Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University
Repozytorium Instytucjonalne Krakowskiej AkademiiNot a member yet
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The principle of territoriality in the context of the provisions of the Criminal Code, the Fiscal Criminal Code and the Offense Code
No full textAnaliza badawcza koncentruje się na zasadzie terytorialności z Kodeksu karnego (art. 5
i art. 115 § 15), Kodeksu wykroczeń (art. 3 § 1), Kodeksu karnego skarbowego (art. 3 § 2,
art. 53 § 9 i 10). Ustawodawca używa w rozważanym kontekście szeregu pojęć wymagających
rozważenia, a mających zasadniczy wpływ na przedmiot badawczy. Wśród nich
wskazać można: terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, polski statek wodny, polski statek
powietrzny, stałą platformę umieszczoną na szelfie kontynentalnym, wyłączną strefę ekonomiczną
znajdującą się poza morzem terytorialnym, w której Rzeczpospolita Polska na
podstawie prawa wewnętrznego i zgodnie z prawem międzynarodowym wykonuje prawa
odnoszące się do badania i eksploatacji dna morskiego i jego podglebia, oraz ich zasobów naturalnych. Autor stara się określić ich zakres oraz właściwe, odpowiadające tym pojęciom
desygnaty
Local government dimension of Polish foreign policy 2012–2022. Part II: International activity of local government on the example of city of Łódź
No full textThe subject of the article concerns the role and participation of the Polish local government
in the foreign policy of the Republic of Poland in 2012–2022. In part I of the article
describes the legal acts and program documents on the basis of which the local government
can pursue its external policy. The goal of part I is to analyze the diversification of activities
in foreign policy, with particular emphasis on the interests of local government. The part
2 concentrates on a specific local government (the city of Łódź) that tries to pursue an
active international policy. The main goal of the article is to examine the activity of local
governments in the foreign policy of the state in the aspect of broadly understood reflection
on the international environment of the Republic of Poland. This type of analysis may be
used to organize the knowledge about the possibilities, conditions and benefits, or possible
losses of conducting elements of foreign policy by Polish local governments.Tematyka artykułu dotyczy roli i udziału polskiego samorządu terytorialnego w polityce zagranicznej
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 2012–2022. W części I artykułu zostały scharakteryzowane
akty prawne oraz dokumenty programowe, na podstawie których samorząd
terytorialny może prowadzić politykę zewnętrzną, a także poddano analizie dywersyfikację działań w polityce zagranicznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem interesów samorządu terytorialnego.
Część II obejmuje analizę konkretnego samorządu (Łodzi), który stara się prowadzić
aktywną politykę międzynarodową. Zasadniczym celem artykułu pozostaje przyjrzenie
się aktywności samorządów w polityce zagranicznej państwa w aspekcie szeroko
rozumianej refleksji nad otoczeniem międzynarodowym Rzeczpospolitej. Tego typu analiza
może posłużyć uporządkowaniu wiedzy na temat możliwości, warunków oraz korzyści lub
ewentualnych strat prowadzenia elementów polityki zagranicznej przez polskie samorządy
Russian minority and the security of the Republic of Kazakhstan
No full textThis article examines the dangers posed by the presence of a large Russian minority in the
territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The detailed analysis of the situation in the period
from 1991 to 2021 has made it possible to identify not only the dangers, but also the ways
in which the Kremlin takes advantage of this issue to exert major pressure on Kazakhstan’s
political decision makers to promote Russia’s vital interests. The paper looks at the measures
taken by the authorities in Nur-Sultan, the main purpose of which is to limit Russian
influence in the republic, as well as the negative impact of the adopted mechanisms on
the growth of participation of ethnic Kazakhs in the socio-political life of the state
Polish government policy towards the hard coal mining sector after 2015
No full textThe article looks at the government’s policy towards the hard coal mining sector in Poland
in the years 2015–2021 in the context of the climate policy of the European Union,
and the increase in demand for energy resources of the Polish economy. Despite the fact
that for several years hard coal mines in Poland have been generating losses, they continue
to operate. For political reasons, they could count on government support. Poland’s
obligations towards the EU have made the transition from hard coal in the power industry
inevitable. The article discusses the assumptions of the government’s mine restructuring
plan until 2049. Its implementation depends on the decision of the European Commission
on granting public aid to the liquidated mines
Operationalising a safety culture in the management of a business entity (case study)
No full textSafety culture – along with quality and environmental culture – determines a positive
image, competitive advantage and financial benefits. As a result, interest in this category
continues to grow (CE or B certification). Safety culture can be considered from the
point of view of philosophy, sociology, anthropology, economics and management as evidenced
by Andrzej Chodyński’s rich compilation of terms, definitions and points of reference.
The aim of the article is to look at safety culture as an object of economic accounting, thus treating safety culture as an economic category and answering the questions: can
safety culture be an object of operationalisation based on the principle of dualism dominant
in accounting and, therefore, can safety culture be a measurable category using the
general profitability index? These issues are particularly important from the perspective
of Safety First companies. The answers to the research problems posed are provided by
a literature analysis, an analysis of financial documents and a case study. For the identification
and valuation of safety culture, the generalised ROAH was used. The article thus
resolves the measurability of safety culture and introduces, verifies and evaluates a tool
grounded in accounting theory
The resilience theorem as a new way to conceptualise security and defence
No full textResilience is a relatively new conceptual category used when considering security and
defence. It means adaptability, resistance to threats, flexibility of response, and the
ability to regenerate. The term resilience has been present in English for a long time, as
evidenced by the presence of this term in old dictionaries of the English language. Originally,
its meaning related to medicine and mechanics, a bit later – to human psychology,
and today it has extended to the issues of resilience of cities, societies, and entire countries.
An attempt at applying this new conceptualisation is associated with the recognition
that the current security paradigm is losing its relevance in a rapidly changing
and complex world. The changing scale of threats makes it necessary to search for new
theoretical foundations for creating an effective defence policy. However, the theory
of resilience has not yet been fully formulated, at best, only its theorem has. The aim
of this article is to present the significance of this conceptual category, to indicate the
theoretical concepts underlying this conceptualisation in social sciences, and to reflect on
the value of the concept of resilience for security and defence
EU strategies in the course of time and situation
No full textDie Europäische Union ist ein einzigartiges politisch-normatives System, grundverschieden
zu historischen oder präsenten Staatsformen oder internationalen Zusammenschlüssen.
Gleichwohl hat diese Union in ihrer Geschichte vielfache Strategien aufgelegt
und umgesetzt. Der Europäische Rat vereinbart die politischen Zielvorstellungen und
Prioritäten. Die Europäische Kommission erarbeitet eigenständig daraus die Strategien.The European Union is a unique political-normative system, fundamentally different from
historical or present forms of government or international associations. Nonetheless, this
Union has developed and implemented multiple strategies throughout its history. The
European Council agrees on political directions and priorities. The European Commission
independently develops the strategies from this
Peer assessment of process writing in a virtual exchange project
No full textOne of the possible ways of assessing students’ collaborative work
in Virtual Exchange (VE) is by the use of Peer Assessment (PA)
– a formative assessment technique in which students review each
other’s work to provide descriptive feedback on the basis of a set of
criteria. This article describes a VE procedure, in which students from
three different institutions collaborate on the preparation of a tourist
brochure. The project participants include two European English
for tourism classes and a group of native-speaker participants of an
English composition class at a US university. The proposed VE scheme
is supplemented with a possible PA procedure and evaluation criteria
that has been developed on the basis of previous VE experiences, the
students’ post-project feedback, and the subject literature
On Germany’s security strategy at the “Zeitenwende”
No full textKanzler Scholz verkündete euphorisch eine „Zeitenwende“. Als Anlass dafür beanspruchte
er den Krieg Russlands gegen die Ukraine. Der hastig formulierte Strategieansatz
dieser „Wendezeit“ ist kritisch-realistisch zu hinterfragen. Mit Blick auf die ambivalente
Entwicklung Deutschlands in der Vergangenheit und die absehbare Zukunft ist das
Ergebnis offen. Analytischer Realismus und eine europäische Friedensordnung sind
angesagt.Chancellor Scholz euphorically announced a “Zeitenwende” (lit. turn of the times, change
of eras). He cited Russia’s war against Ukraine as the reason for this. The hastily formulated
strategy approach of this is to be critically and realistically questioned. In view of the ambivalent
development of Germany in the past and the foreseeable future, the result is
open. Analytical realism and a European peace order instead of war are necessary
Resilience and Resistance 2.0: initial lessons of Ukraine and the implications of resilience and resistance efforts to deter and respond to invasion and occupation by revisionist powers
No full textCivil-defence resilience capacities focus on man-made threats to national security. While
terror attacks like 9/11 drove civil-defence efforts throughout the 2000s, the Russian invasion
of portions of Ukraine in 2014 forced nations to build resilience against new threats. These included covert grey-zone and disinformation operations. Additionally, the 2014
events forced nations bordering or within the sphere of influence of revisionist nations to
begin to prepare for possible invasion and occupation. Recognition of these threats resulted
in two multinational doctrinal concepts that set the stage for what is collectively
referred to as resilience and resistance (R&R). Resilience is the efforts by a nation prior to
a conflict to build pre-crisis capacity to resist a host of threats, including invasion and occupation,
in hopes of deterring threat actions. If deterrence fails, then the efforts transition
into resistance to invasion and occupation. The Russian 2022 invasion of Ukraine
demonstrated the need for R&R and the strengths and weaknesses of national resistance
in action. This event is a strategic R&R inflection point. Nations developing R&R should reflect
on and apply the lessons learned from Ukraine’s efforts and ultimately establish R&R
2.0 as an irregular deterrent on par and mutually supporting conventional and nuclear
deterrents