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Improved calibration methods and reconstruction of the underground muon detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Get PDFAs part of the upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory, known as AugerPrime, the Underground
Muon Detector is being deployed in the low-energy extension of the Surface Detector. It comprises
an array of 30 m[sup]2 plastic scintillator muon counters, buried 2.3 meters underground near the water-Cherenkov detectors, allowing for direct measurement of the muonic component of air showers in the energy range of 10[sup]16.5 − 10[sup]19 eV. To achieve an extended dynamic range, the detector operates in two modes: the binary mode, which is optimized for low muon densities, and the ADC mode, designed for high muon densities. In this contribution, we present the latest improvements to the calibration procedure of the ADC mode and to the data reconstruction of the binary mode. We assess their performance with simulations
Communicating astroparticle physics with the public
Get PDFThe Pierre Auger Observatory has developed various activities along the last year in the field of education and dissemination of astrophysics and high-energy astroparticle physics. Since 1999 different approaches and improvements of the tools used to explain what cosmic rays are have been implemented, tested, and redesigned based on public feedback in its headquarters in Malargüe city. This presentation highlights the Observatory\u27s engagement with the community, focusing on the new initiatives. The open data policy, master classes for middle-level students and teachers, the design of innovative activities that involve the community, and the presence of the Observatory in special events with the participation of students are also described
Zemlja v skupni rabi v 19. stoletju
Get PDFCommon land was, until land relief in 1848, mostly owned by the landlords and was managed and used by them and the village communities. This land generally comprised the less fertile and more remote areas, such as pastures and forests. The rights to use the latter were vital for the rural population, who depended in particular on common pasturage and wood, but also on leaves and other natural resources.
The dissertation focuses on the 19th century and the early 20th century, up to the First World War. Although the second half of the 18th century is also considered in the interests of a comprehensive study. The presentation and interpretation of the state and changes of the common lands in the provinces of Carniola and Gorizia-Gradisca is followed by an in-depth case study of the area of the manor of Duino and after 1848 of the District Governorship of Sežana. Here, research focuses primarily on the long- standing official and unofficial processes by which common land was divided into private ownership or individual use. After 1848, the latter became the property of the village communities or the newly formed political municipalities. The legal status of the land and the role of the main actors (communities, mayors, beneficiaries, authorities) in these processes are therefore examined. This emphasises the socio- economic role of common land rights, which ultimately led to overexploitation and violations of land use restrictions (i.e. afforestation laws). The dissertation offers an original study as well as an in-depth analysis and interpretation of archival material that has not yet been studied or published.
The problematic and unclear legal status of common land was the cause of numerous conflicts and controversies in the past, which were intensified by the existential importance of the land and peasant mentality. This situation was exacerbated in the 19th century, and was reflected in the various forms of legal status of common land or its shares after division. The use of common land was becoming even more restricted and the claims to the shares were all but obvious. Both use and entitlement were not free, as is often assumed. The beneficiaries paid and sometimes even overpaid for their rights. In the dissertation, we have outlined the various conditions for entitlement to common land or shares of common land, and interpreted the process of its division into private or common property. We have established that common land was divided into ownerships mainly from the mid-19th century onwards,
which was linked to the land relief during 1848. It should be noted that it was divided into individual use before, and also after the mid-19th century. However, it was later more difficult for the authorities to approve this kind of division, as it did not comply with land relief legislation. As a result, such divisions eventually took place unofficially. Administrative reorganisations in the 19th century brought even more confusion to the process. The issue of unclear status accompanied and conditioned development on common land in the past, and it is legislation at state and local levels that has played and continues to play the greatest role in the management of common land
The environmental impact of materials and how circular thinking can help: examples from iron-based technologies
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Bottlenose dolphins’ clicks comply with three laws of efficient communication
No full textBottlenose dolphins’ broadband click vocalisations are well-studied in the literature concerning their echolocation function. Their potential use for communication among conspecifics has long been speculated but has yet to be conclusively established. In this study, we first categorised dolphins’ click production based on their amplitude contour and then analysed the distribution of individual clicks and click sequences against their duration and length. The results show that the repertoire and composition of clicks and click sequences adhere to the three essential linguistic laws of efficient communication: Zipf’s rank–frequency law, the law of brevity, and the Menzerath–Altmann law. Conforming to the rank–frequency law suggests that clicks may form a linguistic code subject to selective pressures for unification, on the one hand, and diversification, on the other. Conforming to the other two laws also implies that dolphins use clicks according to the compression criterion or minimisation of code length without losing information. Such conformity of dolphin clicks might indicate that these linguistic laws are more general, which produces an exciting research perspective on animal communication