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The employee's right to rest
Get PDFMonografia została poświęcona problematyce prawa pracownika do wypoczynku. Autorki dokonują w jej ramach analizy takich zagadnień z obszaru prawa pracy jak: urlop wypoczynkowy, czas pracy, dni wolne od pracy oraz świadczenia socjalne przysługujące pracownikowi w związku z wypoczynkiem.The monograph is devoted to the issue of an employee's right to rest. The authors analyze such labour law issues as: holiday leave, working time, days off and social benefits due to an employee in relation to holiday leave
Environmental Threats and Geographical Education: Students’ Sustainability Awareness—Evaluation
Get PDFTeaching geography creates an opportunity for the transfer of knowledge about environmental
problems and ways of solving them. Teachers from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Turkey, and the United Kingdom indicated strengths and weaknesses of physical geography
as well as the selected geographical concepts of: Maps/Cartography, Astronomy/The Earth
in the Universe, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Endogenic processes, Exogenic processes, and Soils
and biosphere. There was a variety in how confident students were around these topic areas. The
main types of difficulties identified by the study were: too little time for implementation, difficult
terminology, and lack of tools for the proper transfer of knowledge. Moreover, the attractiveness of
individual issues for students also varies. The research clearly shows that students lack an awareness
of problems related to the environment. There are considerable differences between the level of
students’ knowledge about climate change or air and water pollution (relatively high awareness of
global warming) and issues related to soil and vegetation cover (low awareness of soil depletion, soil
pollution, changing the boundaries of the occurrence of plant zones, etc.). To make people aware of
the importance of environment, we should take care of education in relation to global challenge and
sustainable development
Technical potential and possibilities of use of utilizationbiogas on the example of warmuńsko-mazurskie voivodeship
Get PDFPreprint artykułu, który ukazał się w czasopiśmie: Rynek Energii (ISSN: 1425-5960), nr 4 (131), 2017, s. 56-62.
Rozwój technologii biogazu w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim.Ze względu na warunki klimatyczne i znaczną odległość od elektrowni węglowych, w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim obserwuje się częste przerwy w dostawach prądu. Jednym z rozwiązań jest budowa biogazowni utylizacyjnych. Obliczono, że potencjał techniczny biogazu utylizacyjnego wynosi 102,9 mln m3 rocznie. Ilość ta pozwoliłaby pokryć ponad 5,5% zapotrzebowania województwa na energię elektryczną oraz 8,2% zapotrzebowania województwa na ciepło. Wykorzystanie biogazu jako paliwa w samochodach osobowych pozwoliłoby na przejechanie w ciągu rokuśrednio904 mln km (biometan) bądź 948 mln km (prąd). Rozwój biogazowni utylizacyjnych i zakładów z nimi związanych spowoduje ożywienie gospodarcze regionu, zwiększając liczbę miejsc pracy w innych sektorach gospodarkiUniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
Comparison of Early-Twentieth-Century Arctic Warming and Contemporary Arctic Warming in the Light of Daily and Subdaily Data
Get PDFSignificance Statement:
It is well established that human activity (particularly increased greenhouse gas emissions) is the primary driving mechanism of the recent dramatic warming in the Arctic. However, the causes of a similar warming here in the first half of the twentieth century remain uncertain. The limited knowledge about the climate of that period—which mainly results from the low resolution of data—is a significant obstacle to a definitive determination of the forcing mechanisms. Therefore, the main aim of our paper is to improve our understanding of specific aspects of weather and climate (including extremes) using long-term series of daily and subdaily data that have rarely been applied for this purpose. This new, more comprehensive knowledge about the historical Arctic climate should allow the scientific community (particularly climate modelers) to better validate both climate models and reanalysis products and, consequently, to more precisely identify the causes of the early-twentieth-century Arctic warming.
Data availability statement:
Datasets for this research were derived from the following public domain resources: 1) All-Russia Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information–World Data Centre (RIHMI-WDC), http://meteo.ru/; 2) The Government of Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada), https://climate.weather.gc.ca/; 3) Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), https://www.dmi.dk/publikationer/ [as cited in Cappelen (2020)].A review of many studies published since the late 1920s reveals that the main driving mechanisms responsible for the early-twentieth-century Arctic warming (ETCAW) are not fully recognized. The main obstacle seems to be our limited knowledge about the climate of this period and some forcings. A deeper knowledge based on greater spatial and temporal resolution data is needed. The article provides new (or improved) knowledge about surface air temperature (SAT) conditions (including their extreme states) in the Arctic during the ETCAW. Daily and subdaily data have been used (mean daily air temperature, maximum and minimum daily temperature, and diurnal temperature range). These were taken from 10 individual years (selected from the period 1934–50) for six meteorological stations representing parts of five Arctic climatic regions. Standard SAT characteristics were analyzed (monthly, seasonal, and yearly means), as were rarely investigated aspects of SAT characteristics (e.g., number of characteristic days, day-to-day temperature variability, and the onset, end, and duration of thermal seasons). The results were compared with analogical calculations done for data taken from the contemporary Arctic warming (CAW) period (2007–16). The Arctic experienced warming between the ETCAW and the CAW. The magnitude of warming was greatest in the Pacific (2.7°C) and Canadian Arctic (1.9°C) regions. A shortening of winter and lengthening of summer were noted. Furthermore, the climate was also a little more continental (except the Russian Arctic) and less stable (greater day-to-day variability and diurnal temperature range) during the ETCAW than during the CAW.The study was carried out as a part of the project entitled “Causes of the early 20th century Arctic warming” funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (Grant 2015/19/B/ST10/02933), and the Research University–Initiative of Excellence: the Emerging Field “Global Environmental Changes”, “Climate Change Research Unit” at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. The Twentieth Century Reanalysis V3 data were provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSL, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their website https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.20thC_ReanV3.html. Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project version 3 dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research (BER), by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office, and by the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest
Prymas Stefan Wyszyński: kalendarium życia, pobyty w granicach obecnej diecezji toruńskiej
Get PDFW artykule przybliżono wybrane aspekty z życia prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego: kalendarium życia, pobyty w granicach obecnej diecezji toruńskiej
Kościół w średniowiecznym Grudziądzu
Get PDFW artykule dokonano omówienia dziejów kościoła w Grudziądzu w średniowieczu. Zwrócono uwagę na następujące zagadnienia: chrystianizacja, znaczenie biskupa misyjnego Chrystiana, parafia św. Mikołaja (początki, wezwanie, patronat, okręg parafialny, uposażenie), kościoły szpitalne, kaplica w krzyżackim domu zakonnym
Comparison of Metals Content in Peatlands with Different Anthropo pressure in Welski Landscape Park (Poland)
Get PDFAnaliza metali ciężkich na torfowiskach.Statut
The Status of a Limited Liability Company in the Polish Legal System
Get PDFThe article provides some reflections on limited liability companies in Poland. There are six types of commercial companies in Polish law, but 82.27 % of the companies in Poland are limited liability companies. Therefore, we can speak about the occurrence of a specific phenomenon of this form of company in Poland. An attempt to find an answer to the question about the reasons for the great popularity of this particular company requires an analysis of legal solutions dedicated to it and comparison with other types of entrepreneurs. It is worth considering the reasons why this form of company has become the most popular form of doing business in Poland in the last thirty years
A commentary of The Supreme Court's judgment of november 16, 2017, ref. no. V CSK 81/17
Get PDFIn the judgment of November 16, 2017, Ref. V. CSK 81/17, the Supreme Court ruled that starting a business in the form of running a go-go club in the commune does not violate its good name, even if some activities in its activity are contrary to the law. In addition, there are no grounds to distinguish the personal interest of a legal person in the form of a credible image.
The purpose of this opinion is to evaluate the above resolution of the Supreme Court. The author intends to compare the judgment of the Supreme Court with the views of representatives of the doctrine of Polish judicial law and previous case-law