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    Resistance of species Aspergillus series Versicolores to antimycotics

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    Vrste roda Aspergillus, koje se često pojavljuju kao uzročnici oportunističkih mikoza (npr. A. flavus i A. fumigatus), pokazuju visoki stupanj rezistencije na antimikotike. S obzirom da su vrste serije Versicolores dominantni aspergili unutarnjeg prostora, posebice u vlažnim uvjetima, postavlja se pitanje njihove uloge u nastanku oportunističkih mikoza i osjetljivosti na antimikotike, o čemu ima vrlo malo podataka u znanstvenoj literaturi. Stoga su ciljevi ovog rada bili: 1) oblikovati “in-house” ključ za determinaciju vrsta serije Versicolores na temelju morfologije kolonija u različitim uvjetima što može olakšati identifikacijski postupak; 2) ispitati osjetljivost izolata iz unutarnjih prostora Hrvatske na antimikotike koji se primjenjuju u sistemskim mikozama. U sklopu ispitivanja morfoloških karakteristika kolonije su uzgajane 7 dana u tami na 6 različitih hranjivih podloga (CYA, CYA20, DG-18, DRBC, MEA i SGA) te je razvijen je morfološki ključ za prepoznavanje vrsta iz serije Versicolores. Sve ispitane vrste aspergila iz serije Versicolores dobro podnose smanjen aktivitet vode u podlozi. Potrebno je najmanje 7 dana rasta kolonija za morfološku karakterizaciju i očitavanje vrste iz serije Versicolores. Podloge koje omogućuju najbolju diferencijaciju među vrstama te bi se mogle koristiti u fenotipskoj identifikaciji su: CYA, CYA20 i DRBC. Ispitivanje osjetljivosti serije na antimikotike provedeno je disk-difuzijskom metodom na prilagođenom Mueller-Hinton agaru s dodanom glukozom i metilenskim modrilom. Dobiveni rezultati su u skladu s postojećim podatcima o rezistenciji vrsta iz roda Aspergillus. Utvrđena je rezistencija svih vrsta na kaspofungin te su predloženi mogući mehanizmi rezistencije. Prijavljena je gotovo poptuna rezistencija serije na amfotericin B, koja bi mogla biti regionalno prisutna i potvrđena je intrinzična rezistencija na flukonazol. Osjetljivost na ostale triazolne antimikotike bila je raznovrsna, a primijećen je trend pojave rezistencije na vorikonazol i itrakonazol. Najveću učinkovitost imao je posakonazol sa osjetljivošću svih ispitanih izolata, zatim itrakonazol sa samo 5 rezistentnih izolata od 20 ispitanih, dok je najslabiju učinkovitost imao vorikonazol sa 12 rezistentnih izolata na 20 ispitanih.Species of the genus Aspergillus, which often appear as causative agents of opportunistic mycoses (e.g., A. flavus and A. fumigatus), show a high degree of resistance to antifungals. Given that species of the Versicolores series are dominant indoor aspergilli, especially in humid conditions, the question of their role in the occurrence of opportunistic mycoses and their sensitivity to antimycotics arises, about which there is very little information in previous literature. Therefore, the goals of this research were: 1) to create an "in-house" key for the determination of the species belonging to Versicolores series based on the morphology of the colonies in different conditions, which can facilitate the identification process; 2) to test the susceptibility of the isolates present in indoor environment in Croatia to antifungal drugs used in treating systemic mycoses. As a part of the morphological characteristics examination, the colonies were grown for 7 days in the dark and on 6 different media (CYA, CYA20, DG-18, DRBC, MEA and SGA). As a result, a morphological key was developed to identify species from the Versicolores series. All tested types of aspergilli from the Versicolores series tolerate reduced water activity in the substrate well. A minimum of 7 days of colony growth is required for morphological characterization and identification of species from the Versicolores series. The best suited media for differentiation between species and for potential use in phenotypic identification are CYA, CYA20 and DRBC. Antifungal susceptibility test was performed by disc-diffusion method on modified Mueller-Hinton agar with added glucose and methylene blue dye. The obtained results correspond with the existing data on the resistance of species from the genus Aspergillus. Resistance of all species to caspofungin was determined and possible mechanisms of resistance were proposed. Resistance to amphotericin B was present in almost all tested species, which could be regionally present. Intrinsic resistance to fluconazole has been confirmed. Susceptibility to other triazole antifungals varied and a trend of resistance to voriconazole and itraconazole was observed. Posaconazole was the most effective with all tested isolates being susceptible, followed by itraconazole with only 5 resistant isolates out of 20 tested. Least effective was voriconazole with 12 resistant isolates out of 20 subjects

    Brief analytical verification of the method for determination of PIVKA-II concentration in human serum

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    PIVKA-II (engl. Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence-II or Antagonist-II) abnormalni je oblik protrombina koji se sintetizira u stanju nedostatka vitamina K ili u prisutnosti njegovog antagonista koji inhibira aktivnost enzima gama-karboksilaze ovisne o vitaminu K. Povišene koncentracije PIVKA-II u neoplastičnim stanicama hepatocelularnog karcinoma (HCC) nastaju kao posljedica oštećenog procesa karboksilacije protrombinskog prekursora. U složenom procesu hepatokarcinogeneze PIVKA-II pospješuje staničnu proliferaciju, tumorski rast te pojavu metastaza. Nakon svoga otkrića ova je molekula postala predmetom istraživanja, a njene analitičke odlike poput zadovoljavajuće osjetljivosti i specifičnosti čine je optimalnim tumorskim biljegom u dijagnostici, nadzoru i liječenju HCC-a, bolesti koja bilježi visoku incidenciju i visoku stopu smrtnosti. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je procijeniti prihvatljivost analitičke metode za kvantitativno određivanje PIVKA-II u humanom serumu na analizatoru Snibe Maglumi 800 procesom verifikacije prije nego ona postane dio rutinskog rada u laboratoriju Kliničke bolnice Dubrava. Za određivanje koncentracije PIVKA-II korištena je kemiluminiscentna imunometoda (CLIA), a verifikacija metode provedena je prema CLSI EP15-A2 smjernicama koristeći dva kontrolna uzorka čija se koncentracija mjerila u triplikatu tijekom 5 dana mjerenja. Proces verifikacije uključivao je procjenu preciznosti, točnosti, mjerne nesigurnosti te usporedbu s metodom implementiranom u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Rijeka. Ostvareni rezultati za preciznost, točnost te srednju ukupnu pogrešku zadovoljili su postavljene kriterije prihvatljivosti. Rezultati usporedbe ispitivane metode s postojećom metodom prikazani Bland-Altmanovim prikazom te Passing-Bablockovom regresijskom analizom ne pokazuju postojanje ni konstantne niti proporcionalne pogreške koje bi bile statistički značajne. Međutim, uočen je nesklad u rezultatima kod nekih pacijenata zbog primjene različitih metoda određivanja istog analita što je dokaz neusporedivnosti imunokemijskih metoda. Kako bi se izbjegao rizik od klinički različitog tumačenja rezultata, potrebno je svakog pacijenta laboratorijski pratiti uvijek istom metodom. Na temelju rezultata verifikacije, zaključuje se da novouvedena metoda kvantitativnog određivanja PIVKA-II u serumu zadovoljava postavljene kriterije prihvatljivosti te se kao takva može koristiti u rutinskom laboratorijskom radu.PIVKA-II (Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence-II or Antagonist-II) is an abnormal form of prothrombin that is synthesized in the state of vitamin K deficiency or in the presence of its antagonist that inhibits the activity of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Elevated concentrations of PIVKA-II in neoplastic cells of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur as a result of a damaged process of carboxylation of the prothrombin precursor. In the complex process of hepatocarcinogenesis PIVKA-II promotes cell proliferation, tumor growth and the occurrence of metastases. After its discovery, this molecule became the subject of research, and its analytical features, such as satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, make it an optimal tumor marker in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of HCC, a disease with a high incidence and high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to assess the acceptability of the analytical method for the quantitative determination of PIVKA-II in human serum on the Snibe Maglumi 800 analyzer through the verification process before it becomes a part of the routine work in the laboratory of the Clinical Hospital Dubrava. The chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) was used for determination of PIVKA-II concentration, and verification of the method was performed according to CLSI EP15-A2 guidelines using two control samples whose concentration was measured in triplicate during 5 days of measurement. The verification process included an assessment of precision, accuracy, measurement uncertainty and a comparison with the method implemented in Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka. The achieved results for precision, accuracy and mean total error met the set acceptance criteria. The results of the comparison of the tested method with the existing method shown by the Bland-Altman representation and the Passing-Bablock regression analysis do not show the existence of either constant or proportional error that would be statistically significant. However, a discrepancy was observed in the results of some patients due to the application of different methods of determination of the same analyte, which is proof of the incomparability of immunochemical methods. In order to avoid the risk of different clinical interpretation of the results, it is necessary to always monitor each patient using the same method in the laboratory. Based on the verification results, it is concluded that the newly introduced method of quantitative determination of PIVKA-II in serum meets the set acceptance criteria and can be used in routine laboratory work

    Analysis of thrombin generation in patients with von Willebrand's disease

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    Von Willebrandova bolest je najčešći poremećaj zgrušavanja krvi uzrokovan manjkom ili patološkom promjenom VWF. Cilj ovog rada bio je određivanje stvaranja trombina u bolesnika s VWB pomoću komercijalno dostupnog testa TGA RB na analizatoru Ceveron®s100 serije (Technoclone, Beč, Austrija), odnosno utvrditi vrijednost navedenog testa u dijagnostici VWB. Analizirani su uzorci 72 ispitanika s kliničkom sumnjom na VWB koji su podijeljeni u 5 osnovnih skupina: tip 1 VWB (N=21), tip 2 VWB (N=23), tip 3 VWB (N=7), „niski VWF“ (N=6) i bolesnici bez dokazane mutacije u genu za VWF (N=15). Parametri testa TGA RB (tLag, tPeak, Peak, VI i AUC) uspoređivani su između skupina ispitanika sa i bez VWB. Analizirani rezultati ukazuju na postojanje statistički značajne razlike izmjerenih parametara ovisno o prisutnosti bolesti, ali i o samom tipu bolesti. Dodatnom analizom ispitivanih parametara testa TGA RB s obzirom na krvno srodstvo ispitanika utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za Peak i VI između pojedinih obitelji. Ispitana je korelacija ispitivanih parametara TGA RB s VWF:Ag, aktivnosti VWF, APTV-om i aktivnosti FVIII. Analizom je utvrđena slaba ili umjerena do dobra povezanost svih izmjerenih parametara s VWF:Ag, aktivnosti VWF, APTV-om i aktivnosti FVIII (uz izuzetak aktivnosti VWF i AUC). Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je kako brzina stvaranja trombina ovisi o tome boluje li ispitivana osoba od VWB ili je zdrava, a i tip VWB utječe na brzinu stvaranja trombina. Utvrđeno je da stvaranje trombina ovisi o krvnom srodstvu, vidljive su statistički značajne razlike za pik trombina i VI između pojedinih obitelji. Parametri TGA RB pokazuju dobru korelaciju s parametrima koji se koriste u rutinskoj dijagnostici VWB te bi se na temelju dobivenih rezultata i sam test TGA RB mogao koristiti za probir bolesnika s VWB.Von Willebrand's disease is the most common blood clotting disorder caused by a lack or pathological change of VWF. The aim of this work was to determine thrombin generation in patients with VWD using the commercially available TGA RB test on the Ceveron®s100 series analyzer (Technoclone, Vienna, Austria), that is, to determine the value of the said test in the diagnosis of VWD. Samples of 72 subjects with clinical suspicion of VWD were analyzed and divided into 5 basic groups: type 1 VWD (N=21), type 2 VWD (N=23), type 3 VWD (N=7), "low VWF" ( N=6) and patients without a proven mutation in the VWF gene (N=15). TGA RB test parameters (tLag, tPeak, Peak, VI and AUC) were compared between groups of subjects with and without VWD. The obtained results indicate the existence of a statistically significant difference in the measured parameters depending on the presence of the disease, but also on the type of disease itself. An additional analysis of the examined parameters of TGA RB was made with regard to the blood relationship of the subjects. A statistically significant difference is visible for Peak and VI between individual families. The correlation of the tested TGA RB parameters with VWF:Ag, VWF activity, APTV and FVIII activity was examined. The analysis revealed a weak or moderate to good correlation of all measured parameters with VWF:Ag, VWF activity, APTV and FVIII activity (with the exception of VWF activity and AUC). The obtained results show that the rate of thrombin generation depends on whether the person tested is suffering from VWD or is healthy, and the type of VWD affects the rate of thrombin generation. It was established that the formation of thrombin depends on the blood relationship, statistically significant differences are visible for the thrombin peak and VI between individual families. The TGA RB parameters are showing a good correlation with the parameters used in the routine diagnosis of VWD, and based on the obtained results, the TGA RB itself could be used to screen patients with VWD

    Optimization of high-throughput method for N-glycosylation analysis of human alpha-1 acid glycoprotein

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    Alfa-1 kiseli glikoprotein (AGP) izrazito je glikoziliran serumski protein akutne faze koji sadrži pet vezanih N-glikana kompleksnog tipa na polipeptidnoj okosnici. Promjene u glikozilaciji AGP-a prisutne u raznim fiziološkim i patofiziološkim stanjima. Nedavno je razvijena nova ekonomski isplativa visokoprotočna metoda koja omogućuje precizno i sveobuhvatno određivanje N-glikanskog profila AGP-a iz malog volumena krvnog seruma ili plazme. Navedenom metodom pokazalo se da je N-glikanski profil stabilan kod zdravih pojedinaca, a promjene u njegovoj N-glikozilaciji bi mogle poslužiti kao novi biomarker u prepoznavanju osoba s povećanim rizikom za razvoj diabetes mellitusa tipa II. AGP se obogaćuje iz uzorka precipitacijom seromukoidne frakcije nakon koje slijedi redukcija, alkilacija i tripsinizacija te daljnje obogaćivanje glikopeptida pomoću ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (HILIC-SPE). Dobiveni glikopeptidi analiziraju se obrnuto faznom kromatografijom spregnutom s masenim spektrometrom čime se dobiva detaljan uvid u glikanski profil svakog N-glikozilacijskog mjesta AGP-a. Prilikom provođenja metode na velikom broju uzoraka, kod nekih je primijećen smanjen intenzitet signala glikozilacijskog mjesta III. Kako bi se utvrdio uzrok navedenog odstupanja ispitan je utjecaj koncentracije tripsina i udjela ACN-a u mobilnoj fazi HILIC-SPE na intenzitet glikozilacijskog mjesta III. Utjecaj tripsina je ispitan zbog otpornosti AGP-a na tripsinizaciju, dok je povećanje udjela ACN-a u mobilnoj fazi razmotreno zbog velikog udjela hidrofobnog peptidnog djela koji bi mogao smanjiti afinitet prema polarnoj stacionarnoj fazi prilikom obogaćivanja ekstrakcijom na čvrstoj fazi. Promjena koncentracije tripsina nije utjecala na intenzitet signala, dok je povećanje udjela ACN-a u koraku obogaćivanja pojačalo intenzitet signala glikozilacijskog mjesta od interesa. Ove promjene u protokolu (osim prilikom korištenja pet puta veće koncentracije tripsina od standardne) smanjile su preciznost u odnosu na standardnu metodu, što u konačnici nije pogodno za optimizaciju metode. U budućem radu potrebno je ispitati druge stacionarne faze koje bi bile prikladne za korištenje prilikom HILIC-SPE ili neke druge metode obogaćivanja koje bi osim povećanje intenziteta signala glikozilacijskog mjesta III zadovoljile uvjete preciznosti metode u odnosu na standardni postupak.Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute-phase plasma protein with high carbohydrate content attached in the form of five N-linked complex glycans. Altered glycosilation of AGP occurs in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Recently, a cost-effective method for a high-throughput detailed AGP N-glycosylation profiling was developed, which provides site-specific glycosylation information from a small volume of blood serum or plasma. Using the method, it was demonstrated that N-glycan profile of AGP is stable in a healthy individual and that changes in N-glycan profile could help distinguish individuals who are at risk of type 2 diabetes. AGP is enriched from blood plasma by acid precipitation of seromucoid fraction, after which it undergoes reduction, alkylation and trypsinization to be further enriched using solid-phase extraction (HILIC-SPE). Glycopeptides obtained by this process are then analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography paired with electrospray ionization-MS. During the implementation of the method on large cohorts, reduced intensity of glycosylation site III signal was observed in a certain number of measurements. To determine the cause of irregularity, influence of trypsin concentration and increased concentration of acetonitrile in HILIC mobile phase on intensity of glycosylation site III signal was evaluated. The effect of trypsin was evaluated due to AGP being resistant to conventional tryptic digestion, whereas a higher concentration of ACN was investigated because of an extensive amount of hydrophobic peptide moiety of glycosylation site III which could lower the affinity towards the stationary phase in HILIC-SPE enrichment The change in trypsin concentration didn't affect the intensity of the signal, whereas a higher concentration of ACN has enhanced the signal intensity of the glycosylation site of interest. These changes in the protocol (except for the trypsin concentration that was five times higher than the standard) have resulted in decreased precision compared to the standard method. This decrease is not suitable for the method optimisation. In further research, other stationary phases that could be suitable for HILIC-SPE enrichment or different enrichment methods should be tested in order to find a method that would also meet the precision criteria while increasing the signal intensity of the glycosylation site III

    Biological activities of black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) aerial parts extracts in polypropylene glycol

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    Starenje kože složen je biološki proces koji se ubrzava pod utjecajem oksidativnog stresa uzrokovanog različitim nepovoljnim okolišnim čimbenicima. Kako bi se umanjio utjecaj oksidativnog stresa na starenje kože, savjetuje se primjena kozmetičkih proizvoda bogatih antioksidansima. Obzirom da sintetski antioksidansi često uzrokuju neželjene reakcije, poput iritacijskog kontaktnog dermatitisa, sve se više istražuju antioksidativni učinci raznih biljnih ekstrakata. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je spektrofotometrijski odrediti sadržaj ukupnih polifenola, flavonoida i fenolnih kiselina u polipropilenglikolnim ekstraktima zeleni vrste M. lupulina. U svrhu potencijalne primjene navedenih ekstrakata u kozmetičkim proizvodima, ispitana je njihova antiradikalna aktivnost korištenjem DPPH metode, sposobnost keliranja Fe2+ iona te inhibitorni učinak na tirozinazu. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je ekstrakt dobiven korištenjem 10 %-tnog polipropilenglikola kao ekstrakcijskog otapala bogatiji ispitivanim spojevima te pokazuje bolju kelirajuću aktivnost od ekstrakta dobivenog korištenjem 50 %-tnog polipropilenglikola. Ekstrakti su pokazali relativno slab antiradikalni i kelirajući učinak. Ekstrakt bogatiji fenolnim sastavnicama bio je slabiji hvatač slobodnih radikala, ali je pokazao bolju kelirajuću aktivnost. Ekstrakti su pokazali slabo inhibitorno djelovanje na tirozinazu. Provedena istraživanja pokazala su stanoviti potencijal ove biljne vrste za primjenu u kozmetici, ali za donošenje konačnih zaključaka potrebno je provesti detaljnije studije.Skin aging is a complex biological process that is accelerated under the influence of oxidative stress caused by different unfavourable environmental factors. To reduce the influence of oxidative stress on skin aging, cosmetic products rich in antioxidants are recommended to be used. Bearing in mind that synthetic antioxidants often cause adverse reactions such as irritable contact dermatitis, newer research is based on exploring antioxidative effects of different plant extracts. The aim of this study was to spectrophotometrically determine the total phenolic, flavonoid and phenolic acids content in polypropylene glycol extracts of M. lupulina aerial parts. Furthermore, to determine the potential use of these extracts in cosmetic products, their antiradical activity was investigated using DPPH method, as well as Fe2+-chelating activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The tested extracts showed a rather low antiradical and chelating activity. The extract richer in phenolic components was a weaker scavenger of free radicals but showed better chelating activity. Extracts have shown poor inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. Research has shown a certain potential of this plant species for use in cosmetics, but more detailed studies need to be carried out to draw definitive conclusions

    Possibilities of using tomato waste as a nutraceutical

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    Tijekom uzgoja i industrijske prerade rajčice stvaraju se velike količine otpada koji se sastoji od kore, sjemenki i ostataka pulpe. Ovaj otpad bogat je bioaktivnim spojevima kao što su karotenoidi (posebno likopen i beta karoten), polifenoli i pektini koji pokazuju niz pozitivnih učinaka na zdravlje ljudi pa se stoga mogu koristiti kao nutraceutici i/ili prirodni aditivi u farmaceutskoj ili prehrambenoj industriji za poboljšanje organoleptičkih svojstava i kvalitete hrane. Antioksidativna svojstva, protuupalno djelovanje i kemoprevencija najvažniji su biološki učinci polifenola i karotenoida pri čemu beta-karoten dodatno posjeduje i aktivnost provitamina A. Djelovanje pektina povezuje se s pozitivnim učincima na zdravlje probavnog sustava te prevencijom ateroskleroze i pretilosti, stoga je potražnja za navedenim spojevima u konstantnom porastu. Razvojem i optimizacijom održivih procesa ekstrakcije polifenola, karotenoida i pektina iz komine rajčice smanjio bi se trošak i ekološki otisak proizvodnje rajčice, ali i spomenutih bioaktivnih sastavnica. Ekstrakcijske tehnike koje se u tom smislu najviše istražuju su konvencionalna ekstrakcija vrućom razrijeđenom kiselinom za pektin, dok se za ekstrakciju polifenola i karotenoida najčešće primjenjuju zelene ekstrakcijske tehnike kao što su ekstrakcija potpomognuta mikrovalovima te ekstrakcija potpomognuta ultrazvukom (koje karakteriziraju veći prinosi uz primjenu netoksičnih otapala). Uvođenje i optimizacija navedenih procesa na industrijsku razinu i pojednostavljivanje zakonske regulative vezane uz nutraceutike i novu hranu dobivenu iz sekundarnih sirovina rezultirali bi značajnim ekonomsko-ekološkim benefitima i značajno doprinijeli implementaciji principa kružne ekonomije u sektoru proizvodnje hrane i dodataka prehrani.During the cultivation and industrial processing of tomatoes, large amounts of waste consisting of peel, seeds and pulp remains are generated. This waste is rich in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids (especially lycopene and beta carotene), polyphenols and pectins that show a number of positive effects on human health and can therefore be used as nutraceuticals and/or natural additives in the pharmaceutical or food industry to improve organoleptic properties and food quality. Antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory action and chemoprevention are the most important biological effects of polyphenols and carotenoids, with beta-carotene also possessing provitamin A activity. The activity of pectin is associated with positive effects on health of digestive system and prevention of atherosclerosis and obesity Therefore, the demand for these compounds is constantly increasing. The development and optimization of sustainable processes for the extraction of polyphenols, carotenoids and pectin from tomato pomace would reduce the cost and ecological footprint of tomato production, as well as the aforementioned bioactive components. The most researched extraction techniques in this regard are conventional extraction with hot dilute acid for pectin, while for the extraction of polyphenols and carotenoids, green extraction techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction (which are characterized by higher yields using non-toxic solvents) are most often used. The introduction and optimization of mentioned processes at the industrial level and the simplification of the legal regulations related to nutraceuticals and new food obtained from secondary raw materials would result in significant economic and environmental benefits and significantly contribute to the implementation of the principles of the circular economy in the sector of food production and nutritional supplements

    Stress and the gastrointestinal system: pathophysiology and treatment options

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    Stres izaziva značajne poremećaje u gastrointestinalnom sustavu što rezultira pojavom funkcionalnih bolesti poput funkcionalne dispepsije, upalnih bolesti crijeva (ulceroznog kolitisa ili Crohnove bolesti) i sindroma iritabilnog kolona. Iako se farmakoterapija obično koristi kao primarna terapijska metoda za ove bolesti, ona je simptomatska i može imati brojne nuspojave, interakcije s drugim lijekovima i visoke troškove. Ipak, sve veći broj dokaza upućuje na učinkovitost alternativnih mjera u smanjenju utjecaja stresa na gastrointestinalni sustav. Te mjere uključuju primjenu probiotika, prebiotika, transplantaciju fekalne mikrobiote, promjenu obrasca prehrane, kognitivno-bihevioralnu terapiju, mindfulness, akupunkturu, hipnoterapiju i psihoterapiju. No, unatoč sigurnosti i niskim troškovima ovih alternativnih pristupa, često se zanemaruju u svakodnevnoj praksi ljekarničkog savjetovanja. Napisani diplomski rad opisuje poznate mehanizme kojima stres uzrokuje poremećaje u gastrointestinalnom sustavu, kao i bolesti koje se javljaju kao rezultat dugotrajne izloženosti stresu. Također, u diplomskom radu se obraća pažnja i na alternativne metode za koje postoje dokazi o njihovoj učinkovitosti u liječenju poremećaja GIT-a. Cilj podrobnog provedenog istraživanja literature kojim je napisan diplomski rad je podići svijest ljekarnika o vezi između stresa i gastrointestinalnog sustava te o alternativnim pristupima koji se mogu primijeniti prilikom savjetovanja pacijenata u ljekarnama s ciljem pružanja cjelovitih informacija vezanih za funkcionalne bolesti GIT-a kao i podršku pacijentima u vezi upravljanjem stresom i očuvanjem zdravlja gastrointestinalnog sustava.Stress causes significant disorders in gastrointestinal tract whitch results in appearance of functional diseases such as functional dyspepsia, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Chron`s disease) and irritable bowel syndrome. Although pharmacotherapy is usually used as primary therapeutic method in this diseases, it is symptomatic, can cause various side effects, interactions with other drugs and also it is highly priced. However, a growing body of evidence point to effectiveness of alternative measures in reducing the impact of stress on the gastrointestinal system. These measaures include implementation of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, change in diet, cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness, acupuncture, hypnotherapy and psychotherapy. However, despite the safety and low costs of these alternative approaches, they are often neglected in the daily practice of pharmacy counseling. Written thesis describes the known mechanisms by which stress causes disordes in the gastrointestinal system, as well as diseases that occur as the result of long-term exposure to stress. Furthermore, the thesis pays attention to alternative methods for which there is evidence of their effectiveness in the treatment of GIT disorders. The aim of the detailed literature research used to write this thesis is raising the pharmacists' awareness about the connection between stress and the gastrointestinal system as well about alternative approaches that can be applied when counseling patients in pharmacies with the aim of providing complete information related to functional diseases of the GIT as well as patient support in relation to stress managament and maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal system

    Procjena ekološke prikladnosti farmakopejskih metoda za analizu lijekova u terapiji upalnih bolesti crijeva

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    Cilj istraživanja: Uporaba zelenih analitičkih metoda još uvijek je ograničena u farmaceutskom području, posebice u aktivnostima kontrole kvalitete. Ozelenjavanje analitičkih metoda postalo je od velikog interesa u području farmaceutske analize kako bi se zaštitilo zdravlje operatera i okoliš. Metode po kojima se ispituju djelatne tvari, dio gotovih lijekova i dr. propisane su farmakopejama, stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja na modelu izabranih djelatnih tvari ispitati koliko su zelene metode za određivanje sadržaja i onečišćenja tih tvari u Europskoj farmakopeji. Materijal i metode: Vršena je procjena zelenosti metoda opisanih za određivanje sadržaja i onečišćenja za šest lijekova iz skupine imunosupresiva i 5-aminosalicilata, azatioprina, merkaptopurina, mesalazina, sulfasalazina, budesonida i osalazina prema moografijama Europske farmakopeje 10.3. Zelenost opisanih metoda određena je koristeći dva slobodno dostupna alata AGREE i AMGS. Viši AGREE i niži AMGS zbir znače zeleniju metodu. Dobiveni rezultati alata za izračun zelenosti metoda su pojedinačno opisani, a za usporedbu rezultata dvaju alata korišten je test Spearmanove korelacije. Statistička značajnost je postavljena na p < 0,05. Statistička analiza je napravljena koristeći softver MedCalc verzija19.1.2 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgija). Rezultati: AGREE zbir za metode određivanja sadržaja bio je u rasponu od 0,38 do 0,54 i postizao viši zbir za titrimetrijske metode. AGREE za metode određivanja onečišćenja se kretao od 0,33 do 0,43. Sukladno izračunima prema AGREE može se zaključiti da su metode za određivanje sadržaja aktivne tvari zelenije od onih za određivanje onečišćenja. AMGS zbir za metode onečišćenja je bio u rasponu od 58,63 do 312,07. Metoda za određivanje sadržaja budesonida je postigla 837,93 AMGS zbir. Prema provedenoj statističkoj obradi AGREE i AMGS rezultata za istraživane metode, nije pronađena značajna korelacija među dvama izračunima (r = -0,421; P = 0,226). Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da se postojeće farmakopejske metode za određivanje sadržaja i onečišćenja u djelatnim tvarima ne mogu smatrati zelenima sukladno dostupnim alatima za procjenu ekološke prihvatljivosti analitičkih metoda.Objectives: The use of green analytical methods is still limited in the pharmaceutical field, especially in quality control activities. The greening of analytical methods has become of great interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis in order to protect operator health and the environment. The methods by which active substances, part of finished medicines, etc. are tested are given in pharmacopoeias, therefore the aim of this research is on the examine greenness of methods for determination of assay and impurities in European Pharmacopoeia on a model of selected active substances. Material and Methods: An assessment of the greenness of the methods for determining assay and impurities of six drugs from the group of immunosuppressants and 5-aminosalicylates was performed, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, mesalazine, sulfasalazine budesonide and osalazine, according to the European Pharmacopoeia 10.3. monographs. The greenness of the described methods was determined using two freely available tools AGREE and AMGS. A higher AGREE and a lower AMGS score mean a greener method. The obtained results of the method's greenness are described individually, and the Spearman rank correlation test was used to compare the results of the two tools. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc software version 19.1.2 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Results: The AGREE score for assay methods ranged from 0.38 to 0.54 and achieved a higher score for titrimetric methods. AGREE for impurities methods ranged from 0.33 to 0.43. According to the calculations of AGREE, it can be concluded that the methods for determination of assay active substances are greener than those for detection of impurities. The AMGS total score for impurities methods ranged from 58.63 to 312.07. The budesonide assay determination method achieved 837.93 AMGS total score. According to the performed statistical analysis of AGREE and VII AMGS results for the investigated methods, no significant correlation was found between the results of the two calculations (r = -0.421; P = 0.226). Conclusion: The results of this research point to the conclusion that the existing pharmacopoeial methods for determining the assay and impurities in active substances cannot be considered green according to the available tools for assessing the ecological acceptability of analytical methods

    Regulatorni aspekti odobravanja lijekova s fiksnom kombinacijom djelatnih tvari

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    Cilj istraživanja Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada je pregledno prikazati, analizirati i raspraviti sve dostupne regulatorne smjernice, kao i nacionalne propise koje je potrebno koristiti pri razvoju i odobravanju lijekova koji sadrže fiksnu kombinaciju djelatnih tvari. Ovo istraživanje nastoji sistematizirati relevantne kriterije za dobivanje odobrenja za stavljanje lijekova koji sadrže fiksnu kombinaciju djelatnih tvari u promet, s naglaskom na uvjete za odobrenje koji se primjenjuju na području Europske unije, odnosno Republike Hrvatske. Materijali i metode Metode istraživanja u svrhu izrade predmetnog rada uključuju pretraživanje literature prema temi i predmetu istraživanja, od općih prema specijaliziranim člancima u znanstvenim publikacijama, do znanstvenih i regulatornih smjernica te pravnih akata kao što su direktive, zakoni i pravilnici. Nakon općenite pretrage, filtrirani su članci, smjernice i pravni akti koji su relevantni za problematiku specijalističkog rada te su detaljnije opisani i kritički analizirani. U radu je opisana struktura europskog, kao i hrvatskog zakonodavnog okvira te konzistentnost pravnih normi u području odobravanja lijekova koji sadrže fiksnu kombinaciju djelatnih tvari. Opisani su glavni principi pravnog akta Direktiva 2001/83/EZ, važećeg na teritoriju EU, te nacionalni Zakon o lijekovima i Pravilnik o davanju odobrenja za stavljanje lijeka u promet, u koje su odredbe Direktive prenesene. Svi pravni dokumenti i primjenjive smjernice opisane u radu usredotočene su na regulatorne aspekte razvoja i odobravanja lijekova koji sadrže fiksnu kombinaciju djelatnih tvari. Dodatno su prikazane i smjernice koje izdaje Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija i Agencija za hranu i lijekove Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, koje, iako nisu obvezujuće za teritorij Republike Hrvatske, mogu biti od koristi nositeljima odobrenja u razvoju lijeka i pripremi dokumentacije za davanje odobrenja. Rezultati Specijalističkim radom definiran je zakonodavni okvir odobravanja lijekova koji sadrže fiksnu kombinaciju djelatnih tvari na području Europske unije. Identificirano je 7 regulatornih smjernica specifičnih za područje lijekova s fiksnom kombinacijom djelatnih tvari, od kojih je 4 izdala Europska agencija za lijekove, dok su ostale izdane od strane Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, odnosno Agencije za hranu i lijekove Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Istaknuti su izazovi u razvoju i odobravanju takvih lijekova, među kojima je i problematika harmonizacije postojećih smjernica i potreba za razvojem novih, posebice u području fiksnih kombinacija koje uključuju nove djelatne tvari. Zaključak Posljednjih godina primjećuje se porast u razvoju i odobravanju lijekova koji sadrže fiksnu kombinaciju djelatnih tvari. Takva vrsta lijekova ima brojne prednosti, kao što je poboljšana adherencija pacijenata, bolja učinkovitost lijeka, smanjenje broja ili učestalosti pojave nuspojava te niža cijena terapije. Prilikom razvoja lijekova koji sadrže fiksne kombinacije djelatnih tvari potrebno se pridržavati važećih zakona i pravilnika te regulatornih i znanstvenih smjernica primjenjivih za tržište za koje je lijek namijenjen. Jedan od ključnih faktora u postupku davanja odobrenja za takve lijekove je adekvatno obrazloženje razloga za primjenu kombinacije pojedinačnih djelatnih tvari sa znanstvenog i medicinskog stajališta. Očekuje se da će u narednim godinama interes farmaceutskih tvrtki za lijekove koji sadrže fiksne kombinacije djelatnih tvari i dalje rasti, zbog čega razvoj novih regulatornih i znanstvenih smjernica u ovom području ima veliku ulogu.Objectives The research objective is to present, analyse and discuss all available regulatory guidelines, as well as the national ordinances and laws of the Republic of Croatia, which should be used while developing and approving medicinal products which contain a fixed combination of active substances. This research aims to systematize the relevant criteria for obtaining marketing authorisations for fixed combination medicinal products, with an emphasis on the conditions for approval that apply in the territory of the European Union, i.e. the Republic of Croatia. Materials and methods Research methods for the purpose of creating the subject paper include a literature search in accordance with the research topic, from general to specialized articles in published scientific papers, to scientific and expert guidelines and regulations such as directives, acts and ordinances. After a general search, articles, guidelines and acts relevant to the issue of the specialist paper were filtered, presented in more detail and critically analysed. The paper describes the structure of the European and Croatian legislative framework, as well as the consistency of legal norms in the area of approval of medicinal products containing a fixed combination of active substances. The main principles of the legal act Directive 2001/83/EC, valid on the territory of the EU, and the national Medicinal Products Act and the Ordinance on Granting Marketing Authorisations for Medicinal Products, into which the provisions of the Directive have been transferred are described. All legal documents and applicable guidelines described in the paper are focused on the regulatory aspects of the development and approval of fixed combination medicinal products. In addition, the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization and the Food and Drug Administration of the United States of America are presented, which, although not binding for the territory of the Republic of Croatia, may be useful to marketing authorisation holders for the development of the drug and the preparation of documentation for granting of marketing authorisations. Results This thesis has defined the legislative framework for the approval of medicinal products containing a fixed combination of active substances in the EU. Seven regulatory guidelines specific to the field of medicines with fixed combinations of active substances have been identified, with four issued by the European Medicines Agency and the remaining issued by the World Health Organization and the United States Food and Drug Administration. Challenges in the development and approval of such medicines have been highlighted, including the need for harmonization of existing guidelines and for the development of new guidelines, particularly in the area of fixed combinations that contain new active substances. Conclusion In the recent years, there has been an increase in the development and approval of drugs that contain a fixed combination of active substances. These types of drugs have numerous advantages, such as improved patient compliance, better drug efficacy, reduced occurrence of side effects, and lower therapy costs. When developing drugs containing fixed combinations, it is necessary to comply with all applicable regulations, as well as regulatory and scientific guidelines specific to the market for which the drug is intended. One key factor in the approval process for such drugs is providing a sufficient rationale for the use of the combination of individual active substances from a scientific and medical perspective. It is expected that the interest of pharmaceutical companies in drugs containing fixed combinations will continue to grow in the coming years, underscoring the significant role of developing new regulatory and scientific guidelines in this field

    Modern laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes melitus

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    Šećerna bolest je heterogena bolest koja dovodi do hiperglikemije. Dugoročne komplikacije bolesti imaju ozbiljne posljedice na zdravlje pacijenta i na troškove u zdravstvenom sustavu. Važno je bolest rano dijagnosticirati, liječiti i kontrolirati. Dijagnoza se postavlja na temelju vrijednosti glukoze u venskoj plazmi natašte, koncentracije u venskoj plazmi 2 sata nakon opterećenja glukozom, vrijednosti slučajne glukoze u plazmi uz prisutne simptome te na temelju vrijednosti HbA1c. Razlikujemo i stanja poremećene glukoze natašte i poremećene tolerancije glukoze kada vrijednosti glukoze još ne označavaju dijabetes, ali su previsoke da bi ih smatrali normalnima. Kontrola glikemije se vrši mjerenjem HbA1c, samokontrolom glukoze u krvi i kontinuiranim praćenjem glukoze. HbA1c je standardi biomarker kontrole glikemije i ukazuje na prosječnu glikemiju posljednjih 120 dana. Samokontrolu glukoze u krvi ponajviše koriste pacijenti koji su na terapiji inzulinom te se koristi više puta dnevno. Kontinuirano praćenje glukoze omogućava praćenje koncentracije i trenda kretanja glukoze u stvarnom vremenu. Iz kontinuiranog praćenja glukoze se dobiva mnogo informacija koje se objedinjuju ambulantnim profilom glukoze te omogućuju personaliziranim plan liječenja dijabetesa. Kako bi se bolest ranije dijagnosticirala te kako bi praćenje bolesti bilo što uspješnije istražuju se i drugi markeri kao što su mikroRNA, suzni film, proteini nokta, slina.Diabetes is a heterogeneous disease that leads to hyperglycemia. Long-term complications of the disease have serious consequences on the patient's health and on costs in the health care system. It is important to diagnose, treat and control the disease early. The diagnosis is made on the basis of glucose values in the fasting venous plasma, the concentration in the venous plasma 2 hours after the glucose load, the random glucose values in the plasma with the present symptoms and on the basis of the HbA1c value. We also distinguish between impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance when glucose values do not yet indicate diabetes, but are too high to be considered normal. Glycemic control is performed by measuring HbA1c, self-monitoring of blood glucose and continuous glucose monitoring. HbA1c is the standard biomarker of glycemic control and indicates the average glycemia of the last 120 days. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is mostly used by patients who are on insulin therapy and is used several times a day. Continuous glucose monitoring enables monitoring of the concentration and trend of glucose in real time. A lot of information is obtained from continuous glucose monitoring, which is combined into an ambulatory glucose profile and enables a personalized diabetes treatment plan. In order to diagnose the disease earlier and to make the monitoring of the disease as successful as possible, other markers such as microRNA, tear film, nail proteins, and saliva are also being investigated

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