76043 research outputs found
Sort by
Knowledge Graphs and Natural Logic
No full textKnowledge graphs have emerged as a widely used method for representing and organizing information in a structured, graph-based form that facilitates understanding, navigation, and utilization by both machines and humans. The graphs model classes, entities and their relationships as nodes and edges in a graph. Natural logics are logics where sentences are expressed in a stylized form of natural language and where computational reasoning is conducted directly on the natural logic phrases, rather than on the underlying formal logic. NATURALOG is a dialect of natural logics that comes with a graph form, enabling knowledge in the knowledge base to be visualized and processed as graphs. NATURALOG thus offers an approach to natural logic graphs and additionally incorporates logical quantifiers, compound terms, and deductive reasoning, thereby going beyond the capabilities of traditional knowledge graph models. Here we specifically discuss the affinity between knowledge graphs and the natural logic graphs of NATURALOG.Knowledge graphs have emerged as a widely used method for representing and organizing information in a structured, graph-based form that facilitates understanding, navigation, and utilization by both machines and humans. The graphs model classes, entities and their relationships as nodes and edges in a graph. Natural logics are logics where sentences are expressed in a stylized form of natural language and where computational reasoning is conducted directly on the natural logic phrases, rather than on the underlying formal logic. NaturaLog is a dialect of natural logics that comes with a graph form, enabling knowledge in the knowledge base to be visualized and processed as graphs. NaturaLog thus offers an approach to natural logic graphs and additionally incorporates logical quantifiers, compound terms, and deductive reasoning, thereby going beyond the capabilities of traditional knowledge graph models. Here we specifically discuss the affinity between knowledge graphs and the natural logic graphs of NaturaLo
The Epistemic Habits of Danish Populists:Objectivity, Legitimacy and Evidence
No full textEpistemic conflicts and disagreements characterise our political debates, as consensus surrounding what qualifies as legitimate knowledge in political settings becomes increasingly difficult to maintain. This article examines how right-wing populist party voters in Denmark produce legitimate political knowledge, based on a series of focus groups conducted in different locations throughout the country. Analysing how the participants discussed migration and climate change, I demonstrate that epistemic habits, or a shared set of beliefs and expectations about how political knowledge is produced and presented, allow participants to transform personal experiences and opinions into legitimate knowledge. I analyse how these voters demonstrate objectivity, claim legitimacy, and provide evidence for their claims, and show that the epistemic habits of this group have distinctly populist characteristics. Furthermore, I examine how the epistemic habits of Danish populists use and transform Danish cultural ideals in their attempts to produce legitimate knowledge and delegitimize knowledge produced in other settings. The article concludes by noting that these epistemic habits may be incommensurable with the epistemic habits of other political groups, and argues that understanding how political groups produce, value, and judge knowledge is vital for understanding current political developments and conflicts
Air pollution, noise, greenspace and pneumonia, a nation-wide cohort study from Denmark
No full textAmbient air pollution, traffic noise, and residential green space have each been linked to respiratory health, including pneumonia. Exposure correlation make mutual confounding a concern. We investigated long-term associations between these exposures and pneumonia incidence in a nationwide Danish cohort. We included all residents aged ≥35 years, without prior pneumonia, followed from 2010 to 2017. We estimated 5-year mean residential exposures to PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (UFP), road traffic noise, and percentage green space within 150m and 1000m of the home. Exposure-response relationships were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, linearly and with natural cubic splines, adjusting for time-varying individual and area-level covariates and exposures. Among 2 418 958 individuals contributing 16.8 million person-years, 159 724 pneumonia cases occurred. In linear analysis Hazard ratios (HR) per interquartile range (IQR) were 1.22 (95 % confidence interval: 1.20–1.23) for PM2.5, 1.15 (1.14–1.16) for NO2, 1.13 (1.12–1.14) for UFP, and 1.04 (1.03–1.4) for EC. For all air pollutants spline analysis showed non-linear associations with strongest association per unit change at lower concentrations. Noise and reduced green space within 150 m showed weaker positive associations. Adjustment for air pollution attenuated the effects of noise and green space, while associations for PM2.5, NO2, and UFP were robust to adjustment for noise and green space but sensitive to adjustment for air pollutants. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and UFP may increases the risk of pneumonia, independent of traffic noise and green space, which may act as weaker, independent risk factors
Conducting careful collaborations in societally engaged research:A literature review
Full text linkThis article presents a conceptual literature review on the topic of care in research collaborations. The review covers 27 articles that complied with our focus. Based on the findings, we call for an increased acknowledgement of external collaborations (with external stakeholders) versus internal dimensions of collaboration (within research institutions). With regard to internal dimensions, we underline the role played by subjective motivation and working conditions, which impact the possibility of building impactful collaborations. In terms of external dimensions, we highlight the role of temporal constraints, which discourage the development of trust with societal actors, and the importance of power relations between researchers and participants. Finally, we identify dimensions which cut across the internal and external, such as affect, normative framings of research and measures of excellence. We conclude that the performance of caring collaborations is often constrained by measures of excellence, institutional constraints and policy regulations.This article presents a conceptual literature review on the topic of care in research collaborations. The review covers 27 articles that complied with our focus. Based on the findings, we call for an increased acknowledgement of external collaborations (with external stakeholders) versus internal dimensions of collaboration (within research institutions). With regard to internal dimensions, we underline the role played by subjective motivation and working conditions, which impact the possibility of building impactful collaborations. In terms of external dimensions, we highlight the role of temporal constraints, which discourage the development of trust with societal actors, and the importance of power relations between researchers and participants. Finally, we identify dimensions which cut across the internal and external, such as affect, normative framings of research and measures of excellence. We conclude that the performance of caring collaborations is often constrained by measures of excellence, institutional constraints and policy regulation
More Random Than Not?:A Review of the Logic of Inference in Experimental Public Administration
Full text linkThe emphasis on causal inference within public administration research has spurred a proliferation of experimental studies, primarily due to the internal validity attributed to effects inferred from random assignment of treatment conditions. Still, many experimental studies include findings based not only random assignment, but also on a variety of other logics of inference. This study examines the logic of inference in experimental public administration. Drawing on a sample of experimental studies, we find that 57.5% of the findings rely solely on randomized inference, 18.8% involve an interaction between randomly and non-randomly assigned factors, and 23.7% are based on a logic unrelated to random assignment of a treatment condition. We further investigate how these “upstream” findings are interpreted in the “downstream” studies that cite them. We find that 77.4% of downstream citations use the upstream findings to support causal claims. Of those, 41.6% are not rooted in a logic based on randomization, suggesting a misalignment between the logic of inference underlying results and their utilization by citing researchers. This misalignment has important implications for the body of evidence relied upon for testing, developing, and refining theories central to public administration and management scholarship and is likely to worsen if not addresse
Towards a Practice of Care? :Testimonies of Midwives in Transition towards a New Practice
No full textEn France, l’offre de soins périnatals se diversifie avec l’implantation desmaisons de naissance et la création des filières physiologiques dans les maternités. La volonté, politiquement présentée comme une solution à la médicalisation des accouchements dans un plan d’action en 2004, répond à de nombreux usagers et usagères et à des membres de professions en quête d’un accompagnement détechnicisé. Dans une perspective du care, l’auteure, dans son article, présente le point de vue de sages-femmes exerçant dans une maison de naissance et dans une filière physiologique. En attribuant de l’intérêt aux connaissances produites sur le care, l’auteure illustre une autre pratique qui est à la fois vécue comme libératrice, mais aussi chargée de résistance. Une alternative pour une minorité de femmes qui reste encore à défendre professionnellemen
Facilitating involvement of nursing home residents in food related activities in breakfast clubs:A qualitative inquiry
Full text linkObjectiveTo explore how healthcare professionals facilitate nursing home residents’ involvement in food-related activities in two breakfast clubs based on a hospitality and reminiscences approach.DesignQualitative one-year intervention studyParticipantsNineteen residents and twelve healthcare professionalsMethodThe data were based on observation and debriefing notes from 29 breakfast club events, including 20 ladies’ club events and 9 men's club events. Additionally, 13 interviews were conducted with residents, while 10 interviews were carried out with health care professionals. Data were subjected to thematic analysis and categorized into themes about how healthcare professionals can facilitate involvement in food-related activities.ResultsFive ways of facilitating involvement were identified. Recognizable meal routines and structure, combined with facilitating shifting host and guest roles, created a secure space for residents and formed the basis for involvement in food-related activities. Facilitating dialogues based on a reminiscence approach helped residents become authors of their own identities and facilitating co-creation supported mutual learning processes both for residents and healthcare professionals and allowed residents to negotiate their value as a club participant. Improvisation created opportunities for co-creating new social practices and new ways for residents to represent themselves.ConclusionInvolving nursing home residents in food-related activities is a potential rehabilitation arena, but new competencies for healthcare professionals are needed. They include meal-preparation and hospitality competencies and the ability to support residents in transferring valuable past experiences into present and future intentions. In addition, rehabilitation can be considered as mutual learning processes with shared, negotiated goals
Danmark skal engagere sig i det nye Syrien
No full textEfter Assads fald har Syrien brug for udenlandsk hjælp til at opbygge staten. Vesten og Danmark skal bruge den afhængighed til at stille krav om de institutionelle rammer, som vi gerne vil se, og gøre vores for et fredeligt og sikkert Syrien, skriver Sune Haugbølle
Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Justice:How to Use Algorithmic Sentencing Support in Real Life (and Ethically non-ideal) Penal Systems?
Full text linkThe use of artificial intelligence as an instrument to assist judges in determining sentences in criminal cases is attracting increasing theoretical attention. While many theorists have argued that there may be important advantages to introducing algorithmic sentencing support in criminal cases, almost no one has considered how such systems should actually be implemented. The purpose of this chapter is to fill this void. First, it is argued that current penal practice is non-ideal in the sense that it is dominated by overpunishment of offenders (the overpunishment assumption), and that algorithmic sentencing support systems are unlikely to be introduced in a way that appears to disturb the existing penal order (the preservation assumption). Second, a model called the “Restricted Application Model” is presented for how such algorithms might be used by judges within a framework characterized by the two outlined assumptions. Third, three objections to the model are considered and ultimately rejected. Thus, the model serves as a first attempt at outlining a procedure for the use of sentencing advisory systems by judges within real-life, and ethically non-ideal, penal systems.The use of artificial intelligence as an instrument to assist judges in determining sentences in criminal cases is attracting increasing theoretical attention. While many theorists have argued that there may be important advantages to introducing algorithmic sentencing support in criminal cases, almost no one has considered how such systems should actually be implemented. The purpose of this chapter is to fill this void. First, it is argued that current penal practice is non-ideal in the sense that it is dominated by overpunishment of offenders (the overpunishment assumption), and that algorithmic sentencing support systems are unlikely to be introduced in a way that appears to disturb the existing penal order (the preservation assumption). Second, a model called the “Restricted Application Model” is presented for how such algorithms might be used by judges within a framework characterized by the two outlined assumptions. Third, three objections to the model are considered and ultimately rejected. Thus, the model serves as a first attempt at outlining a procedure for the use of sentencing advisory systems by judges within real-life, and ethically non-ideal, penal systems
