Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University
Repozytorium Instytucjonalne Krakowskiej AkademiiNot a member yet
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Local community resilience to crisis threats: towards a holistic resilience framework
No full textAnglojęzyczna literatura szeroko ujmuje problematykę definiowania i szacowania odporności.
Prezentowane analityczne ramy odporności i powiązane narzędzia pomiaru nie są
jednak dobrze zintegrowane ani ze specyfiką lokalnej społeczności i dynamiką jej przeobrażeń,
ani z procesami zarządzania społecznością i infrastrukturą. To utrudnia skuteczne
wykorzystanie wyników pomiaru w podejmowaniu decyzji. Z kolei w polskojęzycznej literaturze
tematyka definiowania i szacowania odporności jest poruszana sporadycznie i do
tej pory nie przedstawiono analitycznych ram odporności społeczności lokalnych i powiązanych
narzędzi, które mogłyby skutecznie wspierać podejmowanie decyzji poprawiających
przygotowanie społeczności do reagowania w sytuacjach kryzysowych.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie względnie szczegółowego sposobu rozumienia
odporności społeczności lokalnej prezentowanego w literaturze przedmiotu oraz zaproponowanie
ujęcia odporności adekwatnego do specyfiki, możliwości, potrzeb i oczekiwań
lokalnych środowisk w odniesieniu do różnych rodzajów zagrożeń kryzysowych.The English-language literature broadly covers the issue of defining and estimating resilience.
However, the presented analytical framework for resilience and related measurement
tools are not well integrated with the specificity of the local community and its transformation
dynamics, nor with the community and infrastructure management processes.
This makes it difficult to effectively use the measurement results in decision-making. On the other hand, in the Polish-language literature, the subject of defining and estimating
resilience is rarely discussed, and so far no analytical framework for the resilience of local
communities and related tools that could effectively support decision-making to improve
the preparedness of communities to respond to crisis situations have not been presented.
The aim of the article is to present a relatively detailed way of understanding the resilience
of the local community presented in the literature on the subject and to propose an
approach to resilience that is adequate to the specificity, capabilities, needs and expectations
of local communities in relation to various types of crisis threats
Migration flows during war in Ukraine: Perspectives on the development of regional labor markets through the prism of new socio-economic networks
No full textThe paper examines the dynamics of Ukrainian refugees’ migration due to conflict and
their integration into European labor markets using Lee’s migration theory. It considers
the displacement effects and the integration challenges and opportunities presented
by such migrations. It highlights the need for Ukraine to engage its displaced citizens
and explores the benefits of return migration that includes new skills, aiding Ukraine’s
socio-economic stability. Furthermore, it discusses how migration flows triggered by war
challenge but can also enrich regional labor markets through new socio-economic networks
formed by migrants. Integrating these migrants through education, retraining, and
entrepreneurial support can stabilize and grow local economies
The principle of fair trial in proceedings for petty offenses
No full textPrawo do sądu tak w sprawach karnych, jak też w sprawach o wykroczenia
stanowi fundamentalną gwarancję ochrony praw jednostki,
wynikającą zarówno z art. 45 ust. 1 Konstytucji RP art. 6 Europejskiej
konwencji praw człowieka. Autor, wychodząc od zaprezentowania
konstytucyjnego standardu prawa do sądu w postępowaniu w sprawach
o wykroczenia jako wyznaczników rzetelnego procesu karnego
(w doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego oraz w orzecznictwie Trybunału
Konstytucyjnego), przedstawia ramowo znaczenie problematyki oraz
charakteryzuje obowiązujący model postępowania w sprawach o wykroczenia
z perspektywy zarówno osoby ponoszącej odpowiedzialność
przed sądem orzekającym w sprawach o wykroczenia, jak też osoby
przyjmującej mandat za popełnione wykroczenie.
Analizując statystyczne aspekty zagadnienia autor postuluje
przekazanie niektórych kategorii wykroczeń organom administracji,
co mogłoby zmniejszyć liczbę spraw sądowych i skrócić czas postępowań,
z zachowaniem efektywnej i gwarancyjnej kontroli decyzji
administracyjnych oraz zapewnieniem konstytucyjnego standardu
prawa do sądu.The right to a court in both criminal cases and misdemeanors constitutes
a fundamental guarantee of individual rights protection, derived
from Article 45(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland
and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The author,
starting from the constitutional standard of the right to a court
in misdemeanor proceedings as a determinant of a fair criminal trial
(as interpreted in constitutional law doctrine and the case law of the
Constitutional Tribunal), outlines the significance of the issue and characterizes
the existing model of misdemeanor proceedings. This is examined
from the perspective of both the individual held accountable
before the court and the person accepting a fine for a committed misdemeanor.
Through an analysis of statistical data, the author considers
the transfer of certain categories of misdemeanors to administrative
authorities, which could reduce the number of court cases and shorten
proceedings, while ensuring effective and procedural oversight of administrative
decisions and maintaining the constitutional standard of
the right to a court
Cybernetic implants in non-medical applications. Selected aspects
No full textThe purpose of this article is to present the path of development of implants,
once used exclusively for medical purposes and now widespread
in non-medical aspects. The inadequacy of previous efforts to combat
health problems has forced the search for new, more effective methods,
and these have emerged with the development of technology. As a result,
implants were created using the existing correlation between computing
and communication, which at the same time initiated research
into devices inserted into the body to enrich its capabilities. This, in turn,
raises a number of difficulties on various levels of life, so an analysis of
possible potential risks has been made. Undoubtedly, it is obligatory to
implement a number of changes in relation to the new solutions. An attempt
was also made to answer the question of whether the non-medical
use of ITC implants should be prohibited by law
Human rights in the era of emerging epigenome editing technologies
No full textGenome and epigenome editing technologies have been hailed as the
most revolutionary discoveries in the natural and medical sciences.
These achievements were confirmed by the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
In contrast to genome editing, epigenetic regulation involves
controlling the particular expression of a gene by modifying chromatin
components without altering the genome nucleotide sequence.
Despite many promising results and applications, the effects of epigenome
editing interventions are not fully known. For example, potential
irrevocable and transgenerational events are possible and might
be heritable. Other concerns include the risk of using or misusing this
technology in agriculture and, the military as well as using it with or
without other treatments to alter human health and body.
Despite ongoing debate and studies on human genome editing, especially
germline, the discussion regarding human rights and the ethics
of epigenome editing for different applications is at a relatively early
stage and therefore sparse. Furthermore, in the context of possible
infringements on human dignity and integrity, critical consideration is
warranted as to whether the uses of these technologies are acceptable
or should be banned in some countries.
The first part of this article presents a short review of the epigenome
versus genome editing field. Particular emphasis is placed on
epigenome editing advances and threats, to draw open questions in
epigenetic human rights status and regulation. The second part presents
the analyses of international human rights law with other possible
normative law acts that can influence the status of epigenome
editing technologies, mostly in Europe. Their strengths and limitations
are highlighted, to present raised open questions and gaps in the last
part. The normative question is whether the existing international law
regulations are sufficient to address a wide number of implications
and to protect human rights in the face of this emerging technology.
Furthermore, some gaps and flaws are pointed out in current regulation
policy, as regards epigenetic editing. Accordingly, this study aims
to present further guidance and questions by exploring the implications
of the human rights framework for research and the application
of epigenome editing. This article then lays down the landscape in the
possible approaches of genome editing under human rights law – and
argues that new regulations or updated international standards are
needed, in combination with the institutional framework. Lastly, the
concluding section situates this study’s findings within the relevant
epigenome editing context
You really don’t recognise him? The eye-tracker as a forensic tool for concealed knowledge detection
No full textThe Concealed Information Test (CIT), a well-established tool in forensic investigations, has
thus far been utilised to measure autonomic nervous system (ANS) changes associated with
concealed information. While previous studies have explored the integration of eye-tracking
technology in face recognition, the specific application of CIT within a mock crime scenario
remains relatively uncharted territory. In this study, we aim to broaden the scope of eye-tracking
applications using a mock crime scenario, as well as a machine learning classification method to
detect hidden crime-related information. Of the four faces displayed as stimuli, the ‘guilty’ group volunteers in the test were able to recognise
one as they had previously seen it in the context of the mock crime, whereas the ‘innocent’
group volunteers were all unfamiliar with all four faces. We chose heatmaps depicting the fixation
count and fixation durations as the input data for classification. The results obtained with
features extracted using ResNet50 and the Support Vector Machine algorithm yielded promising
outcomes, achieving an accuracy level of 84.62% for heat maps created using fixation count.
These findings suggest the potential development of an innovative tool capable of objectively
determining whether an examined person recognises individuals presented in photos, even
when denying familiarity with those individuals. The integration of eye-tracking technology
and machine learning holds promise for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of concealed information
detection in forensic contexts
Recognition of emotions by analysing facial expressions with FaceReader (Noldus) vs detection of deception by polygraph examination. A pilot study
No full textFaceReader is a software package designed by the Dutch company Noldus (established and
managed by Professor Lucas Noldus) for the automatic recognition and analysis of facial expression.
The package was described in European Polygraph in 2022 with respect to its potential
applicability for the detection of deception (see Widacki et al. 2022: 37–51). This article
discusses the results of a pilot study aimed at testing whether the analysis of facial expression
can be successfully used for the detection of deception, discovering what emotions are triggered
by critical questions in tests during polygraph examinations, and what physiological
reactions to these emotions can be observed and recorded in such an examination. The latter question is of particular importance for a better understanding of the psychophysiological
essence of detection of deception and necessary for refining its methodology, especially with
respect to improving the detection of attempts to manipulate or distort the recordings and
counteracting them effectively.
This pilot study allowed a number of cautious conclusions to be drawn that nonetheless require
further investigation, primarily by testing with a larger sample. It has also allowed us to
gain experience that will help improve the protocol for organising such experiments
“Soviet polygraph”: metamorphoses and historical facts
No full textThis article explores the historical development of polygraphy in the Soviet Union, with particular
attention to the activities of KGB’s Laboratory No. 30. Drawing on declassified materials,
eyewitness accounts, and professional reflections by former KGB personnel, the study
reconstructs the evolution of Soviet polygraph practices from the late 1960s to the 1980s. It examines
early scientific contributions, the influence of American methodologies, the adaptation
of foreign technologies, and the creation of Soviet testing procedures such as the Mixed-Type
Test. The article also highlights how Soviet ideological constraints shaped both the official discourse
and cinematic portrayals of polygraphy. Special attention is given to the field practices of
Laboratory No. 30, including unconventional assignments related to paranormal phenomena.
The study concludes that, despite efforts to replicate or adapt Western polygraph techniques,
Soviet developments did not result in uniquely innovative methods or technologies. These findings
provide a contextual foundation for understanding contemporary polygraph practices in
the post-Soviet space, particularly in Ukraine and russia
Stakeholders in the model of organizational resiliency in the face of environmental and energy threats
No full textPrzydatność modeli rezyliencji organizacyjnej dostrzega się w sytuacjach różnego typu
zagrożeń, jak wojny, pandemie, powodzie czy zagrożenia klimatyczne. Modele te były
tworzone początkowo jako odpowiedź na zagrożenia o charakterze naturalnym (m.in.
huragany). Wiąże się je ze zmianami klimatycznymi, w tym z globalnym ociepleniem powodowanym
emisją dwutlenku węgla do atmosfery. W związku z tym narasta zainteresowanie
dostępem do nośników i źródeł energii o niskiej emisyjności dwutlenku węgla.
Oznacza to odchodzenie od paliw kopalnych w celu ograniczenia zagrożeń ekologiczno-
-energetycznych. Podejście to może być podstawą konstrukcji modeli rezyliencji organizacyjnej
zapewniających akceptację społeczną (legitymizację) działań podmiotów
gospodarczych w tym obszarze bezpieczeństwa. Budowa tych modeli wymaga uwzględnienia
roli interesariuszy i ich synergii. Zaproponowano szersze ujęcie tego podejścia, wychodząc
z modelu rezyliencji organizacyjnej Amy Stephenson.The usefulness of organizational resilience models is seen in situations of various types of
threats such as wars, pandemics, floods or climate threats. These models were initially developed
as a response to threats of a natural nature (such as hurricanes). They have been
linked to climate change, including global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions
in the atmosphere. As a result, there is growing interest in accessing low-carbon energy
carriers and sources. This means moving away from fossil fuels with a view to reducing
environmental and energy threats. This approach can be the basis for the construction
of models of organizational resilience, ensuring social acceptance (legitimacy) for the actions
of business entities in this area of security. Construction of these models requires
consideration of the role of stakeholders and their synergies. A broader take on this approach
has been proposed, starting from Amy Stephenson’s model of organizational resilience