23) for PM2.5, 1.15 (1.14–1.16) for NO2, 1.13 (1.12–1.14) for UFP, and 1.04 (1.03–1.4) for EC. For all air pollutants spline analysis showed non-linear associations with strongest association per unit change at lower concentrations. Noise and reduced green space within 150 m showed weaker positive associations. Adjustment for air pollution attenuated the effects of noise and green space, while associations for PM2.5, NO2, and UFP were robust to adjustment for noise and green space but sensitive to adjustment for air pollutants. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and UFP may increases the risk of pneumonia, independent of traffic noise and green space, which may act as weaker, independent risk factors
The disappearance of malaria from Denmark, 1862-1900
Get PDFThe reason for malaria's disappearance from northwestern Europe in the early twentieth century has long been discussed but remains an unresolved conundrum. This is partially due to a previous focus on the early modern era, and partially because various theories have never been tested against each other. In this study, we test some of the proposed hypotheses using nineteenth-century Denmark as a case. We found that the accelerating agricultural improvements with drainage and increasing livestock per km2 explained much of the declining incidence rates, whilst other factors such as household size, temperatures, and precipitation did not seem to matter. Increased drainage meant dryer surface environment, and this led to a reduced size of the mosquito populations and therefore fewer malaria infections, and increased access to livestock led to changes in the mosquitoes’ feeding preferences. Whilst drainage may have played a key role, it is possible that improvements in housing and clothing materials as well as use of quinine could also have affected malaria trends, although this could not be tested. We conclude that the disappearance of malaria was likely an unanticipated benefit of the agricultural developments related to the modernization of rural Denmark during the nineteenth century
Pårørende i accelerationssamfundet
No full textVelfærdsstaten trækker i stigende grad på uformelle omsorgsgivere, men nye rapporter og perspektiver kan udfordre strategiens bæredygtighe
AcaEngWritGPT:A personal Socratic mentor for university students specifically designed to give feedback on academic English writing in terms of style, language, structure, argumentation, and writing from sources. It aims to promote critical reflection, transparency, and constructive guidance.
No full textIncreasing incidence of serotype 38 invasive pneumococcal disease driven by the ST393 clone among children, Denmark 2022–2024
Get PDFNon-vaccine-serotypes (non-VT) pose a challenge to reducing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Since 2023, serotype 38 IPD has increased in Denmark promoting investigation of this serotype’s characteristics. We included all non-VT IPD cases from 2014 to 2024 to calculate annual incidences per 100,000 individuals with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of serotype 38 IPD were compared with other non-VT IPD in 2022 to 2024. Incidence of serotype 38 IPD increased mainly in children < 2 years, from 0.87 (95% CI 0.02–4.84) to 5.99 (95% CI 2.41–12.34) cases per 100,000 population, whereas the incidence for other non-VT remained stable. SNP analysis, conducted for serotype 38 isolates, revealed that the rise was driven by the ST393 clone with isolates not linked to a region or outbreak. Baseline characteristics and outcomes were similar between the 42 cases of serotype 38 IPD and the 412 other non-VT IPD cases, except for age distribution (p < 0.001) with serotype 38 IPD more frequent in children aged < 2 years (21.4% vs. 3.4%). In conclusion, serotype 38 IPD, driven by the ST393 clone, was the dominant serotype causing non-VT IPD in children < 2 years the last two years, however disease severity was similar to other non-VT IPD