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Oxidative stress parameters of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) after treatment with 2-methoxy-1,4-naphtokinone
No full text2-metoksi-1,4-naftokinon (2-MNQ) prirodni je spoj za kojega je pokazano antifungalno, antibakterijsko i antitumorno
djelovanje. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio ispitati toksičnost i oksidacijski stres kao mogući mehanizam toksičnosti 2-MNQ na biljnom
modelu. Kao modelni organizam odabrana je bijela gorušica (Sinapis alba L.).
Sjemenke bijele gorušice bile su izložene 2-MNQ u koncentracijama 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 i 40 μg/mL kroz 3 dana. U pokus su
bile uključene negativna kontrola (sjemenke bijele gorušice izložene 3 dana destiliranoj vodi) i pozitivna kontrola (sjemenke bijele gorušice izložene 3 dana 0,02 M otopini CuSO4). Nakon 3-dnevne izloženosti izvagana je masa svježega tkiva te su pripremljeni homogenati klijanaca kako bi se u njima odredila razina parametra oksidacijskog stresa, glutationa (GSH) i malondialdehida (MDA). Razina GSH određena je pomoću DTNB reagensa spektrofotometrijski pri valnoj duljini od 412 nm. MDA je kvantificiran u reakciji s 2-tiobarbituratnom kiselinom, a razina MDA određena je spektrofotometrijski pri 532 nm. Dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni t-testom, a razina značajnosti postavljena je na P ≤ 0,05. 3-dnevna izloženost klijanaca bijele gorušice 2-MNQ dovela je do smanjenja mase svježega tkiva. 2-MNQ (10 μg/mL) značajno je smanjio masu svježega tkiva u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu (287 ± 11,53 mg vs. 343,67 ± 39,55 mg; P < 0,05). S porastom koncentracije 2-MNQ zabilježen je daljnji pad mase svježega tkiva. 3-dnevna izloženost 2-MNQ u koncentraciji 1 μg/mL značajno je smanjila razinu GSH u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu (2,92 ± 0,48 μM vs. 4,55 ± 0,67 μM; P < 0,05). Više koncentracije 2-MNQ značajno su povisile razinu GSH. Za pretpostaviti je da su klijanci bijele gorušice povećali sintezu GSH kako bi se zaštitili od djelovanja 2-MNQ. S druge strane, 3-dnevna izloženost klijanaca 2-MNQ dovela je do pada razine MDA. U klijanaca tretiranih s 2-MNQ (10 μg/mL) razina MDA je bila 0,07 ± 0,02 μM što je bilo značajno manje od negativne kontrole (0,11 ± 0,03 μM; P < 0,05). Iako je bilo za očekivati da će zbog stresa doći do porasta razine MDA, pad razine MDA je moguće objasniti pojačanom sintezom GSH koja je spriječila pojavu lipidne peroksidacije. S obzirom da je došlo do smanjenja mase svježega tkiva klijanaca bijele gorušice nakon izloženosti 2-MNQ može se zaključiti da je 2-MNQ fitotoksičan. Izloženost 2-MNQ dovela je do promijene u razini parametara oksidacijskog stresa te se može zaključiti da je makar djelomično u fitotoksičan učinak 2-MNQ uključen oksidacijski stres. Također, ovi rezultati pokazuju da je biljni model prihvatljiv u pretklinički istraživanjima zbog etičkih i ekonomskih razloga.2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ) is a natural compound for which antifungal, antibacterial and antitumor activity
has been shown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine toxicity and oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of 2-MNQ toxicity in a plant model. White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was selected as the model organism.
White mustard seeds were exposed to 2-MNQ at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg/mL for 3 days. A negative
control (white mustard seeds exposed to distilled water for 3 days) and a positive control (white mustard seeds exposed to 0.02 M CuSO4 solution for 3 days) were included in the experiment. After 3 days of exposure, fresh tissue weight was determined and seedling homogenates were prepared in order to assess the level of oxidative stress parameters, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). GSH level was determined using DTNB reagent spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 412 nm. MDA was quantified by reaction with 2-thiobarbiturate acid, and the MDA level was determined spectrophotometrically at 532 nm. For statistical analysis ttest was used and the significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.
After 3-day exposure of white mustard seedlings to 2-MNQ a reduction in fresh tissue weight was recorded. 2-MNQ (10
μg/mL) significantly reduced fresh tissue weight compared to the negative control (287 ± 11.53 mg vs. 343.67 ± 39.55 mg; P <0.05). With the increase of 2-MNQ concentration, a further decrease in fresh tissue weight was observed. 3-day exposure to 2-MNQ at a concentration of 1 μg/mL significantly reduced GSH level in comparison to the negative control (2.92 ± 0.48 μM vs. 4.55 ± 0.67 μM; P <0.05). Higher 2-MNQ concentrations significantly increased GSH levels. It can be assumed that white mustard seedlings increased GSH synthesis in order to protect themselves against the action of 2-MNQ. On the other hand, 3-day exposure of seedlings to 2-MNQ led to a decrease in MDA level. In seedlings treated with 2-MNQ (10 μg/mL) the MDA level was 0.07 ± 0.02 μM which was significantly lower than the MDA level in the negative control (0.11 ± 0.03 μM; P <0.05). Although due to the stress an increase in MDA level was expected, a decrease occurred. The decrease in MDA level can be explained by the increased synthesis of GSH in plant tissue which prevented the occurrence of lipid peroxidation. Since exposure of white mustard seedlings to 2-MNQ led to a decrease of fresh tissue weight, it can be concluded that 2- MNQ is phytotoxic. Additionally, exposure to 2-MNQ led to a change in the level of oxidative stress parameters, thus oxidative stress is at least partially involved in the phytotoxic effect of 2-MNQ. Also, the results of this study show that the plant model is acceptable in preclinical studies due to ethical and economic reasons
New analytical methods for dietary supplements used to treate menopausal symptoms
No full textMenopauza, odnosno klimakterij, sastavni je dio procesa starenja svake žene. S
obzirom na sve učestaliju primjenu dodataka prehrani koji sadržavaju fitoestrogene te sve veći
broj prisutnih proizvoda na tržištu, raste i interes znanstvene zajednice za ove proizvode.
Rastujuću uporabu dodataka prehrani koji sadrže fitoestrogene prati i otkrivanje novih biljnih
vrsta koje sadrže spomenute biološki aktivne tvari. S obzirom na navedeno, jasna je potreba
za razvojem novih analitičkih metoda za određivanje i aktivnih i štetnih tvari u sirovinama
koje se koriste u proizvodnji te u gotovim komercijalno dostupnim proizvodima.
Ovaj je rad obuhvatio ispitivanja uzoraka hrane, biljnog industrijskog materijala te
gotovih proizvoda koji sadržavaju soju i crvenu djetelinu, kao predstavnike dobro poznatih
biljnih vrsta koje sadržavaju fitoestrogene te hmelja, konopljike i lana, kao predstavnike
novije generacije biljnih vrsta koje sadržavaju fitoestrogene.
Glavni je cilj ovog rada razviti nove, pouzdane analitičke metode namijenjene
identifikaciji i određivanju sadržaja aktivnih tvari u sirovinama i dodatcima prehrani koji se
koriste u ublažavanju simptoma menopauze. U radu su korištene napredne analitičke tehnike:
masena spektrometrija s neposrednim unosom uzorka u sustav (engl. Direct Injection Mass
Spectrometry, DI-MSn) te vezani sustav tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti i
masene spektrometrije (engl. Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry, LCMS/
MS). Identifikacija deset biološki aktivnih tvari provedena je primjenom DI-MSn tehnike,
dok je istodobno određivanje jedanaest biološki aktivnih tvari osigurano primjenom LCMS/
MS tehnike. Nadalje, uz navedene tehnike u radu je korištena i UV/VIS
spektrofotometrija. Folin–Ciocalteu metoda primijenjena je za određivanje sadržaja ukupnih
polifenola dok je antioksidacijski učinak ispitan primjenom DPPH, ABTS i RPA metoda.
Analizom ispitanih uzoraka utvrđene su velike razlike u sadržaju bioloških aktivnih
tvari između uzorka te su kod pojedinih uzoraka nađene i razlike u sadržaju bioloških aktivnih
tvari između različitih proizvodnih serija.Menopause is an integral part of every woman's aging process. Given the
increasing use of phytoestrogen-containing dietary supplements and the growing number of
products available on the market, the interest of the scientific community for these products is
growing. Moreover, the growing interest is accompanied by the research of new plant species
that contain these biologically active substances. In the light of the above mentioned, new
analytical methods for the determination of both active and toxic substances in raw materials
and finished products are essential.
This work includes analysis of food samples, dietary supplement raw materials and
dietary supplements containing soybean and red clover, as representatives of the well-known
species containing phytoestrogens and hops, chaste tree and flax, as representatives of the
new generation of species containing phytoestrogens.
The main goal of this thesis was to develop new, reliable analytical methods for the
identification and determination of active substances in raw material and finished dietary
supplement products used in the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. For this purpose,
sophisticated analytical techniques were used: Direct Injection Mass Spectromety (DI-MSn)
and Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Identification of
ten biologically active substances was performed using the DI-MSn technique, while the
simultaneous determination of eleven biologically active substances will achieved using the
LC-MS/MS technique. Furthermore, UV/VIS spectrometry was used in this work. Folin–
Ciocalteu method was applied for determination of total polyphenol content, while
antioxidant efficacy was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and RPA methods.
According to our results high variability in biologically active compound content was
found among investigated products as well as high batch-to-batch variability for several
products
Influence of certain factors on the appearance of dermatophite infections
No full textDermatofitoze, gljivične infekcije rožnatog sloja kože, noktiju i kose, jedan su od najčešćih kožnih
oboljenja. Najčešće infekcije izazivaju vrste Epidermophyton, Microsporum i Trichophyton.
Dijagnoza se postavlja na osnovi kliničke slike i analizom strugotina tkiva zahvaćenog infekcijom
(obrada s kalijevim hidroksidom, uzgoj na hranjivoj podlozi, PCR, dermoskopija). Terapija ovisi o
mjestu infekcije i stupnju raširenosti, a standardna terapija su lokalni ili sistemski antimikotici.
Na razvoj dermatofitoza mogu utjecati različiti čimbenici, životne prilike i navike. Provođenje
ankete među pacijentima kod kojih se sumnja na infekciju dermatofitima može značajno pomoći u
postavljanju dijagnoze i liječenju. Stoga je provedeno pilot-istraživanje na 151 ispitaniku kako bi
se vidio utjecaj raznih čimbenika na povećanu učestalost dermatofitoza kod ljudi i koji su to točno
čimbenici. Rezultati ovog rada su temelj za provođenje šireg epidemiološkog istraživanja
raznolikosti vrsta dermatofita u onihomikozama u različitim županijama Hrvatske.Dermatophytoses, fungal infections of the stratum corneum of the skin, nails and hair, are one of
the most common skin diseases. The most common infections are caused by Epidermophyton,
Microsporum and Trichophyton. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture and the
analysis of tissue scraps affected by the infection (treatment with potassium hydroxide, growth on
a nutrient medium, PCR, dermoscopy). Therapy depends on the site of infection and the degree of
spread. Standard therapy is local or systemic antimycotics. The development of dermatophytosis
can be influenced by various factors, life circumstances and habits. Conducting a survey of
patients with suspected dermatophyte infection can significantly aid in diagnosis and treatment.
Therefore, a pilot study was conducted on 151 subjects in order to see the influence of various
factors on the increased frequency of dermatophytoses in humans and what exactly these factors
are. The results of this work are the basis for conducting a wider epidemiological study of the
diversity of dermatophyte species in onychomycosis in different counties of Croatia
Compatibility of thiopurine immunosuppressants with folic acid and their potential interactions with preparations of selected herbal species
No full textU terapiji upalnih bolesti crijeva, kao i svih kroničnih bolesti, česti su problemi poput neadherencije te konzumacije
neprovjerenih dodataka prehrani koja može dovesti do interakcija s farmakoterapijom, što utječe na kvalitetu života
bolesnika. Cilj ovog rada je bio steći uvid u navedene probleme i potencijalna rješenja: specifično za terapiju
tiopurinskim imunosupresivima, ispitati kompatibilnost azatioprina, odnosno 6-merkaptopurina i folne kiseline u svrhu
mogućnosti izrade fiksnih kombinacija lijekova i poboljšanja adherencije, ispitati sadržaj aktivnih tvari biljnih droga i
njihovih pripravaka korištenih u komplementarnoj terapiji upalnih bolesti crijeva (podanka kurkume, lista justicije,
smole indijskog tamjanovca i ploda crnog papra) u proizvodima dostupnima lokalno i putem interneta te ispitati
interakciju pripravaka navedenih droga i tiopurinskih imunosupresiva u pogledu distribucije i metabolizma. U slučaju
azatioprina i folne kiseline, ispitivanja diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom uputila su na moguću
nekompatibilnost, ali studijom izotermalnog stresa, studijama prisilne razgradnje i ispitivanjem oslobađanja u
biorelevantnom mediju ova tvrdnja je opovrgnuta. U slučaju 6-merkaptopurina i folne kiseline, sva ispitivanja utvrdila
su kompatibilnost, no oprez je potreban kod odabira pomoćnih tvari zbog drastične razgradnje 6-merkaptopurina u
smjesi ljekovitih oblika u lužnatim uvjetima. Dakle, fiksne kombinacije lijekova mogu se izraditi korištenjem
jedinstvene formulacijske smjese. Kod aktivnih tvari u biljnim drogama i njihovim pripravcima, velike razlike u
sadržaju i diskrepancije između nađenog i deklariranog sadržaja pronađene su za većinu proizvoda kupljenih putem
internetske trgovine, što signalizira da je potrebno povećati svijest korisnika o rizicima kupnje sličnih pripravaka iz
neprovjerenih izvora. Naposljetku, aktivne sastavnice i/ili ekstrakti odabranih droga nisu pokazali interakciju s 6-
merkaptopurinom u vezanju na humani serumski albumin niti fiziološki relevantnu inhibiciju tiopurin metiltransferaze,
no inhibicija ksantin oksidaze ekstraktom lista justicije (Ki ~ 55 µg/mL) mogla bi dovesti do promjena u razinama
aktivnih metabolita 6-merkaptopurina; navedeni rezultat potrebno je potvrditi in vivo ispitivanjima. Zaključno,
saznanja ostvarena u ovom doktorskom radu rasvjetljuju problematike fiksnih kombinacija lijekova, kakvoće dodataka
prehrani i interakcije hrana-lijek u pogledu tiopurinskih imunosupresiva te mogu biti iskorištena za unaprjeđenje
kvalitete života bolesnika koji boluju od upalnih bolesti crijeva.In inflammatory bowel disease therapy, non-adherence and use of various herbal supplements which could lead to
interactions with therapy are common problems; this also affects the patients' quality of life. The aim of this work was
to elucidate the said problematic and potential solutions: regarding thiopurine immunosuppressant therapy, to
investigate the compatibility of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine and folic acid for the means of fixed dose combination
development, examine the content of active substances in herbal drugs and preparations used in inflammatory bowel
disease therapy (turmeric rhizome, green chiretta leaf, Indian frankincense resin and black pepper fruit) in products
available locally and online, as well as to examine the potential for interaction of said herbal preparations and
thiopurine immunosuppressants in terms of distribution and metabolism. In the case of azathioprine and folic acid,
differential scanning calorimetry measurements implied incompatibility, but through isothermal stress, forced
degradation and dissolution studies this claim was disproved. As for 6-mercaptopurine and folic acid, all tests implied
compatibility, but care should be taken when choosing the excipients because of the drastic degradation of 6-
mercaptopurine in the dosage form blend under basic conditions. In conclusion, fixed dose combinations can be made
by using a single formulation mixture. Regarding active substances in herbal drugs and preparations, major differences
in content and discrepancies in found and declared contents were found for most of the products bought online, which
signalizes increased consumer awareness regarding risks of buying similar products over the Internet is needed.
Lastly, active substances and/or drug extracts did not ostensibly impact 6-mercaptopurine binding on human serum
albumin or cause physiologically relevant thiopurine methyltransferase inhibition, but xanthine oxidase inhibition by
green chiretta leaf extract (Ki ~ 55 µg/mL) could lead to changes in active thiopurine metabolites; this result needs to
be confirmed through in vivo studies. In summary, the findings of this doctoral thesis elucidate the problematics of
fixed dose combinations, herbal supplement quality and food-drug interactions in terms of thiopurine
immunosuppressants and can be used to improve inflammatory bowel disease patients' quality of life
A multimodal approach to pain management
No full textBol, posebice ona kroničnog trajanja, predstavlja veliki javnozdravstveni problem jer je često
neadekvatno liječena zbog svog kompleksnog mehanizma nastanka i ograničenih farmakoloških
mogućnosti. Suvremena terapija i smjernice za liječenje boli zamjenjuju monomodalne pristupe
liječenja multimodalnim. Multimodalna analgezija podrazumijeva primjenu više lijekova različitog
mehanizma djelovanja koji djeluju na različita mjesta duž nociceptivnog puta. Sinergističko ili
aditivno terapijsko djelovanje pažljivo odabranih lijekova u kombinacijama omogućuju primjenu
lijekova u nižim dozama od pojedinačnih, te bolju podnošljivost i sigurnost, a smanjuje se i potreba
za visokim dozama opioidnih analgetika. Lijekovi koji se koriste u kombinaciji su analgetici i
lijekovi kojima analgezija nije primarna funkcija, a na tržištu postoje i kombinacije fiksnih doza
analgetika. Sve navedene kombinacije imaju veliki potencijal u liječenju boli te je potrebno daljnje
istraživanje multimodalnog pristupa i njegovo korištenje u praksi, kako bi se bol napokon mogla
svrstati u kategoriju uspješno liječenih i/ili uspješno kontroliranih zdravstvenih problema. Neke od
navedenih kombinacija dostupne su i u bezreceptnom režimu izdavanja te se koriste u samoliječenju
akutne boli različitog uzroka, pri čemu važnu ulogu ima ljekarnik. Pravilnom edukacijom pacijenata
i odabirom odgovarajućeg analgetika ljekarnik može doprinijeti učinkovitom ublažavanju boli,
smanjenju pojave štetnih učinaka lijekova i prevenciji razvoja komplikacija neodgovarajuće liječene
boli.Pain, especially that of chronic duration, is a major public health problem because it is often
inadequately treated due to its complex mechanism of occurrence and limited pharmacological
possibilities. Modern therapy and guidelines for pain management are replacing the monomodal
approach to multimodal treatment. Multimodal analgesia involves the administration of multiple
drugs with different mechanisms of action acting at different sites along the nociceptive pathway.
The synergistic or additive therapeutic effect of carefully selected drugs in combination allows the
use of drugs in lower doses than individual, and better tolerability and safety, and reduces the need
for high doses of opioid analgesics. Drugs used in combination are analgesics and drugs for which
analgesia is not the primary function, and there are combinations of fixed doses of analgesics on the
market. All these combinations have great potential in the treatment of pain and further research is
needed on the multimodal approach and its use in practice, in order to better classify it in the category
of successfully treated and / or successfully controlled health problems. Some of these combinations
are also available over-the-counter and are used in the self-treatment of acute pain of various causes,
with the pharmacist playing an important role. Proper education of patients and selection of the
appropriate analgesic pharmacist can contribute to reducing the effectiveness of pain relief, the
occurrence of adverse effects of drugs and prevent the development of complications of
inappropriately treated pain
Permeability assessement of different types of protective masks for viable airborne mold particles
No full textPojavom COVID-19 pandemije krajem 2019. godine i vrlo brzim širenjem virusa svijetom, došlo je do
uvođenja restriktivnih mjera, između ostalog i obaveznog nošenja zaštitnih maski. Mi smo se zapitali kako
bi nošenje maski utjecalo na sprječavanje inhalacije plijesni te smo to istražili. Plijesni kao ubikvitarni
organizmi su sveprisutne i u unutarnjem i u vanjskom zraku te doticaj s njima je neizbježan. Dok većina
ljudi ne bi trebala imati nikakve zdravstvene probleme udisanjem plijesni, to nije slučaj kod
imunokompromitiranih osoba, osoba koje boluju od astme ili kod djece koja su od rane dobi izložene
visokim koncentracijama plijesni u vlažnim prostorima. Kvantitativno i kvalitativno smo ispitali propusnost
kirurške maske, pamučne maske, FFP2 i FFP3 maske u unutarnjem i u vanjskom zraku. Općenito,
koncentracija plijesni je bila veća u vanjskom nego u unutarnjem zraku, a rezultati kvantitativne analize su
pokazali kako je u oba slučaja FFP2 maska najbolja u sprječavanju inhalacije plijesni i kako bi bila vrlo
adekvatna kod imunokompromitiranih osoba koje ne mogu izbjeći doticaj s prostorima u kojima je
koncentracija plijesni vrlo visoka. FFP2 maska postiže bolje rezultate od FFP3 maske razlog čemu je
vjerojatna kontaminacija FFP3 maske. Kvalitativna analiza je pokazala najveću zastupljenost plijesni roda
Cladosporium, Aspergillus i Penicillium. Dok pamučna i kirurška maska slično filtriraju različite rodove
plijesni, FFP2 i FFP3 maska propuštaju samo plijesni roda Cladosporium i kvasce. Za preciznu
interpretaciju rezultata ovoga rada trebalo bi provesti istraživanje validiranim postupkom upotrebom
sterilnih filtera prikladnijih za uređaj za uzorkovanje zraka, a da po svojim svojstvima odgovaraju kirurškoj,
FFP2 i FFP3 maski.With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019 and the very rapid spread of the virus around the
world, restrictive measures have been introduced, including the mandatory wearing of protective masks. In this thesis
we have questioned how wearing masks would affect the prevention of mold inhalation. Molds are ubiquitous in both
indoor and outdoor air, so people are inevitably exposed to molds. While most people should not have any health
problems by inhaling mold, this is not the case in immunocompromised people, people with asthma, or in children
who are exposed to high concentrations of molds in damp indoor environment. The permeability of the surgical mask,
cotton mask, FFP2 and FFP3 masks for the molds in the indoor and outdoor air was explored in this thesis. In general,
the concentration of mold was higher in the indoor than in the outdoor air, and the results of quantitative analysis
showed that in both cases the FFP2 mask is the best at preventing mold inhalation. The FFP2 mask achieved better
results than the FFP3 mask, which may be due to contamination of the FFP3 mask by viable mycoparticles.
Qualitative analysis showed the highest representation of mold of the genus Cladosporium, Aspergillus and
Penicillium. While cotton and surgical masks are of comparable capacity in filtering the different genera of molds, the
FFP2 and FFP3 cannot filter the viable myco-particles assigned to Cladosporium and yeasts. For a precise
interpretation of these results, the investigation should be carried out by a validated procedure using sterile filters of
comparable properties to surgical, FFP2 and FFP3 which would also better fit to the air sampling device
Challenges in treatment and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections
No full textRekurentnim infekcijama mokraćnog sustava smatraju se najmanje tri infekcije u godinu dana ili dvije infekcije u šest
mjeseci. Cilj ovog rada bio je prikazati relevantne smjernice u liječenju i prevenciji ovog sve učestalijeg zdravstvenog
problema. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na ulogu ljekarnika s obzirom da je ljekarnik najdostupniji zdravstveni djelatnik.
Najčešća terapija za liječenje akutnih i prevenciju rekurentnih infekcija jest antimikrobna, a korisni mogu biti i neantimikrobni pripravci i nefarmakološke mjere. Potrebno je razlikovati ne-antimikrobne pripravke koji se koriste
kratkotrajno u liječenju akutnih infekcija i ostale koji se koriste kroz dulji vremenski period u prevenciji. Najpoznatiji u
liječenju akutnih infekcija zasigurno je list medvjetke koji se smatra tradicionalnim biljnim lijekom. S druge strane, D-manoza ima vrlo snažne dokaze u prevenciji, usporedive čak s antimikrobnom profilaksom. Dokaze posjeduju još
brusnica, N-acetilcistein, probiotici (Lactobacillus spp.), cjepiva, hormonska nadomjesna terapija i glikozaminoglikani.
Infekcije mokraćnog sustava učestale su kod trudnica, a u tim situacijama liječi se i asimptomatska bakteriurija, i to u
prvom redu beta-laktamskim antibioticima, a u prevenciji se savjetuje koristiti brusnicu. Dodatan problem sprječavanju
ponavljajućih infekcija stvara bakterijska rezistencija koja raste iz godine u godinu. Utješna je činjenica da se na
nitrofurantoin kao prvu liniju liječenja i prevencije još nije razvila klinički značajna rezistencija. Uloga ljekarnika od
iznimne je važnosti u prevenciji i savjetovanju liječenja. Ljekarnik raspolaže znanjima o farmakološkoj terapiji, ali i o
biljnim pripravcima i ostalim dodatcima prehrani. Ključno je prepoznati situacije u kojima se ne preporuča samoliječenje
infekcija mokraćnog sustava i takve pacijente uputiti liječniku.Urinary tract infections are recurrent when they occur at least three times in a year or two times in six months. Goal of
this paper was to present the most relevant guidelines in treatment and prevention of this increasingly common health
problem. Special emphasis was placed on the role of the pharmacist as the pharmacist is the most accessible health
professional. The most common therapy for the treatment of acute and prevention of recurrent infections is antimicrobial,
and the pharmacist, understanding the therapy prescribed by the doctor, has a wealth of knowledge about adjuvant
therapy, non-antimicrobial preparations and non-pharmacological measures. It is necessary to distinguish between nonantimicrobial preparations that are used for a short time in the treatment of acute infections and others that are used over a long period of time in prevention. The most famous in the treatment of acute infections is certainly the bearberry leaf,
which is considered a traditional herbal medicine. On the other hand, D-mannose has very strong evidence for
prevention, comparable even to antimicrobial prophylaxis. Cranberry, N-acetylcysteine, probiotics (Lactobacillus spp.),
Vaccines, hormone replacement therapy and glycosaminoglycans also have evidence. Urinary tract infections are
common in pregnant women, and in these situations asymptomatic bacteriuria is treated, primarily with beta-lactam
antibiotics, and in prevention it is advisable to use cranberries. An additional problem in preventing recurrent infections
is bacterial resistance that grows from year to year. It is comforting that nitrofurantoin as first-line in treatment and
prevention has not yet developed clinically significant resistance. The role of the pharmacist is extremely important in
prevention and treatment counseling. The pharmacist has knowledge of pharmacological therapy, but also of herbal
preparations and other dietary supplements. It is crucial to identify situations in which self-treatment of urinary tract
infections is not recommended. Those patients need to be referred to a doctor
Utjecaj topikalne primjene hijaluronske kiseline na izgled i zdravlje kože
No full textCilj istraživanja
Hijaluronska kiselina (HA) je hidrofilni polisaharid glikozaminoglikanske strukture koji igra
višestruku ulogu u regulaciji različitih bioloških procesa i održavanju homeostaze u tijelu. Cilj
ovog specijalistikog rada je procjena utjecaja topikalne primjene HA na izgled i zdravlje kože.
Materijali i metode
Za potrebe izrade ovog teorijskog specijalističkog rada, pretražene su baze podataka
znanstvenih radova te drugi znanstveni izvori i mrežne stranice sa srodnom tematikom.
Pretraživanjem su se obuhvatile kliničke studije koje su ispitale učinak HA na procese koji
utječu na izgled i zdravlje kože te in vitro i in vivo studije koje objašnjavaju mehanizme
opaženih učinaka.
Rezultati
Zbog svojih higroskopnih značajki HA djeluje hidratantno, usporava starenje kože, ubrzava
zacjeljivanje opeklina i drugih rana. Veličina molekula HA značajno utječe na dubinu njezine
penetracije u kožu, kao i antiaging svojstva topikalnih hijaluronskih pripravaka. HA značajno
povećava hidrataciju kože, a pozitivno utječe i na elastičnost i tonus kože te smanjenje bora.
Tehnološkim postupcima poput mikronizacije, uklapanjem u liposome i nanočestice te
kombinacijom s glicerolom, ekstraktom vrste Centella asiatica, N-acetil glukozaminom, gamaamino
maslačnom kiselinom te ljudskim faktorom rasta može se povećati učinak HA na izgled
i zdravlje kože. U kliničkim studijama HA se pokazala učinkovitom u zacjeljivanju različitih
vrsta rana poput opeklina, dijabetičkog ili venskog ulkusa, a dobar učinak HA na zacjeljivanje
rana uočen je i u kombinaciji HA sa srebro-sulfatiazinom ili ionima srebra. Nekoliko studija je
potvrdilo da topikalna primjena HA niske molekularne mase, rezultira poboljšanjem simptoma
dermatitisa, rozacee i strija.
Zaključak
Topikalna primjena HA doprinosi zdravlju kože i usporava proces starenja. HA pokazuje
blagotvorne i pozitivne učinke u terapiji brojnih kožnih bolesti i stanja. Brojne studije potvrđuju
učinkovitost HA u kozmetikoj i dermatološkoj primjeni.Objectives
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a hydrophylic polysaccharide of glycosaminoglycan type that plays
various roles in human organism, including regulation od various biological processes and
maintenance of homeostasis. The aim of this specialist paper is to assess the impact of topical
application of HAon the appearance and health of the skin.
Material and methods
For the purposes of preparing this theoretical specialist paper, scientific databases papers and
other with scientific sources and web sites with related topics were searched. The study
included clinical studies examining the effect of HA on processes affecting skin appearance
and health, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies explaining the mechanisms of the observed
effects.
Results
Due to its hygroscopic features, HA acts as moisturizer, slows down the aging of the skin, and
accelerates the healing of burns and other wounds. The size of HA molecules significantly
affects the depth of its penetration into the skin, as well as the antiaging characteristics of topical
hyaluronic preparations. HA significantly increases skin hydration and has a positive effect on
skin elasticity and tone, as well as wrinkle reduction. Technological procedures such as
micronization, encapsulation in liposomes or nanoparticles as well as combination with
glycerol, Centella asiatica extract, N-acetyl glucosamine, gamma-amino butyric acid and
human growth factor may increase the effect of HA on skin appearance and health. In clinical
studies, HA has proven to be an effective agent for healing of several types of wounds such as
burns, diabetic or venous ulcers.Beneficial effect of HA on wound healing has also been
observed in combination of HA with silver sulfatiazine or silver ions. Several studies have
confirmed that topical use low molecular weight HA results in an improvement in the symptoms
of dermatitis, rosacea and stretch marks.
Conclusion
Topical use of HA contributes to skin health and slows down the aging process. HA shows
beneficial and positive effects in the therapy of numerous skin diseases and conditions.
Numerous studies confirm the effectiveness of HA in cosmetic and dermatological application
Quality of life of people suffering from acne and therapeutic treatment options: Systematization of knowledge
No full textAkne su kronična upalna bolest pilosebacealne jedinice. One mogu značajno narušiti različite aspekte kvalitete života osoba oboljelih od akni, stoga je cilj ovog rada bio pružiti uvid u različite moguće posljedice koje akne i njihovo liječenje imaju na kvalitetu života ljudi oboljelih od akni. Pregledom literature utvrđeno je da su uzroci nastanka psihosocijalnih posljedica akni brojni, a jedan je od glavnih njihov „neprivlačan“ izgled koji se ne uklapa u društveno nametnuti ideal ljepote. Među psihološkim morbiditetima koji se javljaju kod osoba s aknama, najčešći su: anksioznost, depresija i suicidalne misli. Osim toga, osobe oboljele od akni često imaju sniženo samopouzdanje i samopoštovanje. Velik problem je i aknama uzrokovana socijalna izolacija koja može kod nekih osoba dovesti do trajnog razvoja različitih socijalnih poremećaja. Pristup liječenju psiholoških morbiditeta povezanih s aknama trebao bi primarno biti usmjeren na učinkovito liječenje akni. Što se tiče terapijskih mogućnosti liječenja akni, one su brojne i mogu se podijeliti s obzirom na metodološki pristup liječenju u tri velike skupine: konvencionalne, CAM i fizikalne metode. Svaka od tih metoda ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke koji mogu utjecati na poboljšanje, odnosno pogoršanje kvalitete života. Uočavanje terapijskih parametara koji utječu na kvalitetu života omogućilo je usporedbu različitih metoda liječenja akni prema njihovom utjecaju na kvalitetu života. Tako je usporedbom značajki konvencionalnih, CAM i fizikalnih metoda liječenja pomoću terapijskih parametara ustanovljeno da bi CAM mogle najviše pridonijeti porastu kvalitete života osoba oboljelih od akni.Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceal unit. As acne can be seriously detrimental to many aspects of life's quality, the main purpose of this thesis is to illuminate many potential consequences that acne and their treatment have on a patient's life. It has been established that there are multiple causes of psychosocial consequences that acne have on a person's life, one of the biggest being their ''unattractive'' appearance which does not fit in a socially imposed beauty ideal. Some of the most frequent psychological disorders that occur in people with acne are: anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts. Besides that, people affected by acne often have low self-esteem and self-respect. One of the major problems is a social isolation caused by acne which can in some cases lead to development of numerous social disorders. The approach to treating psychological morbidities associated with acne treatment should be based primarily on effective acne treatment. Potential treatments of acne are numerous and can be classified according to methodological approach into three large groups: conventional, CAM and physical methods. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages which influence the improvement or deterioriation of life's quality. Comparing different methods of curing acne according to their impact on life's quality has been enabled by an insight into parameters of therapy which affect life's quality. Therefore, by comparing characteristics of conventional, CAM and physical methods of acne treatment, it has been established that the CAM could contribute the most to the increase in the quality of life of people suffering from acne
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19
No full textKronična opstrukcijska plućna bolest (KOPB) je učestala plućna bolest, koja se smatra najčešćim uzrokom mortaliteta u svijetu iza kardiovaskularnih i malignih bolesti. Stoga je važno istražiti utječe li ta bolest na rizik zaraze s novim koronavirusom SARS-CoV-2 i kliničke ishode koronavirusne bolesti COVID-19. S obzirom da obje bolesti zahvaćaju respiratorni trakt, svrha ovog preglednog diplomskog rada bila je utvrditi postoji li međusobna povezanost između KOPB-a i bolesti COVID-19.
Ciljevi ovog rada bili su istražiti jesu li bolesnici koji boluju od KOPB-a pod povećanim rizikom od zaraze sa SARS-CoV-2, kako ta bolest utječe na kliničke ishode, može li se kod bolesnika s KOPB-om nastaviti s propisanom terapijom ili je treba modificirati te ispitati važnost edukacije bolesnika s KOPB-om o pridržavanju mjera zaštite od COVID-19 infekcije.
Trenutno nije potvrđeno da su bolesnici s KOPB-om pod povećanim rizikom od zaraze sa SARS-CoV-2, ali je utvrđeno da postoji veća stopa hospitalizacija i mortaliteta. Bolesnici s KOPB-om trebaju nastaviti s propisanom terapijom i ako se zaraze sa SARS-CoV-2 zato što nije dokazano da upotreba tih lijekova utječe na tijek COVID-19 infekcije. Pridržavanje zaštitnih mjera u vrijeme visoke prevalencije COVID-19 infekcije je ključno kako bi se smanjio rizik infekcije i kako bi bolesnici s KOPB-om očuvali svoje zdravlje.
Liječnici i ljekarnici se trebaju što više uključiti u edukaciju pacijenata, upozoriti ih na povećano širenje virusa kod upotrebe inhalatora i provođenja testova poput spirometrije te trebaju biti dostupni pacijentima na razne alternativne načine pošto se liječenje pacijenata uživo svelo na minimum.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease that is considered the leading cause of death in the world after cardiovascular disease and malignancies. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether this disease increases the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and what are the clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since both diseases affect the respiratory tract, the purpose of this review diploma thesis was to determine whether there is an interrelationship between COPD and COVID-19 disease.
The main objectives of this diploma thesis were to investigate whether COPD patients are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, how this disease affects clinical outcomes, whether prescribed therapy can be continued or should be modified in COPD patients, and the importance of educating COPD patients about protective measures against COVID-19.
Currently, it is not clear whether COPD patients are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, it is confirmed that there is a higher rate of hospitalisation and death. COPD patients should continue prescribed COPD therapy even if they have COVID-19 because it is not confirmed that taking these medications changes the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Protective measures are very important in times of higher prevalence of COVID-19 because they reduce the risk of infection and help COPD patients maintain their health.
Physicians and pharmacists should educate patients and warn them about increased spread of the virus when using inhalers and performing tests such as spirometry. Health care workers should be available to patients in a variety of alternative ways as patient care has been minimized in the doctor’s office