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Determination of antioxidant potential and characterization of selenium nanoparticles with pectin coating obtained from tomato pomace
No full textKomina rajčice je otpad koji zaostaje pri preradi rajčice u različite prehrambene proizvode. Budući da sadrži visok postotak korisnih spojeva poput likopena i pektina, predstavlja vrijednu sekundarnu sirovinu u farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti mogućnosti primjene sirovog i pročišćenog pektina komine rajčice kao inkapsulacijskih sredstava za sintezu čestica nanoselena usporedbom veličine srednjeg promjera, zeta potencijala i antioksidativnog učinka tih čestica s česticama dobivenim korištenjem komercijalno dostupnih pektina ili polivinilpirolidona kao uobičajenog sintetskog inakapsulacijskog sredstva. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su i sirovi i pročišćeni pektini izolirani iz komine rajčice primjenjivi u sintezi nanočestica selena te da su dobivene čestice prema promatranim svojstvima ili usporedive ili bolje od nanočestica selena dobivenih korištenjem komercijalno dostupnog pektina ili polivinilpirolidona. Čestice najmanjeg srednjeg promjera i najvećeg redukcijskog potencijala dobivene su upravo primjenom sirovog pektina ekstrahiranog iz komine rajčice. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kojima će se usavršiti protokol za sintezu nanočestica selena s ciljem dobivanja čestica visokog redukcijskog potencijala, a promjera manjeg od 100 nm. Također potrebno je provesti istraživanja stabilnosti i bioraspoloživosti nanoselena dobivenog korištenjem pektina komine rajčice kao inkapsulacijskog sredstva.Tomato pomace is a waste that is left behind when processing tomatoes into various food products. Because it contains a high percentage of useful compounds such as lycopene and pectin, it is a valuable secondary raw material in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using raw and purified pectin fractions obtained from tomato pomace as encapsulating agents for the synthesis of nanoselenium. Mean diameter, zeta potential and antioxidant effect of these particles were compared to nanoparticles obtained using commercially available pectin or polyvinylpyrrolidone as common synthetic encapsulation agent. The results of the study show that both crude and purified pectins isolated from tomato pomace are applicable in the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and that obtained are either comparable or better than selenium nanoparticles obtained using commercially available pectin or polyvinylpyrrolidone (according to the observed properties). Particles that had the smallest medium diameter and the highest reduction potential were obtained by applying crude pectin extracted from tomato pomace. Further research is needed to refine the protocol for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles with the aim of obtaining particles with a high reduction potential and a diameter of less than 100 nm. It is also necessary to conduct further research on the stability and bioavailability of nanoselenium obtained using tomato pomace pectin as an encapsulating agent
Damage-associated molecular patterns as mediators of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
No full textKronična opstrukcijska plućna bolest (KOPB) je jedan od vodećih uzročnika smrti u svijetu, što predstavlja veliki javnozdravstveni izazov. Pušenje cigareta je najčešći okolišni čimbenik rizika za razvoj KOPB-a. Budući da se dijagnosticira u relativno kasnom stadiju bolesti, postavlja se pitanje potencijalnih ranijih biljega bolesti. Dim cigarete može uzrokovati oštećenje rezidentnih stanica u plućima i dovesti do oslobađanja različitih molekularnih obrazaca povezanih s oštećenjem tkiva (DAMP molekule ili alarmini) u izvanstanični prostor, a koje je moguće mjeriti u tjelesnim tekućinama. Dokazano je da otpuštanje DAMP molekula potaknuto dimom cigarete može dovesti do neprikladnih upalnih reakcija kakve se eksprimiraju kod bolesnika s ovom bolešću. Ovaj diplomski rad daje pregled najnovijih saznanja o DAMP molekulama kao upalnih medijatora kod bolesnika s KOPB-om, čije su se vrijednosti u serumu / plazmi / BAL tekućini/ sputumu/ mokraći pokazale znatno različitima od onih kod zdravih pušača, ili nepušača. Pojedini alarmini (HSP27, HSP70, S100 proteini, galektini, LL-37, mokraćna kiselina, HMGB1, mtDNA i eATP) pokazuju korelaciju s različitim parametrima plućne funkcije i težinom bolesti, kao i serumskim biomarkerima za procjenu egzacerbacija KOPB-a i komorbiditeta. Nadalje, kalprotektin se pokazao potencijalnim biomarkerom diferencijacije KOPB-a i astme, dok se pomoću S100A8 mogu razlikovati KOPB i sindrom preklapanja astme i KOPB-a. U budućnosti bi klasifikacija bolesnika mogla biti olakšana budući da pojedine DAMP molekule mogu razlikovati svaku skupinu bolesnika s obzirom na GOLD ABCD klasifikaciju (težinu simptoma i povijest egzacerbacija) kao i samo prema GOLD stadijima (2 – 4 stupanj), no potrebna su daljnja istraživanja.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death in the world and represents a major public health challenge. Cigarette smoking is the most common environmental risk factor for developing COPD. Given the fact that it is diagnosed at a relatively late stage of the disease, the question of potential earlier markers of the disease arises. Cigarette smoke can cause damage to resident cells in the lungs, leading to the release of various damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP molecules or alarmins) in the extracellular space, which can be measured in body fluids. It has been shown that the release of a DAMP molecules by cigarette smoke can lead to inappropriate inflammatory reactions such as those expressed in COPD patients. This diploma thesis provides an overview of the latest findings on DAMP molecules as inflammatory mediators in patients with COPD, and their values in serum / plasma / BAL fluid / sputum / urine were found significantly different from those in a healthy smokers, or non-smokers. Some of these alarmins (HSP27, HSP70, S100 proteins, galectins, LL-37, uric acid, HMGB1, mtDNA and eATP) show correlation with different lung function parameters and disease severity, as well as with serum biomarkers for the assessment of COPD exacerbations and comorbidities. Furthermore, calprotectin may serve as a valuable biomarker for differentiating COPD and asthma, while S100A8 is a biomarker for differentiating COPD and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. In the future, patient classification could be facilitated as some DAMP molecules can differentiate each group of patients according to GOLD ABCD classification (severity of symptoms and history of exacerbation) as well as only according to GOLD stages (grade 2-4), but further studies are needed to validate these findings
Liposomes in vaccine formulations
No full textCijepljenje predstavlja jednu od najučinkovitijih preventivnih mjera zaštite populacije protiv raznih zaraznih bolesti. S ciljem unaprijeđenja postojećih cjepiva ili razvitka novih cjepiva protiv zaraznih, ali i nezaraznih bolesti, liposomi su istraživani kao adjuvansni i transportni sustavi. Ključne prednosti korištenja liposoma u cjepivima ogledaju se u zaštiti antigena od razgradnje, vezanja/uklapanja jednog ili više hidrofilnih i lipofilnih antigena, kontroliranju oslobađanja antigena, većoj unutarstaničnoj dostavi i poboljšavanju antigen-specifičnog imunološkog odgovora. Liposomi su istraživani u cjepivima za prevenciju ili liječenje bakterijskih, virusnih i parazitskih oboljenja, ali i imunoterapiju tumora. Primjenom liposoma smanjuje se potrebna doza cjepiva za učinkovit imunološki odgovor te su omogućeni i drugi putevi imunizacije (preko sluznica i kože). Intenzivna istraživanja u ovom području rezultirala su registriranim liposomskim cjepivima, dok su brojni u različitim fazama kliničkih ispitivanja.Vaccination is considered to be one of the most effective methods of protection against many infectious diseases. Liposomes have been investigated as adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems against viral, bacterial and parasitic infections as well as and non-infectious diseases such as tumor immunotherapy. Primary benefits attributed to liposomes include: protection of antigens, delivery of one or more hydrophilic or hydrophobic antigens embedded in liposomes or attached to a liposomal surface, controlled antigens release, increased intracellular delivery and antigen-specific immune response. Therefore, liposomes-based vaccines require smaller doses needed to generate a protective immune response, and also provide an alternative route of immunization (through the skin and mucosa). Extensive research in this area resulted in registered liposomal vaccines, while many are in different phases of clinical trials
Primjena antipsihotika u monoterapiji i politerapiji u liječenju shizofrenije
No full textCilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi učinkovitost, prednosti i nedostatke korištenja
antipsihotika u politerapiji u odnosu na monoterapiju te se osvrnuti na važnost uloge koju
ljekarnici, kao najdostupniji zdravstveni djelatnici, mogu imati u liječenju shizofrenije i
primjeni antipsihotika.
Ispitanici i metode: U tu svrhu napravljen je sustavni i retrospektivni pregled znanstvene i
stručne literature, pretražene su trenutno važeće terapijske smjernice, publikacije stručnih
udruga i institucija, baza lijekova Agencije za lijekove i medicinske proizvode te drugi
raspoloživi izvori.
Rezultati: Identificirane su najčešće kombinacije antipsihotika i podijeljene su na one koje
uključuju klozapin i one bez njega. Istaknute su prednosti i nedostatci svake pojedine
kombinacije. Naglašena je važnost uključivanja javnih ljekarnika
Zaključak: Politerapija je jedino ispravno rješenje uslijed više neadekvatnih terapijskih
pokušaja monoterapijom, ali se u kliničkoj praksi ipak ona uključuje puno prije, usprkos
preporukama svih važećih smjernica. Zbog premalo kvalitetnih, randomiziranih studija
prednost ipak treba dati monoterapiji, a uslijed kombiniranja antipsihotika treba pažljivo
pratiti pacijenta kako bi prednosti kombinacije nadmašili rizik dodatnih nuspojava i
povećanog troška liječenja. Javni ljekarnici mogu imati veliku ulogu u poboljšanju
adherencije, a upravo neadherencija predstavlja jedan od najčešćih problema u liječenju
shizofrenije. Uloga javnih ljekarnika u tome je trenutno premalo iskorištena te su nužne
dodatne edukacije i angažman struke kako bi se to promijenilo na koristi preopterećenog
zdravstvenog sustava.Aim: The aim of this paper is to determine the efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages of
using antipsychotics in polytherapy in relation to monotherapy and to look at the importance
of the role pharmacists, as the most accessible healthcare professionals, can play in treating
schizophrenia and antipsychotics.
Subjects and method: For the purposes of this research, a systematic and retrospective
review of scientific and professional literature was made. Currently valid therapeutic
guidelines, publications of professional associations and institutions, the drug database of the
Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices and other available sources were
researched.
Results: The most common combinations of antipsychotics were identified and separated into
those that include clozapine and those that do not. The advantages and disadvantages of each
combination were highlighted. The importance of involving public pharmacists was
emphasized.
Conclusion: Polytherapy is the only viable solution if all other therapy attempts have
consistently proven inadequate, however, in clinical practice polytherapy is still introduced
much earlier despite the recommendations of all leading guidelines. Due to insufficient quality
of randomized studies, preference should be given to monotherapy treatment. If preference is
in fact given to polytherapy, the patient should be closely monitored so that the benefits of the
combination outweigh the risk of additional side effects and increased treatment costs. Public
pharmacists can play a major role in improving adherence, and it is exactly non-adherence
that is one of the most common problems in the treatment of schizophrenia. Currently, the
role of public pharmacists is underutilized and additional training and engagement of the
profession is needed to make changes that will benefit an overburdened health system
Determination of biologically important metals in apple cider vinegar and their physiological role
No full textJabučni ocat je jedinstveni prirodni fermentirani proizvod bogat polifenolima, organskim kiselinama te drugim farmakološko aktivnim komponentama. Zbog blagotvornog utjecaja na metabolizam lipida i glukoze te antioksidativnog i antibakterijskog svojstva upotreba mu je sve češća. U jabučnom octu se nalaze i biološki važni metali koji su neophodni za ispravno funkcioniranje ljudskog organizma. Oni djeluju kao kofaktori u mnogim enzimima, imaju antioksidativno svojstvo, te je održavanje njihovih koncentracija u organizmu neophodno u prevenciji nastanka patoloških stanja. Sadržaj pojedinih metala u uzorcima jabučnih octi određen je metodom induktivno spregnute plazme s masenom sprektrometrijom (ICP-MS). Dodatak meda i vlakna inulina u jabučni ocat omogućio je praćenje koncentracija metala te utjecaj tih dodanih komponenti.Apple cider vinegar is a unique natural fermented product rich in polyphenols, organic acids and other pharmacologically active components. Due to its beneficial effect on lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, its everyday use is becoming more frequent. Apple cider vinegar also contains biologically relevant metals that are necessary for the proper functioning of the human body. They act as cofactors for many enzymes and possess antioxidant properties. Maintaining their homeostasis in the body is necessary in the prevention of different pathological conditions. The content of individual metals in apple cider vinegar samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Addition of honey and inulin fiber to the apple cider vinegars made it possible to compare the biometals' concentrations of the „basic starter ingredient“, apple cider vinegar, and monitor changes in metal concentrations in the samples with addition of other supplements (honey and inulin). Moreover, the impact of added components on the content of individual metals was also assessed and discussed
Use of polyphenols and pectins from food waste in green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles
No full textSelen je esencijalni kemijski element za zdravlje živih organizama. U obliku nanočestica selen pokazuje veću biološku djelotvornost i manju toksičnost od anorganskog selenita te jednaku biološku učinkovitost, ali smanjenu toksičnost od selenometionina. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je iskoristiti ekstrakte dobivene iz komine mandarine, rajčice i masline u biogenoj sintezi nanočestica selena. U ovom radu sintetizirane su nanočestice selena stabilizirane sirovim i pročišćenim pektinima dobivenim iz komine mandarine i rajčice, a u polovicu uzoraka dodan je ekstrakt komine masline kako bi se proučile mogućnosti dodatne funkcionalizacije sintetiziranih nanosustava u smislu poboljšanja antioksidativne aktivnosti. Dobiveni uzorci karakterizirani su kroz određivanje raspodjele veličine čestica, koncentracije i zeta potencijala (DLS metoda) te određivanjem reduktivne i antiradikalne sposobnosti (TEAC i FC metoda). Također, analizirana je i stabilnost nanosustava ponavljanjem mjerenja veličine čestica, koncentracije i zeta potencijala nakon 2, 5, 9, 20 i 30 dana od početka analize. Uzorci stabilizirani pektinima komine rajčice pokazali su manje vrijednosti veličine čestica te negativniji zeta potencijal u odnosu na uzorke stabilizirane pektinima komine madarine. Uzorci funkcionalizirani dodatkom ekstrakta komine masline pokazali su značajno veće vrijednosti antioksidacijskog potencijala (primjenom obje korištene metode) što pokazuje da je ekstrakt komine masline moćan prirodni antioksidans primjenjiv u biogenoj sintezi nanočestica selena. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi proučiti mogućnosti sinteze nanočestica selena manjih od 100 nm koje bi potencijalno pokazale bolje biološke učinke i veću stabilnost te istražiti biodostupnost i druge aspekte bioloških učinaka nastalih nanosustava.Selenium is a chemical element essential for the health of living organisms. In the form of nanoparticles, selenium shows greater biological effectiveness and smaller toxicity than inorganic selenite, then also equal biological effectiveness, but reduced toxicity than selenomethionine. The objective of this graduate thesis was to use the extracts obtained from the pomace of tangerines, tomatoes and olives in biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. For the purpose of this thesis, synthetised selenium nanoparticles were stabilized using crude and purified pectins obtained from the pomace of tangerines and tomatoes, while in one half of the samples olive pomace extract was added in order to study the possibilities of additional functionalisation of the synthetised nanosystems in terms of improvement of antioxidative activity. The obtained samples were characterized through determining particle size distribution, concentration and zeta potential (DLS method), then through determining reductive and antiradical ability (TEAC and FC method). Also, nanosystem stability was analysed by repeating the measurements of particle size, concentration and zeta potential after 2, 5, 9, 20 and 30 days from the beginning of the analysis. The samples stabilized by tomato pomace pectins showed smaller particle size values and more negative zeta potential in relation to the samples stabilized by tangerine pomace pectins. The samples functionalized with the addition of olive pomace extract showed significantly greater values of antioxidative potential (using both applied methods) which indicates that olive pomace extract is a powerful natural antioxidant applicable in the biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. Future research activities should study the possibilities for synthetising selenium nanoparticles inferior to 100 nm, which would potentially show better biological effects and greater stability, but also explore bioavailability and other aspects of biological effects of the resulting nanosystems
Cytotoxic effect of bisphenol A on onion (Allium cepa L.) root meristem cells
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati fitotiksični i citotoksični učinak bisfenola A (BPA) na korjenčiće običnog
luka (Allium cepa L.). Allium test je osjetljiv test koji omogućuje praćenje fitotoksičnosti (masa svježega tkiva
korjenčića) i citotoksičnosti (mitotski indeks i učestalost pojedine faze staničnog ciklusa) nekoga spoja. Korjenčići
lukovica luka (n = 10) su nakon 48-satnog naklijavnja u destiliranoj vodi izloženi ili otopinama BPA (u
koncentracijskom rasponu 1-50 mg/L) ili destiliranoj vodi (negativna kontrola) kroz 72 sata. Nakon 72-satne izloženosti
otopinama BPA ili destiliranoj vodi, korjenčićima svake od lukovica je izvagana masa svježeg tkiva, a u meristemskim
stanicama korjenčića luka određen je mitotski indeks i učestalost pojedinih faza staničnog ciklusa. Mitotski indeks
određen je kao postotak stanica koje se nalaze u diobi u odnosu na ukupan broj izbrojanih stanica po korjenčiću (n =
500). Dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni korištenjem t-testa (Excel, MS Office). Masa svježeg tkiva korjenčića
tretiranih otopinama BPA (1-50 mg/L) bila je niža u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu te se smanjivala povećanjem
koncentracije BPA. Masa svježeg tkiva korjenčića bila je najniža nakon tretmana s BPA u koncentraciji 50 mg/L (0,282
± 0,044 g) što je bilo značajno niže u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu (0,365 ± 0,088 g; P < 0,05). Povećanjem
koncentracije BPA zabilježen je pad mitotskog indeksa u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu. Najmanja vrijednost mitotskog
indeksa bila je pri koncentraciji BPA 50 mg/L (3,6 ± 0,01 %) što je za 4 % manje u odnosu na negativnu kontrolu (7,5
± 0,01 %; P < 0,05). Učestalost pojedinih faza staničnog ciklusa pratila je promjene mitotskog indeksa te je pri većim
koncentracijama BPA zabilježen i manji broj stanica u telofazi. Rezultati mitotskog indeksa dobro su korelirali s masom
svježeg tkiva korjenčića (r = 0,9348; P < 0,005). Iz dobivenih rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zaključiti da BPA
djeluje fitotoksično i citotoksično na stanice korjenčića luka.The aim of this study was to explore phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) on roots of common
onion (Allium cepa L.). Allium test is a very sensitive test that allows observations of phytotoxicity (roots fresh weight),
and cytotoxicity (mitotic index and frequency of each phase of the cell cycle) of tested compound. After 48 hours of
germination in distilled water, roots of onion bulbs (n = 10) were exposed to BPA (in concentration range 1-50 mg/L)
or to distilled water (negative control) for 72 hours. After 72 hours of exposure to BPA or distilled water, the roots fresh
weight per each bulb was weighted and in root meristem cells mitotic index and frequency of each phase of the cell
cycle were determined. The mitotic index was calculated as the percentage of cells in division in relation to the total
number of counted cells (n = 500). The statistical analysis of results was done by t-test (Excel, MS Office). The fresh
weight of roots exposed to BPA (1-50 mg/L) was lower in comparison to the negative control and decreased with
increase of BPA concentration. The fresh weight of roots was the lowest after exposure to BPA in concentration 50
mg/L (0.282 ± 0.044 g) that was significant in comparison to negative control (0.365 ± 0.088 g; P < 0.05). With an
increase in BPA concentration a decrease in the mitotic index was noted in comparison to negative control. The lowest
value of the mitotic index was at BPA in concentration 50 mg/L (3.6 ± 0.01 %) that is approximately 4 % lower in
comparison to negative control (7.5 ± 0.01 %; P < 0.05). The frequency of cells in each phase of the cell cycle followed
the changes in the mitotic index, and with the increase of BPA concentration fewer cells in telophase were recorded.
The results obtained for mitotic index correlated well with the root fresh weight (r = 0.9348; P < 0.005). From obtained
results it can be concluded that BPA is phytotoxic and cytotoxic to onion root cells
Effect of Calamintha officinalis Moench essential oil and pulegone on pyocyanin synthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
No full textBakterija Pseudomonas aeruginosa je široko rasprostranjen oportunistički patogen koji uzrokuje smrtonosne infekcije kod imunokompromitiranih pacijenata. Infekcije ovom bakterijom predstavljaju značajan izazov za modernu medicinu zbog sve veće učestalosti multirezistentnih sojeva koji ne reagiraju na postojeće antibiotske terapije. Djelovanje na nove faktore virulencije i bakterijsku međustaničnu komunikaciju kao terapijske mete ključno je za unaprjeđenje terapije. Eterična ulja i njihovi aktivni sastojci dokazano imaju antimikrobna djelovanja na koja nije zabilježena rezistencija, ali nisu dovoljno istražena. U ovom radu ispitan je učinak eteričnog ulja biljke Calamintha officinalis Moench i pulegona u odabranim koncentracijama zasebno i u kombinaciji s tobramicinom na rast planktonskih stanica bakterijske kulture Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 i proizvodnju pigmenta piocijanina kao važnog faktora virulencije.
Djelovanje na rast planktonskih bakterijskih stanica određeno je mjerenjem optičke gustoće kulture pri 600 nm. Učinak na proizvodnju piocijanina određen je mjerenjem apsorbancije ekstrahiranog piocijanina i normaliziranjem vrijednosti prema broju bakterijskih stanica. Rezultati pokazuju da eterično ulje biljne vrste Calamintha officinalis Moench i pulegon u koncentraciji od 0,5 mg/mL učinkovito inhibiraju rast stanica bakterije Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, samostalno, ali i u kombinaciji s tobramicinom u koncentraciji 0,5 mg/L s kojim djeluju sinergistički. Također je pokazano da pri korištenim koncentracijama ni eterično ulje biljne vrste Calamintha officinalis Moench ni pulegon ne djeluju inhibitorno na proizvodnju piocijanina. U kombinaciji s tobramicinom djeluju antagonistički na proizvodnju piocijanina. Ovaj rad pridonosi sveobuhvatnijem razumijevanju djelovanja eteričnih ulja i njihovih sastavnica na bakteriju Pseudomonas aeruginosa s ciljem unaprjeđenja terapijskih mogućnosti liječenja infekcija ovom bakterijom.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that causes fatal infections in immunocompromised patients. Infections with these bacteria represent a significant challenge for modern medicine due to the increasing frequency of multidrug-resistant strains that do not respond to existing antibiotic therapies. Targeting new virulence factors and bacterial intercellular communication as therapeutic targets is a key to improving treatment. Essential oils and their active ingredients have been shown to have antimicrobial effects with no resistance reported, but they have not been sufficiently studied. In this work, the effect of Calamintha officinalis Moench essential oil and pulegon separately, and in combination with tobramycin, on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 planktonic bacterial cells and the synthesis of pyocyanin pigment as an important virulence factor was investigated.
The effect on planktonic growth was determined by measuring the optical density of the culture at 600 nm. The effect on pyocyanin synthesis was determined by measuring pyocyanin absorption and normalizing the value according to the number of bacterial cells. The results showed that the Calamintha officinalis Moench essential oil and pulegon at a concentration of 0,5 mg/mL effectively inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 separately, but also sinergistically in combination with 0,5 mg/L tobramycin in. It has also been shown that, at the concentrations used, neither the Calamintha officinalis Moench essential oil nor pulegon have an inhibitory effect on pyocyanin synthesis. In combination with tobramycin both have an antagonistic effect on piocyanin production. This work contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of antimicrobial and anti QS effects of the essential oils and their constituents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the aim of improving the therapeutic possibilities for treating these bacterial infections
Determination of phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of bisphenol A on onion (Allium cepa L.)
No full textBisfenol A (BPA) je organski spoj koji se koristi u proizvodnji epoksidnih smola i polikarbonata koji su glavne
komponente predmeta u svakodnevnoj upotrebi. Dosadašnja istraživanja su dokazala njegov toksični učinak na okoliš i
ljudsko zdravlje pa je glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati fitotoksični i genotoksični učinak BPA na meristemske
stanice korjenčića luka (Allium cepa L). Allium test ima niz prednosti u istraživanju kao što su jednostavnost rukovanja,
veličina i broj kromosoma koji su praktični za analizu kromosomskih aberacija te povoljna cijena. Nakon naklijavanja
(dva dana) korjenčići luka (n = 10) bili su izloženi ili BPA (u koncentracijskom rasponu 1-50 mg/L) ili destiliranoj vodi
(kontrola) kroz tri dana. Nakon tri dana, pregledana je morfologija korjenčića, izmjerena duljina korjenčića te su
pripremljeni mikroskopski preparati meristemskih stanica korjenčića luka u kojima je praćena pojava kromosomskih
oštećenja i mikronukleusa. Dobiveni rezultati statistički su obrađeni t-testom (Excel, MS Office), a razina značajnosti
postavljena je na p < 0,05. Trodnevni tretman s BPA doveo je do smanjenja produžnog rasta korjenčića te je već nakon
tretmana s najnižom ispitivanom koncentracijom (1 mg/L) zabilježena značajno manja duljina korjenčića u odnosu na
kontrolu (4,07 ± 0,33 cm vs. 4,61 ± 0,38 cm; p < 0,05). Također, trodnevni tretman s BPA utjecao je i na izgled korjenčića
te su s porastom koncentracije BPA korjenčići postali mekši, nepravilni i uvinuti u odnosu na kontrolu. Mikroskopska
analiza meristemskih stanica korjenčića luka pokazala je da je trodnevni tretman s BPA doveo do pojave kromosomski
oštećenja. S porastom koncentracije BPA povećala se učestalost pojave kromosomskih oštećenja kao što su gubitak
kromosoma, lomovi kromosoma i anafazni mostovi. U interfaznim jezgrama meristemskih stanica luka nakon
trodnevnog tretmana s BPA zabilježena je pojava mikronukleusa i jezgrinih pupova te je njihova učestalost rasla s
povećanjem koncentracije BPA. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da BPA ima fitotoksični i genotoksični, ali i
potencijalno mutageni učinak na korjenčiće luka.Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound used for production of epoxy resins and polycarbonates that are main
components of items used in everyday life. Investigations conducted by now demonstrated its toxicity. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to test phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of BPA on meristem cells of onion (Allium cepa L.) roots.
The Allium test has number of advantages such as simple handling, size and number of chromosomes which make
analysis of chromosome aberrations easy, as well as affordable price. After two-day germination, roots of onion bulbs
(n = 10) were exposed to either BPA (in the concentration range of 1-50 mg/L) or distilled water (control) for three days.
After three days, the morphology of the roots was examined, and the length of the roots was measured. Additionally,
microscopic slides of meristem cells of the onion roots were prepared, in which chromosome aberrations and
micronucleus were monitored. The obtained results were statistically analyzed by a t-test (Excel, MS Office), and the
level of significance is set to p < 0.05. Three-day treatment with BPA reduced root length and the lowest BPA
concentration (1 mg/L) significantly reduced root length compared to the control (4.07 ± 0.33 cm vs. 4.61 ± 0.38 cm; p
< 0.05). Additionally, a three-day treatment with BPA had effect on the roots’ appearance; with an increase in the
concentration of BPA the roots became softer, irregular, and twisted in comparison to the control. Analysis of onion
roots meristem cells revealed that a three-day treatment with BPA led to the chromosome aberrations. The frequency of
chromosome damage such as loss of chromosome, chromosome-breaks and anaphase bridges increased with the increase of BPA concentration. In meristem cells in the interphase treatment with BPA induce formation of micronucleus and
nuclear buds, and their frequency increased with an increase in BPA concentration. The results of this study demonstrate
that BPA has phytotoxic and genotoxic, but also potentially mutagenic effect on onion roots cells
Phytochemical characterisation of fruits and leaves of Myrtus communis L.
No full textU okviru ovog diplomskog rada istražen je fitokemijski sastav etanolnih i vodenih ekstrakata te eteričnih ulja
plodova i listova biljne vrste Myrtus communis L. Primjenom tankoslojne kromatografijom dokazana je
prisutnost flavonoida i antocijana u ekstraktima te terpena u eteričnim uljima. Spektrofotometrijskim
metodama je određen sadržaj ukupnih polifenola i različitih skupina polifenolnih sastavnica u etanolnim (70
% V/V) i vodenim ekstraktima plodova i listova mirte dobivenih ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom. Dobiveni
rezultati su pokazali da je etanol (70 % V/V) u usporedbi s vodom bolje ekstrakcijsko otapalo za izolaciju
flavonoida, trjeslovina i antocijana iz biljnog materijala. U etanolnom ekstraktu listova je određen najveći
udio polifenola (18,9 %) te ukupnih trjeslovina (14,1 %) i flavonoida (3,4 %). Visoki udio ukupnih polifenola
i trjeslovina (17,8 % i 13,4 %) određen je također u vodenom ekstraktu listova. Etanolni ekstrakt plodova je
bio bogat izvor antocijana (4,8 %) i kondenziranih trjeslovina (2,9 %). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza
eteričnih ulja plodova i listova mirte izoliranih hidrodestilacijom provedena je u vezanom sustavu plinski
kromatograf-spektrometar masa (GC-MS). Ukupno je identificirano 34 različita spoja koji su činili 97 % ulja.
U oba eterična ulja dominirali su monoterpeni (80,6 % i 92,8 %). Najzastupljenije sastavnice eteričnog ulja
plodova su bile mirtenil-acetat (27,5 %), 1,8-cineol (11,8 %) i geranil-acetat (10,1 %) dok je u eteričnom ulju
listova najviše bilo 1,8-cineola (48,6 %) i α-pinena (12,3 %).In this diploma thesis, a study of the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic and water extracts, as well
as essential oils of Myrtus communis L. berries and leaves was conducted. The presence of flavonoids and
anthocyanins in the extracts and terpenes in the essential oils was detected by thin-layer chromatography. The
contents of total polyphenols and different polyphenolic components in the ethanolic (70 % V/V) and water
extracts of myrtle berries and leaves obtained by ultrasonic extraction was determined
spectrophotometrically. The obtained results showed that ethanol (70 % V/V) is a better extraction solvent
than water for the isolation of the flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins from the plant material. The highest
amount of total polyphenols (18.9 %), tannins (14.1 %) and flavonoids (3.4 %) was detected in the ethanolic
extract of myrtle leaves. High contents of total polyphenols and tannins (17.8 % and 13.4 %) were also
determined in the leaf water extract. The ethanolic extract of the berries was a rich source of anthocyanins
(4.8 %) and condensed tannins (2.9 %). A qualitative and quantitative analysis of essential oils of myrtle
berries and leaves isolated by hydrodistillation was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). Thirty four different compounds were identified, which accounted for 97 % of the total oils. Both
essential oils were characterized by a high percentage of the monoterpene fraction (80.6 % and 92.8 %). The
most abundant compounds of the berries essential oil were myrtenyl acetate (27.5 %), 1,8-cineole (11.8 %)
and geranyl acetate (10.1 %), while 1,8-cineole (48.6 %) and α-pinene (12.3 %) were the main constituents
of the leaves essential oil