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Establishing a procedure for determining the degree of hemolysis
No full textIn vivo (intravaskularna) hemoliza je relativno rijetko (1:10 000/100 000), ali životno ugrožavajuće stanje koje, između ostalog, može biti uzrokovano parenteralnom primjenom lijekova. Potencijalne komplikacije uključuju žuticu, hepatosplenomegaliju, tahikardiju, ishemiju miokarda, zatajenje bubrega i respiratorno zatajenje te u konačnici, multiorgansko zatajenje i smrt. Smrtnost može biti visoka, čak do 10 %. Zbog toga je važna procjena hemolitičkog potencijala lijekova tijekom pretkliničke faze ispitivanja lijekova. Cilj ovog rada bio je uspostaviti jednostavnu metodu za procjenu stupnja hemolize. Uzorci krvi tretirani su saponinom, tritonom-X-100 i propilen glikolom kako bi se izazvala hemoliza. Koncentracija hemoglobina određena je metodom s Drabkinovim reagensom te mjerena na dva tipa analizatora: spektrofotometru s kivetama (Cecil-CE 1011) i automatskom čitaču mikrotitarskih pločica (PerkinElmer-VICTOR3 1420 Multilabel Counter). Postotak hemolize izračunat je dijeljenjem apsorbancije uzoraka tretirane krvi s apsorbancijom uzoraka pune krvi. Metoda je praktična i lako primjenjiva, ali nije pogodna za analizu velikog broja uzoraka jer je dugotrajna i zahtjeva precizno pipetiranje. To se djelomično može poboljšati primjenom automatskog čitača mikrotitarskih pločica koji omogućava istovremenu analizu više uzoraka. Još jedan nedostatak je toksičnost Drabkinovog reagensa i štetnost za okoliš. Prednost metode je jeftin reagens i postojanje internacionalnog standarda.In vivo (intravascular) hemolysis is relatively rare (1:10 000/100 000) but a life-threatening condition that, among other things, can be caused by parenteral administration of drugs. Potential complications include jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, tachycardia, myocardial ischemia, renal failure and respiratory failure, and ultimately, multiorgan failure and death. Mortality can be as high as 10 %. Therefore, it is important to assess the hemolytic potential of drugs during the preclinical phase of drug testing. The aim of this study was to establish a simple method for estimating the percentage of hemolysis. Blood samples were treated with saponin, triton-X-100 and propylene glycol to induce hemolysis. The hemoglobin concentrations were determined by the Drabkin reagent method on two types of analyzers: a spectrophotometer with cuwette (Cecil-CE 1011) and an automatic microtiter plate reader (PerkinElmer-VICTOR3 1420 multilabel Counter). The percentage of hemolysis was calculated by dividing the absorbance of treated blood samples with the absorbance of whole blood samples. The method is practical and easy to apply, but it is not suitable for analysis of a large number of samples because it is time consuming and requires precise pipetting. This can be partially improved by using automatic microtiter plate reader that allows simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. Another disadvantage is toxicity of the Drabkin reagent and harmfulness to the environment. The advantage of the method is cheap reagent and existence of the international standard
Characterization of pectins extracted from tomato pomace and mandarine peel
No full textU okviru ovog rada istražene su karakteristike pektina dobivenih iz kore mandarine sorte Unshiu i komine rajčice ,
a dodatni cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike i sirovih (nepročišćenih) pektinskih
frakcija. Ekstrakcija pektina provedena je konvencionalnom ekstrakcijskom metodom, a za karakterizaciju
ekstrahiranih pektina korištene su titrimetrijske metode. Sirove frakcije pektina imale su značajno manju
ekvivalentnu masu od pročišćenih frakcija, a do porasta ekvivalentne mase dolazi zbog polimerizacije i stvaranja
gela tijekom procesa čišćenja. Sve dobivene pektine možemo svrstati u skupinu visokometoksiliranih pektina pri
čemu je pektin kore mandarine sadržavao veći udio metoksilnog ostatka u odnosu na pektin komine rajčice.
Vrijednosti stupnja esterifikacije pročišćenih pektinskih frakcija svrstavaju ih u skupinu visoko esterificiranih
pektina. Nasuprot tome sirove pektinske frakcije imale su značajno niži stupanj esterifikacije te ih se svrstava u
skupinu nisko esterificiranih pektina. Stoga, sirovi pektini rajčice bili bi pogodni u dijetetskim proizvodima te bi
formirali gel u prisutnosti polivalentnih kationa, dok bi ostali bili pogodni u proizvodima koji sadržavaju šećer i
kiseline. U nepročišćenim pektinskim frakcijama udio galakutoronske kiseline bio je veći od 65 % te se nepročišćeni
pektini mogu koristiti kao prehrambeni aditivi i u farmaceutske svrhe. Zaključno, kora mandarine sorte Unshiu i
komina rajčice predstavljaju značajne izvore pektina. Biološki vrijedne sirove pektinske frakcije pokazuju
zadovoljavajuće fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike. Buduća istraživanja potrebno je usmjeriti na optimizaciju
ekstrakcijskih metoda i uporabu što osjetljivijih analitičkih metoda u postupcima karakterizacije s ciljem
unaprjeđenja valorizacije prehrambenog otpada rajčice i mandarine koji predstavlja značajan izvor nutriceutika.In the context of this work, the characteristic features of raw (unpurified) and purified pectins obtained from satsuma
mandarin peel and tomatoo pomace were being explored. Pectin extraction was carried out by applying conventional
extraction and titrimetric methods were used for the characterization of extracted pectins. Crude pectin fractions had
significantly smaller equivalent weight than the purified fractions, while the increase of equivalent weight came as
a result of polymerization and gelling during the purification process. All obtained pectins can be classified in a
group of highly metoxilated pectins, where mandarin peel pectin contained higher content of metoxilated residue as
compared to tomato pomace pectin. The values of the degree of esterification of purified pectin fractions classify
them in the group of high-esterified pectins. By contrast, crude pectin fractions had significantly lower degree of
esterification thus classified in the group of low-esterified pectins. Therefore, non-purified tomato pectin would be
sutiable in dietetic products and they will form gel in the presence of polyvalent cations, while other pectins would
be suitbale for products concatining acids and sugar. In non-purified pectin fractions, the content of galacturonic acid
was by 65% higher, thus non-purified pectins may be used as food additives, as well as for pharmaceutical purposes.
To conclude, satsuma mandarin peel and tomato pomace are good sources of pectin. Biologically valuable crude
pectin fractions show satisfactory physicochemical features. Future research activities should focus on the
optimization of extraction methods and use of sensitive analytical methods for their characterization with the aim of
improving the exploitation of tomato and mandarin nutritional waste which constitutes a significant source of
nutraceuticals
New psychoactive substances
No full textNPS čine raznoliku i sve veću skupinu novih spojeva. Obično su derivati ili analozi otprije poznatih rekreacijskih droga
koji su proizvedeni za postizanje istog učinka, a zaobišli su zakonske propise. Unatoč općem smanjenju broja
novoidentificiranih tvari, godišnje se potvrdi približno 400 prethodno prijavljenih NPS-a. Navedeno saznanje sugerira
da mnoge tvari nakon pojavljivanja duže ostaju na tržištu i potrebno je njihovo sustavno praćenje. U ovom radu usvojena
je podjela NPS-a na četiri skupine: sintetske stimulanse, sintetske kanabinoide, sintetske halucinogene i sintetske
depresore. Pregledane su dosad zabilježene kemijske strukture i mehanizmi djelovanja; Male promjene strukture imaju
utjecaj na njihova farmakološka svojstva, čak i unutar iste skupine, što otežava predviđanje učinaka, potencije i
toksičnosti. Dostupni radovi o učincima NPS-a i smjernicama za terapiju proizašli su iz manjih studija pojedinih
slučajeva. Liječenje uglavnom uključuje praćenje kliničke slike bolesnika te simptomatsku i suportivnu terapiju.
Dostupne imunokemijske analitičke metode ciljanog probira nisu dovoljno osjetljive zbog velike strukturne raznolikosti
samih NPS-a, niti specifične zbog unakrsne reaktivnosti s drugim tvarima. U kliničkoj praksi najčešće su potrebne
specifičnije metode potvrde kao što su kromatografije spregnute s masenom spektrometrijom. Zaključno se može reći
da su glavna pitanja oko NPS-a nepoznati i nepredvidivi učinci na zdravlje ljudi, nedostatak brzog analitičkog otkrivanja
i brzina stavljanja novijih analoga na tržište kako bi se izbjeglo zakonsko ograničavanje.NPSs make up a diverse and growing group of new compounds. They are usually derivatives or analogues of previously
known recreational drugs that have been produced to achieve the same effect and have circumvented legal regulation.
Despite a general decrease in the number of newly identified substances, approximately 400 previously notified NPS
are confinned annually. This finding suggests that many substances remain on the market longer after they appear and need to be monitored systematically. In this paper, the division of NPSs into four groups was adopted: synthetic
stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic hallucinogens, and synthetic depressants. The chemical structures and
mechanisms of action recorded so far have been reviewed. Small changes in structure have an impact on their
pharmacological properties, even within the same group, making it difficult to predict effects, potency, and toxicity.
Available papers on the effects of NPSs and guidelines for therapy have emerged from smaller case studies. Treatment
mainly includes monitoring of the patient's clinical picture and symptomatic and supportive therapy. The available
immunochemical analytical methods of targeted screening are not sufficiently sensitive due to the great structural
diversity of the NPSs themselves, nor specific due to cross-reactivity with other substances. ln clinical practice more
specific confirmation methods such as mass spectrometry coupled chromatography are most often required. In
conclusion, the main issues surrounding NPSs are the unknown and unpredictable effects on human health, the lack of
rapid analytical detection and the speed of placing newer analogues on the market to avoid legal restrictions
Drug related problems in patients taking analgesics identifed during pre-registration training for pharmacists
No full textCilj istraživanja: Primarni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi terapijske probleme prisutne kod pacijenata koji u
terapiji imaju analgetik. Sekundarni cilj rada bio je ispitati uspješnost prepoznavanja problema od strane
studenata farmacije. Ispitanici i metode: studenti pete godine farmacije prikupljali su podatke 2019.
godine u javnim ljekarnama diljem Hrvatske. Uključujući kriterij za odabir pacijenata bio je prisutnost
analgetika u terapiji kao i dijagnoza iz kardiovaskularnog, gastrointestinalnog ili endokrinog područja.
Podatci korišteni za analizu uključivali su opće karakteristike, povijest bolesti, medikacijsku povijest,
životne navike, prisutne alergije te terapijske probleme koje su utvrdili studenti. Alat za definiranje
terapijskih problema preuzet je od Cipolle i sur. Određena je učestalost terapijskih problema te udio
prepoznat od strane studenata. Rezultati: U istraživanje je uključeno 80 pacijenata. Prosječna dob bila je
61,88±14,96 godina. Ukupno je utvrđeno 257 terapijskih problema, a studenti su prepoznali njih 74,8%.
Lijekovi za liječenje boli uzrokovali su 21,4% ukupnih terapijskih problema, od čega su studenti prepoznali
72,72%. Najčešći uzrok problema povezan lijekovima za liječenje boli bila je nesigurnost primjene zbog
rizičnih čimbenika pacijenta, dok su najveći broj problema izazvali NASID i tramadol. Zaključak:
Lijekovi mogu biti izvor brojnih i ozbiljnih terapijskih problema ukoliko se ne koriste racionalno. Potrebno
je obratiti pažnju na lijekove za liječenje boli, od kojih su neki u bezreceptnom režimu, a pokazali su
značajan potencijal uzrokovanja terapijskih problema.The secondary objective was to explore pharmacy students' recognition of the drug therapy problems. Subjects
and methods: The data used in this study was collected by pharmacy students in 2019 in Croatian community
pharmacies. Inclusion criteria for selecting patients were the presence of analgesic in the therapy and the
diagnosis from the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal or endocrine area. The data used for the analysis included
general characteristics of patients (age, sex, body weight and height), medication history, history of illness, social
history, allergies and drug related problems identified by students. A tool for defining therapeutic problems was
developed by Cipolle et al. The frequency of individual therapeutic problems and the proportion recognized by
students were determined. Results: 80 patients were included in the study.The mean age was 61.88±14.96 years.
A total of 257 therapeutic problems were identified, and students recognized 74.8% of them. Analgesics caused
21.4% of total therapeutic problems, of which 72.72% were recognized by students. The most common cause of
analgesic-related problems was unsafe drug due to patient risk factors, while most problems were caused by
NSAID and tramadol. Conclusion: Medications can be a source of numerous and serious therapeutic problems if
not used rationally. Importance should be given to analgesics, some of which are in non-prescription regime, and
have shown great potential for causing drug related problems
Adjustment of drug dosage in elderly patients with impaired kidney function
No full textKronična bubrežna bolest definirana je dugotrajnim i progresivnim smanjenjem bubrežne funkcije uz oštećenje bubrega koje može biti blago, umjereno ili teško. Smanjena bubrežna funkcija i starija životna dob imaju velik utjecaj na farmakokinetiku i farmakodinamiku i smanjenje glomerularne filtracije, a samim time i na potrebu individualizacije doziranja pojedinih lijekova.
Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi stupanj bubrežne funkcije kod ispitanika starije životne dobi te odrediti kod kojih ispitanika je potrebna intervencija. Odrediti učestalost i vrstu lijekova koji zahtijevaju prilagodbu terapije te utvrditi učestalost već izvršene intervencije kao i učestalost terapije koja nije prilagođena te time ukazati na važnost farmaceutskih intervencija u cilju smanjenja medikacijskih pogrešaka i povećanja sigurnosti pacijenta.
Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na Klinici za unutarnje bolesti Kliničke bolnice
Dubrava tijekom godine i tri mjeseca. Uključeno je bilo 383 ispitanika starije životne dobi s prosjekom starosti od 75 godina. Upotrebom CKD-EPI vrijednosti utvrđeno je stanje bubrežne funkcije te broj ispitanika koji trebaju intervenciju. Prema podacima iz sažetka opisa svojstva lijeka izrađen je vodič za prilagodbu doze u pacijenata s oslabljenom bubrežnom funkcijom te je u skladu s njime određena potrebna intervencija za potencijalno neprikladne lijekove kao i učestalost pojedine vrste lijekova koje zahtijevaju intervenciju.
Rezultati: U istraživanju je utvrđeno da 42,5% ispitanika ima ima određeni stupanj bubrežne insuficijencije, dok je kod 80,4% tih ispitanika pronađen barem jedan neprikladan lijek. Za potrebe sakupljanja najbolje moguće medikacijske povijesti korištena su 847 izvora te je prema njima najučestalija skupina lijekova koja zahtijeva prilagodbu doze, skupina C prema ATK klasifikaciji. Kod 19,4% ispitanika je terapija prilagođena prije prijema u bolnicu, dok u 33,9% slučajeva terapije uopće nije prilagođena s obzirom na stupanj bubrežnog oštećenja. 46,7% ispitanika ima dio terapije prilagođen, a za dio je potrebna intervencija. Lijekovi koji su najčešće zahtijevali intervenciju su bili: lerkanidipin, metformin, moksonidin, trimetazidin i perindopril u kombinacijama s atenololom, bisoprololom i indapamidom.
Zaključak: Kako bi se osigurao pozitivan ishod liječenja, uz smanjenje rizika za nastanak nuspojava i povećanja sigurnosti pacijenata, potrebno je uvesti potpunu farmaceutsku skrb na bolničke odjele jer gotovo polovina hospitaliziranih pacijenata starije životne dobi ima oslabljenu bubrežnu funkciju te pripadaju u visokorizičnu skupinu. Klinički farmaceut može uskladiti terapiju kako bi se postigao optimalan klinički ishod i kako bi se osigurali s jedne strane djelotvorni, a s druge strane sigurne koncentracije lijekova u organizmu što u konačnici rezultira smanjenu potrebu za korištenjem zdravstvenih usluga, uključujući i rehospitalizacije kao i smanjenje troškova liječenja.Chronic kidney disease is defined by long-term and progressive decrease of kidney function and kidney damage can be mild, moderate or severe. Decreased kidney function and older age have a major influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and reduction of glomerular filtration rate and with that individualisation of certin drug dosage is needed.
Aim of study: To determine the level of renal function in elderly participants and to determine which subjects need intervention. Determine the frequency and type of drugs that require adjustment of therapy and determine the frequency of already performed intervention as well as the frequency of therapy that is not adjusted, thus indicating the importance of pharmaceutical interventions to reduce medication errors and increase patient safety.
Results: The study found that 42.5% of participant had some level of renal failure, while 80.4% of these participant were found using at least one inappropriate drug. For the purpose of collecting the best possible medical history, 847 sources were used and according to them, the most common group of drugs that requires dose adjustment is group C according to the ATK classification. In 19.4% of subjects, the therapy was adjusted before admission to the hospital, while in 33.9% of cases the therapy was not adjusted at all due to the degree of renal damage. 46.7% of participants have part of the therapy adjusted, and part requires intervention. The drugs most commonly required for intervention were: lercanidipine, metformin, moxonidine, trimetazidine, and perindopril in combination with atenolol, bisoprolol, and indapamide.
Conclusion: In order to ensure a positive treatment outcome, while reducing the risk of side effects and increasing patient safety, it is necessary to introduce full pharmaceutical care in hospital wards because almost half of hospitalized elderly patients have impaired renal function and belong to a high-risk group. The clinical pharmacist can coordinate therapy to achieve the optimal clinical outcome and to ensure on the one hand effective drugs and on the other safe concentrations of drugs in the body which ultimately results in reduced need for health services, including rehospitalizations and reduced treatment costs
Changes in acute phase proteins concentrations and serum proteins glycosylation in acute systematic inflammation after radical colon resection
No full textRadikalna resekcija kolona dovodi do procesa akutne upale i sindroma sistemskog upalnog odgovora (engl. systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS). Razina i uzrok SIRS-a nastalog operativnim zahvatima prati se porastom koncentracije proteina akutne faze koji ukazuju na uzrok i tijek upalnog procesa. Sam tijek i individualni odgovor na akutnu upalu nisu u potpunosti razjašnjeni. Upravo zato u u ranoj poslijeoperativnoj fazi sve veću važnost ima i praćenje promjena glikozilacije gdje su utvrđene velike individualne razlike u odgovoru na akutnu sistemsku upalu. Cilj istraživanja je bio ispitati učinak radikalne resekcije kolona na razvoj SIRS-a praćenjem promjena koncentracije sTREM -1, IL-6, prokalcitonina i CRP-a te promjena glikozilacije ukupnih proteina seruma i IgG-a u definiranim točkama mjerenja čime bi se definirala međuovisnost procesa akutne upale i razvoja SIRS-a sa specifičnim promjenama u glikomu i koncentracijama proteina akutne faze.
U istraživanje je uključeno 28 ispitanika (19 muškaraca i 9 žena) medijana dobi 71 godina (44-85) s dijagnozom kolorektalnog karcinoma koji su podvrgnuti radikalnoj resekciji kolona otvorenog tipa. Uzorci krvi uzorkovani su u četiri vremenske točke: 1 dan prije operacije (T0), 24 sata poslije operacije (T1), 48 sati poslije operacije (T2) i 7 dana poslije operacije (T3) kako bi se obuhvatio i akutni odgovor na kirurški stres, ali i popratilo jenjavanje upale ili produljena reakcija na kirurški stres.
Rezultati ovog rada pokazali su statistički značajne promjene sTREM-1, CRP-a, PCT-a i IL-6 kao i N-glikanskih profila ukupnih proteina seruma i N-glikanskih profila IgG-a prije operacije te tijekom 7 dana poslijeoperativnog praćenja ispitanika. Također su utvrđene korelacije IL-6 kao i određenih glikanskih struktura N-glikanskih profila ukupnih proteina seruma i N-glikanskih profila IgG-a s duljinom trajanja operacije. Korelacijskom analizom i linearnom regresijom ispitana je povezanost koncentracija proteina akutne faze s promjenama N-glikanskih profila te su nađene slabe do vrlo dobre korelacije CRP-a, IL-6 i PCT sa specifičnim strukturama od kojih je najjasnija bila korelacija CRP-a s tetragalaktoziliranom i sijaliniziranom strukturom s antenarnom fukozom. sTREM-1 nije pokazao značajnu korelaciju s niti jednim drugim ispitivanim biljegom.
Ovo je istraživanje pokazalo da radikalna resekcija kolona ne dovodi nužno do SIRS-a, a da se tijek i dinamika upale kao odgovora na kirurški stres može pratiti porastom koncentracija proteina akutne faze, pri čemu promjena koncentracija sTREM-1 može ukazati da nije došlo do razvoja SIRS-a. Također se razjasnilo da glikanski profili pokazuju vrlo jasne obrasce promjena koji se mogu povezati s promjenama koncentracija proteina akutne faze te bi se njihovim daljnjim izučavanjem otvorila mogućnost korištenja dobivenih podataka glikanskih profila u svrhu individualnog i sveobuhvatnog praćenja ranog upalnog odgovora.Colorectal cancer surgery, as well as all severe surgical procedures, lead to strong acute phase response and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The extent and the cause of SIRS are monitored with acute phase proteins that point to the cause and course of inflammatory process. The course and the individual response to acute inflammation are not completely understood. In early postoperative phase there is also an increasing importance in monitoring glycosylation changes, where large individual differences have been identified in acute systemic inflammation response. The aim of this study was to test the effect of radical colon resection on SIRS development by monitoring soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as the changes in N-glycosylation profiles of total serum proteins and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in defined points of measurement that would define interdependence of acute inflammatory process and SIRS development with specific glycome and acute phase proteins changes.
This study included 28 participants (19 men and 9 women) with a median age of 71 years (44-85) and with colorectal cancer diagnosis that underwent radical colon resection. Blood samples were collected in 4 measurement points: 24 hours before the surgery (T0), 24 hours after the surgery (T1), 48 hours after the surgery (T2) and 7 days after the surgery in order to define acute response to surgical stress, as well as to define the decrease of inflammations or notice the extended reaction to surgical stress.
The results showed statistically significant differences of sTREM-1, CRP, IL-6 and PCT, as well as changes in N-glycan profiles of total serum proteins and IgG before the surgery and during 7 days of postoperative recovery. Significant correlations for IL-6, as well as some N-glycan structures of total serum proteins and IgG, were discovered with the duration of the surgery. Correlation and linear regression analysis revealed weak, moderate and very good correlations between CRP, IL-6, PCT and N-glycan profiles of total serum proteins and IgG. The strongest discovered correlation was the very good correlation of CRP with tetragalactosilated and syalinisated structure with antennary fucose. STREM-1 did not reveal any significant correlation with any other tested parameter.
This study showed that radical colorectal cancer surgery does not necessarily lead to SIRS and the course and dynamics of inflammation as the response to surgical stress can be followed by the rise of the acute phase proteins. Changes of sTREM-1 concentrations can indicate that there is no SIRS development. This study also clarified that glycan profiles show very distinct change patterns that can be related to the acute phase proteins concentrations changes. Further research of the glycan profiles could open up the possibility of using the acquired data for individual monitoring of the early inflammatory response
Mogu li biljni pripravci propolisa i ginkga smanjiti hiperreaktivnost trombocita u bolesti COVID-19?
No full textPropolis is flavonoid rich source that has shown numerous beneficial
biological effects such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumoral,
antiaggregatory, and hepatoprotective. Ginkgo has been used as a dietary supplement
for enhancement of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was assessment
of the effect of propolis and ginkgo extracts on primary hemostasis and verify
whether the use of a combination of propolis and ginkgo extracts in the prevention
of cardiovascular diseases is justified. Commercially available extracts were assessed
by impedance aggregometry on the whole blood samples of healthy subjects collected
at the Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine. Two aggregation inducers were
used: ADP (adenosine diphosphate, weak agonist of platelet aggregation) and TRAP
(hexapeptide surrogate of thrombin, strong inducer of platelet aggregation). In an ADP induced aggregation assay, propolis showed an antiaggregatory effect at a
concentration of 10 μM. In the same test, the antiplatelet effect of ginkgo extract
was absent. In the hexapeptide-induced thrombin mimetic (TRAP) aggregation
test, propolis showed an antiplatelet effect at a concentration of 20 μM as well as
ginkgo extract. Combinations of propolis and ginkgo in a ratio of 1:25 and 1:50
showed an antiplatelet effect at 20 μM concentrations of extracts. Combination of
propolis and ginkgo is justified from a pharmacodynamic aspect, as propolis and
ginkgo have different mechanisms of action because they act on different signaling
pathways of aggregation
Terminološka rješenja iz područja farmacije u prijevodima propisa na hrvatski jezik
No full textPharmacy, like any other science and profession, is bilingual.
English language contributes to easier communication between
scientists and professionals, while Croatian language is used to achieve communication
with nonprofessionals and new generations of pharmacists at the national level. Professional terminology cannot be directly implemented from English language and require thorough understanding. A balance must be achieved
between the applicable language solutions and the standard-functional language.
In this paper, some terminology interpretations in the filed of pharmacy
are provided with a regard to substances naming, chromatography, cancerogenicity,
DNA and dyes
Identification of potential genetic disorders in the background of idiopathic short stature
No full textDNA kao temeljna molekula kojom se prenosi genetska informacija podložna je promjenama, a promjene patogenog značenja nazivamo mutacijama koje se u konačnici mogu odraziti i na fenotip. Polimorfizmi jednog nukleotida mogu utjecati na ekspresiju gena i funkcionalnost proteina tijekom i nakon njihove sinteze, što u konačnici rezultira određenim genetskim poremećajem. SNP-ove detektiramo analizom slijeda DNA, metodama kao što su Sangerovom dideoksi metodom, ali i GWAS studijama i obiteljskim studijama, a gdje se u pozadini svega koriste DNA-čipovi.
Tijekom rasta i razvoja, osim endokrine regulacije, za rast je bitna i lokalna regulacija rasta, te je cilj istraživanja je ispitati radi li se o monogenskom poremećaju ili je niski rast ispitanice posljedica poligenskih učinaka. Istraživanje bi također moglo doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju povezanosti signalnih puteva uključenih u rast i razvoj kao i njihove genske pozadine u različitim tkivima.
Pregledom literature i na temelju dobivenih rezultata pretpostavlja se da postoji multigenski učinak kao i da je u pozadini svega kadherin 13 koji pokazuje najsnažniju povezanost s genima na razini hipotalamusa kao centra za razvoj.
Pretpostavka je da je lokalno prisutan utjecaj gena na razvoj kostiju jer smo uspjeli povezati gene EHF i SPARC, ali i WWTR1 i SMARCA4 (iako za njih ne možemo sa sigurnošću tvrditi prisutnost SNP-va) sa RUNX2 koji je jedan od ključnih faktora osteogeneze u zoni rasta.DNA as a basic molecule that transmits genetic information is subject to changes, and changes with pathogenic significance are called mutations that can ultimately affect the phenotype. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can affect gene expression and protein functionality during and after their synthesis, resulting in a specific genetic disorder. SNPs are detected by DNA sequence analysis, methods such as Sanger's dideoxy method, but also by GWAS studies and family studies, where DNA chips are used.
During growth and development, in addition to endocrine regulation, local growth regulation is also important, and the aim of the research was to examine whether it is a monogenic disorder or short stature of the subject is result of polygenic effects. Research could also contribute to a better understanding of the interconnections of signaling pathways involved in growth and development as well as their genetic background in different tissues.
A review of the literature and based on the obtained results, we are assuming that there is a multigenic effect and that in the background is cadherin 13 which shows the strongest association with genes at the level of the hypothalamus as a center for development.
It is assumed that the influence of genes on bone development is locally present because we managed to connect the genes EHF and SPARC, but also WWTR1 and SMARCA4 (although we cannot claim with certainty the presence of SNPs) with RUNX2 which is one of the key factors of osteogenesis in the growth plate
Kinetics and mechanism of catechin and DPPH reaction
No full textKatehin je flavonoid najviše prisutan u zelenom čaju koji se ističe po antioksidativnom učinku te štiti organizam od štetnih utjecaja oksidativnog stresa. Neki od mehanizama antioksidativnih učinaka katehina su: hvatanje slobodnih radikala, keliranje metalnih iona uključenih u proces nastajanja slobodnih radikala, induciranje antioksidativnih enzima, inhibicija pro-oksidativnih enzima, utjecaj na signalne puteve. U ovom je diplomskom radu ispitana kinetika i mehanizam reakcije katehina i DPPH• radikala radi boljeg razumijevanja reakcijskog mehanizma te općenito reakcija katehina i štetnih radikala. Istraživanje kinetike i mehanizma reakcije katehina i DPPH• provedeno je u smjesi otapala dioksan-voda (0,95:0,05 v/v) te u acetonitrilu. Konstanta brzine reakcije katehina i DPPH• u smjesi otapala dioksan-voda (0,95:0,05 v/v) iznosi 2,27 mol-1 dm3 s-1 te je konstanta brzine reakcije u acetonitrilu 6 puta veća od konstante brzine u smjesi otapala dioksan-voda (0,95:0,05 v/v) te iznosi 12,8 mol-1 dm3 s-1, pri temperaturi 25°C. Izmjerene su konstante brzine za reakciju katehina i DPPH• u smjesi otapala dioksan-voda (0,95:0,05 v/v) na različitim temperaturama od 9 – 40°C. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata prikazane su Arrheniusove i Eyringove ovisnosti konstante brzine o temperaturi iz kojih su određeni aktivacijski parametri. Utvrđene vrijednosti Arrheniusovih aktivacijskih parametara – predeksponencijalnog faktora (A) i energije aktivacije (Ea) su: A = 2,39 ∙ 105 mol-1 dm3 s-1 i Ea = 28,9 kJ mol-1. Utvrđene vrijednosti Eyringovih aktivacijskih parametara – aktivacijske entalpije (ΔH‡), aktivacijske entropije (ΔS‡) i Gibbsove aktivacijske energije (ΔG‡) su: ΔH‡ = 26,39 kJ mol-1, ΔS‡ = 150,2 J K-1 mol-1 i ΔG‡ = 71,18 kJ mol-1. Određen je kinetički izotopni efekt (KIE) u smjesi otapala dioksan-voda (0,95:0,05 v/v) pri temperaturi 25°C, koji iznosi 3,67. Izmjereni KIE upućuje na reakcijski mehanizam HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) ili PCET (proton-coupled electron transfer).Catechin is the flavonoid most present in green tea, which stands out for its antioxidant effect and protects the body from the harmful effects of oxidative stress. Some of the mechanisms of antioxidant effects of catechin include: capturing free radicals, chelation of metal ions involved in the process of free radical formation, induction of antioxidant enzymes, inhibition of pro-oxidative enzymes, influence on signaling pathways. In this thesis, the kinetics and mechanism of catechin and DPPH• radical reaction are examined in order to better understand the reaction mechanism and the reactions of catechin and harmful radicals in general. Research of the kinetics and mechanism of catechin and DPPH• reaction was performed in a solvent mixture of dioxane-water (0.95:0.05 v/v) and in acetonitrile. The determined rate constant for the catechin and DPPH• reaction in a solvent mixture of dioxane-water (0.95:0.05 v/v) is 2.27 mol-1 dm3 s-1 and the reaction rate constant in acetonitrile is 6 times higher than the rate constant in the solvent mixture dioxane-water (0.95:0.05 v/v), which is 12.8 mol-1 dm3 s-1, at a temperature of 25°C. Rate constants for the catechin and DPPH• reaction in a solvent mixture of dioxane-water (0.95:0.05 v/v) at different temperatures ranging from 9 to 40 ° C were measured. Based on the obtained results, the Arrhenius and Eyring plots of the rate constants against temperatures are presented, from which the activation parameters were determined. The determined values of Arrhenius activation parameters – pre-exponential factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) are: A = 2.39 ∙ 105 mol-1 dm3 s-1 and Ea = 28.9 kJ mol-1. The determined values of Eyring activation parameters – enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡), entropy of activation (ΔS‡) i Gibbs energy of activation (ΔG‡) are: ΔH‡ = 26.39 kJ mol-1, ΔS‡ = 150.2 J K-1 mol-1 and ΔG‡ = 71.18 kJ mol-1. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was determined in a mixture of solvent dioxane-water (0.95:0.05 v/v) at a temperature of 25°C, which is 3.67. The measured KIE refers to the reaction mechanism HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) or PCET (proton electron transfer)