Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University
Repozytorium Instytucjonalne Krakowskiej AkademiiNot a member yet
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Actions to combat the impact of crime in cyberspace. Prevention and detection with Artificial Intelligence
No full textLos últimos dos siglos hemos visto nuevos tipos de delitos que han pasado a un primer plano,
y que los delitos tradicionales han adoptado diferentes formas o un alcance completamente
nuevo, especialmente digital. La especificidad de distintos ciberdelitos se encuentra
en la internet profunda o Darknet, tales como el fraude informático, los ataques informáticos,
abuso sexual y la explotación sexual de niños a través de sistemas informáticos etc.
La aparición del nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 a fines del 2019 y la pandemia declarada
por COVID-19 causada por el virus a comienzos del 2020, han servido para subrayar la
importancia del combate al cibercrimen. La denuncia e investigación de delitos es crucial
para las unidades policiales y las partes interesadas en la comprensión y análisis del ciberdelito.
Entonces, gracias al desarrollo de la Inteligencia Artificial (I.A) y la recopilación de
datos estadísticos son utilizados para realizar evaluaciones de delitos, castigos o sanciones,
e identificar a las personas investigadas o perseguidas. La construcción de la cooperación
en I.A con las partes interesadas en todo el sector público, la industria, la academia, así
como las entidades de seguridad relacionadas, agencias de inteligencia etc., es un próximo
paso esencial. También, cabe referirse a la ciberseguridad, que juega un papel importante
en la defensa de las personas, de empresas e infraestructuras. Los proveedores de seguridad
digital se enfocan en usuarios, dispositivos, redes, datos, aplicaciones o empresas para brindar
soluciones con el fin de detectar y responder ante una amenaza cibernética.Over the past two centuries, we have seen emerging types of crimes coming to the fore
and traditional crimes taking on different forms or an entirely new scope altogether.
Specificity of various cybercrimes are on the darknet, how computer fraud, computer
attacks, the sexual abuse and sexual explotation of children through computer systems,
etc. The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in late 2019 and the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus on 2020, has served to underscore the
importance of combat to cibercrime. The reporting and research of crimes is crucial for
police units and stakeholders in understanding and analysis cybercrime. So, the I.A and
collection of stadistical data information are used to evaluations of crime, punishments
or sanctions and identifying the people investigated or persecuted. Building cooperation
on I.A with stakeholders throughout the public sector, industry, academia, as well as related security entities, intelligence agencies and so on, is an essential next step. Also, the
cybersecurity plays an important role in defending individuals, industry and infrastructure.
Security vendors focus on users, network, data, application or entire enterprises to provide
solutions to detect and respond to cyber threats
Where is NATO going? The North Atlantic Alliance, Europe and Poland in the light of the decisions of the NATO summit in Madrid on 29–30 June 2022
No full textEfektywność i długowieczność Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego zależą od zdolności adaptowania
się do zmieniających się warunków środowiska międzynarodowego i wynikających
z nich zagrożeń. Potwierdzają to wyniki szczytu NATO w Madrycie, które w warunkach
agresji rosyjskiej na Ukrainę są reakcją na odnowienie zagrożenia wojną światową, choć nie
oznaczają prostego powrotu do czasów sprzed 1989 r. Odnoszą się do zasadniczej rozbudowy
zdolności sojuszniczych w zakresie trzech misji NATO: kolektywnej obronny, zarządzania
kryzysowego i bezpieczeństwa zbiorowego. Zwiększenie zaangażowania Sojuszu na
flance wschodniej uwiarygadnia gwarancje art. 5 Traktatu Północnoatlantyckiego. Przyjęta
na szczycie nowa koncepcja strategiczna zwiększa zobowiązania sojuszników europejskich
względem oczekiwań USA, co pogłębia jej korelacja z Kompasem strategicznym UE.The effectiveness and longevity of the Atlantic Alliance depend on its ability to adapt to
the changing conditions of the international environment and the resulting threats. This
is borne out by the outcome of NATO’s Madrid summit, which, in the context of Russian
aggression against Ukraine, responds to the renewed threat of global war, although it does
not mark a simple return to the pre-1989 era. They refer to a fundamental expansion of
Alliance capabilities in NATO’s three missions: collective defence, crisis management and
collective security. The increased commitment of the Alliance on the eastern flank gives
credibility to the guarantees of Article 5. The new Strategic Concept adopted at the summit
increases the commitments of the European allies vis-à-vis American expectations, which is
deepened by its correlation with the EU Strategic Compass
Changes in perception of gender stereotypes in the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic
No full textWomen’s participation in an ever-widening range of occupations is related to growing
emancipation, their physical and mental fitness, their ability to solve complex problems
based on acquired scientific knowledge, skills, and a strong specific disposition in leading
teams. With their natural empathy, inherent to women – mothers, feelings, responsibility,
and rational thinking, they show that they are rightly given the same opportunities as
their male co-workers. They occupy a wide range of manual work, they are irreplaceable
in services, health care, education, science, parliament, but also the police or the armed
forces. They do business, run multinational companies, fly aircrafts etc. Less than a century
ago, it was rare to see women in the military, and yet women now fight in ground
combat, command air combat, pilot combat aircraft, and oversee medical operations. The
aim of the paper is to evaluate the participation of women in the tasks of the Armed
Forces of the Slovak Republic in terms of gender stereotypes and to identify the possibilities
of full employment of women in the civil service in the reflection of the current military
aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine
Western fascination with Japanese architecture. The work of Kengo Kuma, SANAA and Jun’ya Ishigami in the aspect of searching for a new paradigm of Western architecture
No full textW artykule podjęto próbę analizy przejawów współczesnej fascynacji architekturą japońską na Zachodzie.
Celem badawczym było wyodrębnienie cech współczesnej architektury japońskiej odpowiadających
poszukiwanej dziś nowej tożsamości architektury Zachodu. Jako metodę badawczą przyjęto analizę
tekstów krytycznych wraz z analizą wybranych realizacji architektonicznych powstałych od końca XX w.
do dziś, sporadycznie odnosząc się do opracowań i przykładów wcześniejszych. Określono podstawowe
założenia pracy oraz zarysowano historię kulturowych przepływów między Japonią a Zachodem w drugiej
połowie XIX w. i w wieku XX jako tło dla współczesnych odniesień Zachodu do architektury Japonii.
Określono cechy/kategorie przestrzeni wspólne dla tradycyjnej japońskiej architektury i współczesnej
zachodniej myśli filozoficznej oraz wskazano je w projektach Kengo Kumy, SANAA i Jun’yi Ishigamiego.
We wnioskach podano cechy architektury japońskiej, korespondujące z kształtowanym dziś nowym paradygmatem
architektury Zachodu.The article attempts to analyze the symptoms of a contemporary fascination with Japanese architecture
in the West. The research goal was to distinguish the features of contemporary Japanese architecture
that correspond to the new identity of Western architecture that is currently being sought. The method
of research was the analysis of critical texts with the analysis of selected architectural realizations created
from the end of the 20th century until today, sporadically referring to earlier studies and examples.
The basic assumptions of the work were defined, the history of cultural flows between Japan and the
West in the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was outlined as a background for
the contemporary Western references to Japanese architecture. The features / categories of space in
traditional Japanese architecture and contemporary Western philosophical thought were specified
and indicated in the projects of Kengo Kuma, Sanaa and Jun’ya Ishigami. The conclusion provide the
features of Japanese architecture that correspond to the new paradigm of Western architecture that is
being formed today
Combat stress within the Polish Armed Forces
No full textThe military forces usually conjure up the image of soldiers who serve in a given country,
or those who carry out their duties in peacekeeping missions. They are frequently in the
spotlight during their stay in the area of their operations and the performance of their
duties. The memories of them and of any of the possible problems that they may encounter
usually fade away once they have gone back to their country, or once they
have returned to their parent unit. Interestingly, this rule also applies to other members
of the military personnel. Service in the army, which frequently implies exposure to
atrocities and ongoing hostilities, undoubtedly leaves its mark on people’s physical and
mental health, and it can also have a major impact on the lives of professional soldiers
and their families. Paradoxically, the level of stress experienced increases as the sense
of a real threat goes down. Being a soldier is one of those professions in which exposure
to stress is high, and there is a major risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
especially in those members of the armed forces who have taken part in foreign missions.
This paper looks at the historical background of the phenomenon, its symptoms,
its methods of diagnosis, as well as the entire system of monitoring, supporting and
treating post-traumatic stress in the Polish Armed Forces. Such a study has been possible
thanks to a thorough analysis of the applicable pieces of legislation, backed by an
insight into a series guidelines, orders and dispositions given at all levels of command
and supervision in the army
Continuators of Leon Petrażycki’s theory
No full textMotywacja do początku XIX wieku stanowiła nieodkryty obszar badań nauki. Idea
wykorzystywania motywacji w psychologii, prawie czy w innych dziedzinach zrodziła się
dopiero na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Leon Petrażycki był jednym z pierwszych uczonych,
który dokonał przełomowej klasyfikacji zjawisk psychicznych. Wyróżnił wśród
nich emocje, czucia, uczucia oraz procesy woli. Badania, które zostały przeprowadzone
w tamtych czasach, wskazywały na powiązanie pomiędzy emocjami a motywacją. Sporo
późniejszych pracowników naukowych kontynuowało rozmaite założenia wynikające
z teorii Petrażyckiego.
W literaturze wyróżnia się dwa okresy twórczości uczonego: petersburski oraz warszawski,
dlatego też zasadne jest dokonanie podziału kontynuatorów Petrażyckiego
w oparciu o te etapy jego działalności naukowej. W artykule krótko przedstawione zostały
sylwetki wybranych przez autorkę badaczy, którzy inspirowali się ideami Petrażyckiego, m.in.: Jerzego Landego, Henryka Piętki, Mikołaja Timaszewa, Gieorgija Gurwicza, Michaiła
Rejsnera.
Ponadto dokonana została analiza ich twórczości w kontekście emocji oraz teorii motywacji
zapoczątkowanej przez petersburskiego uczonego. Ukazane zostały również poglądy
współczesnych zwolenników petrażycjanizmu.Motivation until the beginning of the 19th century was an undiscovered area of scientific
research. The idea of using motivation in psychology, almost or in other fields, was born
only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Leon Petrażycki was one of the first scientists
to make a groundbreaking classification of psychic phenomena. He distinguished among
them emotions, feelings, sensations and processes of the will. Research that was carried
out at that time showed a connection between emotions and motivation. Many of the later
researchers continued various assumptions resulting from Petrażycki’s theory.
In literature, two periods of the scholar’s work are distinguished: St. Petersburg and
Warsaw. Therefore, it is justified to divide his followers on the basis of these stages of his
scientific activity. The article presents short profiles of researchers selected by the author
who were inspired by the ideas of Leon Petrażycki, including Jerzy Lande, Henryk Piętka,
Mikołaj Timaszew, Georgij Gurwicz, and Mikhail Rejsner.
In addition, an analysis of their work was made in the context of emotions and the
theory of motivation initiated by the St. Petersburg scientist. It also presents the views of
contemporary Petrażycki supporters
Education for security in the area of human threat
No full textEducation for security serves to prepare citizens for appropriate behaviour and appropriate
reactions in situations posing a threat to their health and life. At every step, we deal
with many different threats that occur in all areas of human life. The main areas include social, public, professional, and educational sphere. The aim of the article is to present the
role and significance of education for security in the context of the catalogue of threats to
a person functioning in various areas of their life. The article consists of an introduction,
the identification of the human space, a list of selected threats, and a summary
What role can Stability Policing play in total defence and building resilience?
No full textThreats to peace, stability and human rights of states and civil societies are increasingly
of a non-military nature and fending them off requires adopting innovative approaches.
These encompass, first and foremost, veering from the strictly military- and security-centred
focus applied hitherto and looking at more comprehensive and holistic responses.
Furthermore, they seek to include all stakeholders within a state, including its military,
the civil apparatus, the civilian populace, and private enterprises in a common defensive
effort, namely the concept of total defence. Creating and improving positive interaction
amongst relevant stakeholders and increasing their chances of successfully
absorbing and surviving external shocks and attacks showcases another significant notion,
namely resilience, not only in its acceptation within the Alliance, but in a wider understanding
of the term. Stability Policing as a spearheading concept expanding the
reach of NATO into the policing remit and as a cutting-edge deployable military capability
is defined as suggesting, describing, and highlighting possible roles and contributions
to both endeavours. Stability Policing offers innovative avenues of approach and
a policing mindset by applying relevant police-related ways and means, and its “blue
lens”, and thus contributes to achieving the overarching goal of identifying, deterring,
stopping, and countering threats, including those of a hybrid nature and in grey zones,
also below the threshold of war
The role of the family environment in strengthening pro-defensive attitudes of the 21st century society
No full textThe first educational environment of every human being is usually the family. This is
where the lifelong process of shaping attitudes and acquiring the desired character traits
begins. Just as social attitudes are shaped and strengthened on the basis of values derived
from the family environment, the ethos of service is built, which develops and
strengthens pro-defence attitudes. Nowadays, such attitudes are less and less often seen
among young people due to the crisis of values in developed countries and the promotion
of a consumerist lifestyle. Ensuring security in the 21st century depends not only on
the military or the intellectual potential of citizens, but above all on the extremely important
human factor, most often expressed by patriotic pro-defence attitudes allowing for
heroic efforts, especially in the event of a real threat. The aim of this article is therefore to
show the extremely important role of the family environment in shaping and strengthening
pro-defence attitudes among the society of the 21st century. The research was carried
out using theoretical methods, such as analysis, synthesis, generalisation, and inference,
and using the technique of examining documents and source materials. Particular
attention was paid, inter alia, to the need to build pro-defence attitudes among young
people and to the educational functions of the family environment constituting the basis
for the process of shaping pro-defence attitudes
Human security and human-centred defence as individual responsibility and collective activity
No full textCollective defence and individual (human) security are not necessarily two sides of the
same coin, they are often two different currencies where it is almost impossible to calculate
their real exchange rate and value. Current civil-military relationships often fall
short of what is needed to meet emerging human security needs. We are confident that
the positive interactions of civil-military actors help build resiliency. Human rights and
human needs play a significant role in building resiliency. We call for the re-invention
of civil defence as the holistic concept of individual responsibility and collective action.
We need human-centered defence policy and planning, teaching, and practice. We need
strong states to stand behind the civil defence concept that merges policy and strategy
with local actors. Security is an individual responsibility and a collective activity that
requires all elements of society to ensure success. Security cannot be outsourced to the
military, nor any single civilian institution