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The rationality of proton pump inhibitors use and the need for deprescription: a cross-sectional study in nursing homes
No full textOtkad su se pojavili na tržištu, inhibitori protonske pumpe postali su jedni od najčešće propisivanih lijekova te im iz
godine u godinu raste potrošnja. Iako se smatraju vrlo sigurnim lijekovima, dugotrajnim korištenjem mogu biti
potencijalno štetni i uzrokovati ozbiljne nuspojave. Posebno osjetljiva skupina su osobe starije životne dobi, a budući su
oni često na politerapiji u kojoj je prisutan IPP, javlja se potreba za racionalizacijom terapije i potencijalnom
depreskripcijom. Depreskripcija je proces ukidanja neprikladnog lijeka iz terapije ili smanjenje doze prema određenim
smjernicama, uz nadzor zdravstvenih stručnjaka, s ciljem najboljeg terapijskog ishoda za pacijenta. Cilj je ovog
istraživanja bio utvrditi racionalnost primjene IPP-a u osoba starije životne dobi i ustanoviti koji bi pacijenti mogli imati
korist od depreskripcije. U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 225 korisnika domova za starije osobe na području
Dalmacije, Slavonije i Grada Zagreba, a podatci su prikupljeni pomoću standardiziranog interRAI upitnika te njegovog
dodatka. Za potrebe istraživanja, na temelju smjernica za depreskripciju IPP-a, definirano je pet kriterija prema kojima
se određivala potreba za depreskripcijom. Utvrđeno je da 98 ispitanika u terapiji ima IPP, a njih 58 (59,2 %) bili bi
potencijalni kandidati za depreskripciju. Najviše ispitanika je zadovoljilo kriterij B-indikacija je prisutna u bolesnikovoj
anamnezi, ali ne uključuje dugotrajno korištenje IPP-a te je trenutno trajanje terapije predugo (68,97 %). Zaključno,
dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za racionalnijom primjenom inhibitora protonske pumpe te na značajan udio
ispitanika koji bi mogli imati koristi od njihove depreskripcije.Since they appeared on the market, proton pump inhibitors have become one of the most prescribed drugs and their
consumption is increasing year by year. Although they are considered very safe drugs, with long-term use they can be
potentially harmful and cause serious side effects. The elderly are the most sensitive group of patients and since they are
often on polytherapy in which PPIs are present, the need for rationalization of therapy and potential deprescription has
appeared. Deprescription is the process of removing an inappropriate drug from therapy or reducing the dose according
to certain guidelines, under the supervision of health professionals, with the aim of the best therapeutic outcome for the
patient. The main purpose of this research was to determine the rationality of using PPI in elderly people and to check
how many elderly patients could benefit from deprescription. 225 users of nursing homes in Dalmatia, Slavonia and the
City of Zagreb participated in this research and the data were collected using the standardized interRAI questionnaire
and its additional data. For research purposes, based on the guidelines for PPI deprescription, five criteria were defined,
helping to determine the need for deprescription. It was discovered that 98 participants had PPIs in therapy and 58 of
them (59,2 %) were potential candidates for deprescription. The majority of them were candidates according to criteria
B - the indication is present in patient's history, but does not include long-term use of PPIs and the current duration of
therapy is overlong (68,97 %). In conclusion, the obtained results indicate the need for more rational use of proton pump
inhibitors and significant proportion of patients who could benefit from their deprescription
Ultrasound extraction of biologically active compounds from Plantago major L
No full textU ovom radu je bila provedena ultrazvučna ekstrakcija raznih polifenola iz širokolisnog trputca
(Plantago major L.) mijenjajući uvjete ekstrakcije. Mijenjana je temperatura, snaga ultrazvuka te
sastav ekstrakcijskog otapala. Ekstrakcijsko otapalo je bilo priređeno s glicerolom, vodom i
mliječnom kiselinom varirajući udio pojedinih sastavnica. Rezultati su pokazali varijabilnost u
uspješnosti i iskorištenju ekstrakcije ovisno o sastavu ekstrakcijskog otapala i strukturi promatranog
polifenola. Kod većine spojeva je ekstrakcija bila uspješnija uz veći udio glicerola i mliječne kiseline
te povećanjem temperature i snage ultrazvuka. Iznimke su bile flavonoidi i feniletanoid verbaskozid
kojima je pogodovao manji udio glicerola te iridoid aukubin koji je osjetljiv na kiseline i visoku
temperaturu.In this study, ultrasonic extraction of various polyphenols from broad-leaved plantain (Plantago
major L.) was carried out by variation of extraction parameters. The temperature, ultrasound
power and composition of the extraction solvent were changed. The extraction solvent was
prepared with glycerol, water, and lactic acid, varying the proportion of individual components.
The results show variability in the success and utilization of the extraction depending on the
composition of the extraction solvent and the structure of the observed polyphenol. For most
compounds, the extraction was more successful with a higher proportion of glycerol and lactic
acid and by increasing the temperature and ultrasound power. The exceptions were flavonoids
and phenylethanoid verbascoside, which benefited from a lower proportion of glycerol, and
iridoid aucubin, which is sensitive to acids and high temperatures
Biological activity of glycerol extracts of plantain (Plantago major L.) rich in phenolic acids and aucubin for use in cosmetics
No full textBiljni ekstrakti koji sadrže polifenolne i iridoidne sastavnice imaju širok spektar djelovanja zbog
čega su zanimljivi farmaceutskoj, ali i kozmetičkoj industriji. Veliki trputac (Plantago major L.) je
ljekovita biljka koja od davnina ima bogatu terapijsku primjenu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati
antioksidativni i biološki učinak glicerolnih ekstrakata ove biljke kako bi se utvrdio potencijal
njihove primjene u pripravcima protiv starenja kože. Antioksidativna aktivnost ekstrakata ispitana
je 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) metodom dok je biološka aktivnost ispitana testovima
inhibicije enzima elastaze, tirozinaze, kolagenaze i hijaluronidaze. Ekstrakti su optimizirani na
ukupne fenolne kiseline (OPT-TPA) i aukubin (OPT-AUC), a rezultati ispitivanja su izraženi kao
IC50 vrijednost. Oba ekstrakta pokazala su bolju sposobnost hvatanja slobodnih radikala i inhibicije
kolagenaze od pozitivnih kontrola. Također, ostvarili su značajnu inhibiciju hijaluronidaze i
umjerenu inhibiciju tirozinaze. Ekstrakt OPT-AUC se istaknuo kao dva puta bolji inhibitor elastaze
od ekstrakta OPT-TPA. S obzirom da su ispitivanja provedena na in vitro modelu potrebno je
provesti daljnja klinička istraživanja kako bi se potvrdio utjecaj ekstrakata na starenje kože.Plant extracts containing polyphenolic and iridoid components have a wide spectrum of action,
which is why they are interesting for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Plantain (Plantago
major L.) is a medicinal plant that has had a rich therapeutic application since ancient times. The
aim of this research was to examine the antioxidant and biological effect of glycerol extracts of this
plant in order to determine the potential of their use in antiaging skin products. The antioxidant
activity of the extracts was tested with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while the
biological activity was tested with elastase, tyrosinase, collagenase and hyaluronidase enzyme
inhibition tests. Extracts were optimized for total phenolic acids (OPT-TPA) and aucubin (OPTAUC),
and test results were expressed as IC50 value. Both extracts showed a better ability to
scavenge free radicals and inhibit collagenase than the positive controls. They also achieved
significant inhibition of hyaluronidase and moderate inhibition of tyrosinase. OPT-AUC extract
stood out as two times better elastase inhibitor than OPT-TPA extract. Given that the tests were
conducted on an in vitro model, further clinical research is necessary to confirm the effect of the
extracts on skin aging
Valorization of tomato pomace as a source of macronutrients and dietary fibers
No full textKomina rajčice je ostatak koji se dobiva nakon procesa prerade svježe rajčice te se sastoji od koštica, pokožice i manje količine pulpe rajčice. S obzirom na potencijalnu primjenu komine rajčice u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji, važno je ispitati njezin makronutritivni sastav. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti udio vlage, pepela, lipida, proteina, ukupnih prehrambenih vlakana, netopljivih i topljivih prehrambenih vlakana, ugljikohidrata te ukupnu energetsku vrijednost komine rajčice, pokožice i koštica. Rezultati analize pokazali su da je udio vlage u uzorcima komine rajčice varirao od 6,0% do 9,7%. Najveći udio pepela zabilježen je u uzorcima pokožice (5,1%), dok je najmanji udio pepela bio prisutan u uzorcima koštica (3,1%). Udio lipida varirao je od 3,9% u uzorcima pokožice do 26% u uzorcima koštica, što upućuje na visok sadržaj lipida u košticama komine rajčice. Udio proteina kretao se od 14% u uzorcima pokožice do 27% u uzorcima koštica, što potvrđuje visok sadržaj proteina u košticama komine rajčice. Prehrambena vlakna su bila najzastupljenija komponenta komine rajčice, s najmanjim udjelom (40%) u uzorcima komine rajčice i najvećim udjelom (52%) u uzorcima pokožice. Uzorci pokožice su bili najbogatiji topljivim (9,1%) i netopljivim prehrambenim vlaknima (43%). Uzorci koštica nisu sadržavali probavljive ugljikohidrate, dok je udio ugljikohidrata u uzorcima komine rajčice iznosio 23%. Najveća energetska vrijednost (424 kcal/100g) zabilježena je u uzorku koštica, što je očekivano s obzirom na visok udio lipida.
Rezultati ovog istraživanja pridonose valorizaciji otpada komine rajčice kao vrijednog izvora makronutrijenata i prehrambenih vlakana. Ti rezultati mogu poslužiti kao temelj za daljnju upotrebu komine rajčice te smanjenje njezinog štetnog utjecaja na okoliš. Osim toga, komina rajčice može postati jeftin i lako dostupan izvor mikro i makronutrijenata u farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji.Tomato pomace is the residue obtained after the processing of fresh tomatoes and consists of seeds, skin and a small amount of pulp. Considering the potential application of tomato pomace in the food and pharmaceutical industries, it is important to examine its macronutrient composition. The aim of this research was to determine the moisture content, ash content, content of lipids, proteins, total dietary fiber, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, carbohydrates and total energy value of tomato pomace, skin and seeds. The analysis results showed that the moisture content in the samples of tomato pomace ranged from 6,0% to 9,7%. The highest ash content was recorded in the samples of skins (5,1%) and the lowest in the seeds samples (3,1%). The lipid content varied from 3,9% in the samples of skin to 26% in the samples of seeds, indicating a high lipid content in the seeds of tomato pomace. The protein content ranged from 14% in the samples of skin to 27% in the samples of seeds, confirming a high protein content in the seeds of tomato pomace. Dietary fiber was the most abundant component of tomato pomace with the lowest proportion (40%) in the samples of tomato pomace and the highest proportion (52%) in the samples of skin. Samples of skin were the richest in soluble (9,1%) and insoluble dietary fiber (43%). Samples of seeds did not contain digestible carbohydrates, while the carbohydrate content in the samples of tomato pomace was 23%. The highest energy value (424 kcal/100g) was recorded in the sample of seeds, which is expected due to the high lipid content in seeds. The result of this research contribute to the valorization of tomato pomace waste as a valuable source of macronutrients and dietary fiber. These findings can serve as a basis for further utilization of tomato pomace and reducing its harmful impact on the environment. Additionally, tomato pomace can become a cheap and available source of micro and macronutrients in the pharmaceutical and food industries
Haptoglobin glycosylation in colorectal cancer
No full textKolorektalni karcinom drugi je uzročnik smrti među karcinomima kako u svijetu tako i u Hrvatskoj. Najčešće se javlja sporadično, ali može imati i nasljednu komponentu. Otkrivanje novih, specifičnijih, učinkovitijih i manje invazivnih biljega kolorektalnog karcinoma unaprijedilo bi dijagnostičke i prognostičke mogućnosti u kliničkoj praksi. Prethodna istraživanja pokazala su promjene u N-glikozilaciji proteina plazme u kolorektalnom karcinomu. Jedan od potencijalnih nositelja tih promjena je haptoglobin, protein akutne faze, koji ima četiri glikozilacijska mjesta u svojoj strukturi. U ovom doktorskom radu razvijene su analitičke metode za analizu glikozilacije haptoglobina iz seruma ili plazme velikog broja uzoraka na razini glikopeptida i ukupnih N-glikana. Primarno istraživanje napravljeno je na 185 uzoraka seruma ispitanika s kolorektalnim karcinomom i 185 kontrola prikupljenih u biobanci LUMC (engl. Leiden University Medical Center) u Nizozemskoj. Analiza je napravljena specifično za svako glikozilacijsko mjesto upotrebom spregnutog sustava tekućinske kromatografije sa spektrometrijom masa. Validacijsko istraživanje provedeno je na 224 uzorka plazme ispitanika s kolorektalnim karcinomom i 269 kontrola. Ovi uzorci su prikupljeni u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Sestre milosrdnice u Zagrebu u Hrvatskoj. Ukupni N-glikom haptoglobina analiziran je na uzorcima validacijskog istraživanja metodom tekućinske kromatografije ultravisoke djelotvornosti s fluorescentnom detekcijom. Primjenom metode logističke regresije ispitana je značajnost povezanosti promjena u glikozilaciji haptoglobina i stanja kolorektalnog karcinoma. Statistički značajne promjene uočene su u povećanoj razini manje razgranatih glikanskih struktura, ukupnoj fukozilaciji i sijalinizaciji. Iako su određene promjene specifične za glikozilacijsko mjesto, rezultati primarnog istraživanja potvrđeni su u validacijskom istraživanju. Promjene u fukozilaciji i sijalinizacji oslikavaju promjene prethodno objavljene na ukupnim proteinima plazme.Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths both worldwide and in Croatia. It often occurs sporadically but can also have a hereditary component. The development of new, more specific, effective, and less invasive tools for colorectal cancer would enhance diagnostics and prognostics in clinical practice. Previously, alterations in the N-glycosylation of plasma proteins in colorectal cancer were reported. One potential carrier of these changes is haptoglobin, an acute-phase protein that has four N-glycosylation sites in its structure. In this doctoral thesis, we developed high-throughput analytical methods for site-specific haptoglobin glycosylation analysis and haptoglobin N-glycome analysis from serum or plasma samples. Method for site specific analysis was applied to the discovery cohort, consisting of 370 participants, 185 colorectal cancer patients and 185 controls. Samples were obtained from the biobank Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands. Furthermore, haptoglobin N-glycome analysis using UHPLC-FLR was performed on samples from the validation cohort. The validation included 224 plasma samples from colorectal cancer patients and 269 controls collected at the Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center in Zagreb, Croatia. Logistic regression was used to test for associations of glycopeptide and labeled N-glycans features with case-control status. Statistically significant changes were observed in increased levels of less branched glycan structures, total fucosylation, and sialylation. While certain changes were specific for the glycosylation site, the discovery cohort findings were replicated in the validation study. Changes in fucosylation and sialylation reflect alterations previously reported in total plasma N-glycome
Optimizing the process of sustainable ultrasonic and microwave protein extraction from coffee silverskin
No full textSrebrna pokožica kave (SPK) je nusproizvod klasičnog procesa prerade kave i potencijalni je
izvor nutritivno važnih spojeva (proteina, peptida, polifenola, prehrambenih vlakana i sl.) s
velikim mogućnostima primjene u razvoju funkcionalnih proizvoda. Kako bi proces
iskorištavanja SPK, ali i sekundarnih sirovina općenito, bio što održiviji te u skladu s ciljevima
održivog razvoja, vrlo je važno u tom smislu kontinuirano istraživati i unaprjeđivati
mogućnosti korištenja održivih tehnologija među kojima se posebno ističu ultrazvučna
ekstrakcija (UAE) i mikrovalna ekstrakcija (MAE). Osnovni ciljevi predloženog istraživanja
bili su istražiti primjenjivost iskorištavanja SPK kao sekundarne sirovine, a s obzirom na njezin
kemijski sastav i zdravstvenu ispravnost, ispitati mogućnosti primjene UAE i MAE u
ekstrakciji proteina i peptida iz SPK, okarakterizirati dobivene ekstrakte s obzirom na prinose
ciljnih komponenti i udjele drugih bioaktivnih sastavnica te odrediti ukupni ekološki otisak
optimiziranih ekstrakcijskih procesa. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se s obzirom na
ostatke pesticida i teških metala SPK može smatrati zdravstveno ispravnom te je ona u tom
smislu iskoristiva kao sekundarna sirovina u prehrambenoj industriji. Optimizacijom
UAE/MAE pokazano je da sva tri istraživana parametra - amplituda ultrazvuka/snaga
mikrovalova (A), vrijeme ekstrakcije (B) i njihov međusobni odnos (AB), imaju značajan
utjecaj na promjenu udjela ukupnih proteina. Najveći prinos proteina (1,10 ± 0,08 mg/L)
dobiven je primjenom UAE (3 min/100 %). U slučaju MAE prinosi proteina bili su značajno
niži - najveći postignuti prinos bio je 0,77 ± 0,07 mg/L (9 min/200 W). Ekstrakti su sadržavali
sve esencijalne aminokiseline što ukazuje na prihvatljivu kvalitetu proteina i potencijal za
upotrebu u ljudskoj prehrani. Raspon veličina tri glavne identificirane skupine proteina kretao
se od 15,7 kDa do 70,2 kDa pri čemu je najmanji protein sadržavao Barwinovu domenu što
ukazuje na potencijal za dobivanje bioaktivnih peptida. Ekstrakti SPK sadržavali su značajne
količine polifenolnih spojeva, neovisno o primijenjenim uvjetima ekstrakcije. Značajno veća
potrošnja energije MAE u usporedbi s UAE doprinijela je znatno višem potencijalu globalnog
zatopljenja (GWP) te ekstrakcijske tehnike odnosno GWP ekstrakcijskog procesa iznosio je
15,5 g CO2e za MAE naspram 4,95 g CO2e za UAE. Ukupan GWP postupka izdvajanja
proteina iz SPK primjenom UAE iznosio je 509,5 g CO2e/kg otpada u slučaju odlaganja otpada
na deponij, uz mogućnost dodatnog smanjenja na 231,0 g CO2e/kg otpada u slučaju
kompostiranja preostalog otpadnog materijala. Dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju značajan
doprinos trenutačnim i ograničenim saznanjima o mogućnostima korištenja SPK kao izvora
proteina i biološki vrijednih peptida te pružaju originalan uvid u potencijal globalnog
zatopljenja procesa i ponovnog iskorištavanja SPK, a ovisno o primijenjenim ekstrakcijskim
postupcima i upravljanju preostalim otpadnim materijalom.Background. Coffee silverskin (CSS) is a by-product of the classic coffee processing and a potential source of nutritionally important compounds with great application potential in the development of functional products (e.g. proteins, peptides, polyphenols and dietary fibres). To improve the sustainability of CSS reuse (and the reuse of secondary raw materials in general) and to be in line with the sustainable development goals it is necessary to research and improve the possibilities of the use of green technologies, such as ultrasonic extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), mainly to reduce extraction time and/or energy consumption while simultaneously reducing the use of extraction solvents. The main goals of the proposed research were to investigate the possibilities of applying UAE and MAE in the extraction of proteins from CSS and to characterize obtained extracts with regard to protein yields and structural characteristics of major protein classes (1); the proportion of other bioactive components in obtained extracts (2); and the overall ecological footprint of the optimized UAE/MAE processes applied for obtaining the CSS extracts (3).
Methods. Once the roasting of coffee was completed, the by-product - CSS was collected and further utilized in the research. Samples were obtained from Franck Ltd. (Zagreb, Croatia) and contained a mixture of 2 blends of coffee - Coffea robusta and Coffea arabica. Samples were provided in the briquette form and were processed into powder to expedite the analyses. The experimental part of this research was divided into three parts. In the first part of investigation health safety of CSS was investigated, with the aim of determining its applicability as a secondary raw material in food industry. In the second part of investigation UAE and MAE extraction processes for obtaining proteins from CSS were optimized and compared, focusing on the protein yield as the main output parameter. Extracts obtained under optimized conditions were characterized in terms of polyphenol content (1); amino acid composition (2); and content and structural characteristics of target peptides (3). In the third part of investigation the environmental footprints of the UAE/MAE processes for obtaining protein extracts from CSS were assessed and compared by the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The calculations
were based on obtained experimental data and additional data obtained from the industry and the chosen environmental footprint used was the Global Warming Potential (GWP). In the framework of health safety investigations CSS was analyzed for pesticide- and heavy metal residues. For pesticide determination extraction was conducted by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method. After that, pesticide residues were quantified by gas- or liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS). Regarding the heavy metals, CSS was digested using MAE digestion and concentrations of metals were assessed by inductively coupled plasma coupled to a mass spectrometer as a detector (ICP-MS). MAE was performed by using a closed microwave extraction system and UAE was performed with the probe using deionized water as extraction agent. For the design of the experiment the input parameters were time (3, 6 and 9 min) and ultrasound probe amplitude (50, 75 and 100%)/microwave strenght (100, 150 or 200 W) with the condition that the temperature should not exceed 40 °C (to prevent protein denaturation). This approach resulted in obtaining a total of 9 MAE/UAE extracts. The main output parameter was the protein yield, while the content of polyphenols was also monitored. Each extraction was performed in duplicate. Protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method which is based on the reaction of Cu2+ with peptide bonds of proteins in an alkaline medium, resulting in Cu2+ being reduced to Cu+ that is monitored spectophotometrically. Quantitative analysis of amino acids was performed using the Waters AccQ•Tag method according to the manufacturer's instructions and included hydrolysis, derivatization of amino acids with AccQ•Fluor derivatization reagent and HPLC quantitative analysis. As a part of protein characterization, gel filtration chromatography and SEC-HPLC analysis were performed where a mixture of proteins with known molecular weight has been used to determine the molecular weight of the samples. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically by the colorimetric reaction of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In this particular reaction, the reagent, which is a mixture of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acid, reacts with the phenoxide ion from the sample. In the process, the phenoxide ion is oxidized, and mentioned reagent is reduced to tungsten and molybdenum oxides, which are colored blue and can be monitored spectrophotometrically. GWP of the UAE/MAE processes utilized for obtaining CSS extracts was calculated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The main environmental impacts of the processes utilized for obtaining CSS extracts are related to the consumption of electricity, which primarily depends on the power and time required for extraction. For a complete GWP
calculation, it was necessary to additionally collect data on greenhouse gas emissions that occur during different phases of the CSS life cycle. Data were obtained from the CCaLC2 database.
Results. Based on the comparison of the levels of pesticides and heavy metals with maximal permissible concentrations set for food and dietary supplements, CSS samples can be considered safe and applicable for the use as secondary raw material. Out of the 265 pesticides analyzed, only three pesticides were detected in the analyzed samples: flutriafol (0.012 ± 0.002 mg/kg), imidacloprid (0.016 ± 0.002 mg/kg) and piperonyl butoxide (0.002 ± 0,000 mg/kg). Out of the heavy metals analysed, nickel (2.495 ± 0.055 mg/kg) had the highest concentration in the samples used, while lead (0.249 ± 0.077 mg/kg), arsenic (0.107 ± 0.018 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.106 ± 0.002 mg/kg) were present in significantly lower concentrations. Determined concentrations of flutriafol, imidacloprid and piperonyl butoxide residues, as well as nickel, lead, arsenic and cadmium were lower compared to maximal permissible levels. In the second part of investigations UAE and MAE procedures for extraction of proteins from CSS were optimized and compared. The tested conditions ranged from 3-9 min with 50% -100% amplitude for UAE (samples U1-U9) and 3-9 min with 100-200 W of power for MAE (samples M1-M9). Analysis of variance showed that all factors - ultrasound amplitude/microwave power (A), extraction time (B) and their mutual relationship (AB), had a significant effect on the total protein yields. The highest protein yield (1.10 ± 0.08 mg/L) was obtained by UAE with 3-minute extraction at an amplitude of 100%. In the case of MAE protein yields were significantly lower compared to UAE - the highest yield (0.77 ± 0.07 mg/L) was obtained during 9-minute extraction at 200 W. During extraction optimization, the content of polyphenols in obtained extracts was also monitored, as they are considered as valuable bioactive components for food functionalization. In UAE the highest yield of polyphenols was obtained after 9-minute extraction at 75 % amplitude (525.7 ± 0.03 mg GAE/100 g), and in MAE after 6-minute extraction at 150 W (677.8 ± 0.03 mg GAE/100 g). However, under the mild range of tested conditions (optimized for protein extraction) none of the tested factors (neither the microwave power nor the extraction time) showed significant effect on total polyphenol yields (p > 0.05). The influence of the relationship between independent variables (AA, AB, BB) was also examined, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Extracts containing the highest amounts of proteins (both obtained by MAE and UAE) were further submitted to additional determination of amino-acid composition and protein structure. CSS protein extracts contained all essential amino acids indicating acceptable protein quality and
the potential for the use in human nutrition (except no data was obtained for tryptophan (Trp) and cysteine (Cys) due to degradation that occurs during protein hydrolysis). The most abundant amino acids were: Asx (joint concentration of aspartic acid and asparagine) with concentrations of 539.66 and 533.0 μmol/L; Pro - with concentrations of 485.6 and 488.5 μmol/L; and Glx, (the joint concentration of glutamic acid and glutamine) with concentrations of 403.9 and 440.9 μmol/L, independently of the type of the extraction procedure. In the view of the protein characterization, the goal was to determine if isolated proteins contained Barwins domain, in which case they might be considered as potential sources of bioactive peptides (BAPs). BAPs can exhibit antioxidative, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antihypertensive properties, which makes them valuable in terms of developing functional foods aimed at enhancing human health and preventing chronic diseases. Different protein structures were separated on the SDS among which the largest protein mass was 70.2 kDa (uncharacterized protein), and the lowest was 15.7 kDa. The smallest protein (15.7 kDa) contained Barwin’s domain which makes it interesting not only nutritionally but also as potential BAPs precursor. Considering the increasing importance of applying sustainable practices and considering the sustainability of proposed methodology, together with its economic benefits, UAE and MAE processes for obtaining protein extracts were also assessed in terms of their GWP. Namely, the bare fact of reusing waste as the source of valuable compounds presents sustainable approach – however techniques applied in that process can differ significantly, particularly in terms of solvent usage, energy consumption and consequently GWP. Our analysis showed significantly higher energy consumption of MAE compared to UAE resulting in higher GWP. The sample M2 with a GWP of 15.50 g CO2e had the highest GWP. On the other side the highest UAE GWP (sample U3) was 4.95 g CO2. GWPs obtained for 9 UAE extraction conditions ranged from 131 - 495 g CO2e/ kg of waste. Analysis showed that GWP increases with an increase in the sample's treatment time and amplitude, but the increase is more intense with increasing time. For reliable calculations, LCA needs to consider the whole life cycle of the product. Since after protein extraction 50% of raw material remains as waste, the total GWP of extracting the bioactive components from CSS and dumping the remains was calculated to be 509.5 g CO2e/kg waste. In the case of composting the remaining waste, the total GWP can be reduced to 231.0 g CO2e/kg of waste.
Conclusions. Valorisation of the CSS as a secondary raw material for obtaining polyphenol-rich protein extracts can be considered as sustainable approach based on obtained yields and
GWP of developed processes. In addition to high yields, obtained samples contained proteins with excellent amino acid composition and containing Barwin’s domain indicating potential for functional food ingredients. Both UAE and MAE can be applied for extracting proteins from CSS, where UAE results with approximately 30% higher yields compared to optimal MAE results. Additionally, GWP of MAE-assisted extraction is three times higher compared to UAE. Obtained results highlight the need to objectively analyze the "green" aspects of processing techniques, as significant differences exist among them. It also underscores the importance of considering GWP and other ecological footprint markers as key parameters during the development and optimization of processing methodologies
Metabolic effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the treatment of chronic kidney disease
No full textInhibitori kotransportera natrija i glukoze 2 (SGLT2 inhibitori) relativno su novi razred oralnih antidijabetika koji su indicirani u liječenju dijabetesa melitusa tipa 2 (T2DM), a pokazali su značajne koristi i u smanjenju kardiovaskularnog i bubrežnog pobola i smrtnosti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi metabolički utjecaj SGLT2 inhibitora kod pacijenata s kroničnom bubrežnom bolesti. Uključeno je 100 bolesnika s kroničnom bubrežnom bolešću sa ili bez T2DM. Kontrolni metabolički laboratorijski parametri (serumski urati, ukupni, LDL- i HDL-kolesterol, trigliceridi) nakon 3-6 mjeseci liječenja SGLT2 inhibitorima uspoređeni su s početnim vrijednostima. U istraživanje je uključeno 36 žena i 64 muškarca od kojih je 82% imalo hipertenziju, a 11% T2DM. Kontrolne vrijednosti serumskih urata, ukupnog kolesterola i LDL-kolesterola te triglicerida bile su značajno niže od početnih, dok su vrijednosti HDL-kolesterola bile više od početnih. Ovaj učinak bio je povezan sa spolom (LDL- i HDL-kolesterol), hipertenzijom (ukupni, LDL- i HDL-kolesterol, trigliceridi), T2DM (urati, LDL- i HDL-kolesterol), uporabom hipouricemika (ukupni i LDL-kolesterol, trigliceridi), uporabom hipolipemika (ukupni i LDL-kolesterol, trigliceridi) i tiazidskih diuretika (ukupni, LDL- i HDL-kolesterol, trigliceridi).Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) are a relatively new class of oral antidiabetic drugs indicated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but they showed significant benefits in reducing cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality as well. The aim of this study was to determine metabolic impact of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Included were 100 CKD patients with or without T2DM. Control laboratory metabolic parameters (serum urate, total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol as well as triglycerides) were compared to basic levels after 3-6 months of treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. There were 36 women and 64 men included, 82% had hypertension and 11% T2DM. Control levels of serum urates, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly lower than basic levels, while serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher. This effect was associated with gender (LDL- and HDL-cholesterol), hypertension (total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), T2DM (urates, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol), with the use of hypouricemic drugs (total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), with the use of hypolipemic drugs (total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides) and with the use of thiazide diuretics (total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides)
Primjena kapsaicina u liječenju rinitisa
No full textRhinitis is one of the most frequent diseases, affecting 30–40 % of
the population. Non-specific rhinosinusitis is characterized by
symptoms similar to those of an infectious disease, but neither infection nor allergy
can be proven. One of the substances used to treat idiopathic rhinitis is capsaicin.
Capsaicin is a medically significant chemical found in chili peppers. It has been
used for food flavoring since ancient times, but it also has numerous therapeutic
uses today. The molecule is extremely versatile and exhibits a wide range of therapeutic activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. It can be administered locally or systemically and has a
high bioavailability due to its lipophilic properties. Capsaicin acts as an agonist of
the TRPV1 receptor, and attaching capsaicin to TRPV1 causes receptor deactivation and a prolonged refractory period during which neurons cannot be triggered
again. This characteristic makes capsaicin particularly useful in the treatment of
idiopathic rhinitis, and its potential application in other kinds of rhinitis is also
being explored. At the same time, the potential toxicity of capsaicin is a significant
constraint to its medical usage. That is why the use of capsaicin in idiopathic rhinitis is indicated in a strictly defined dose and short-term use
Prognostički značaj laktata iz arterijske krvi u transplantaciji jetre
No full textCilj istraživanja
Porast koncentracije laktata tijekom transplantacije jetre uzrokovan je smanjenom perfuzijom
organa, izostankom jetrenog metabolizma laktata i stvaranjem laktata u presatku. Laktat ima
prognostički značaj za razvoj rane disfunkcije presatka (engl. early graft failure, EGF). Cilj
ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti granične vrijednosti koncentracije laktata u arterijskoj krvi
koje upućuju na EGF.
Ispitanici i metode
Provedeno je retrospektivno opservacijsko istraživanje na temelju populacije pacijenata
kojima je provedena transplantacija jetre u Kliničkoj bolnici Merkur između listopada 2021. i
veljače 2024. godine. Koncentracija laktata iz arterijske krvi određena je amperometrijski na
analitičkom sustavu Radiometer ABL90 FLEX. Granične vrijednosti laktata određene su
analizom ROC krivulje (engl. receiver operating characteristics curve) i određivanjem
površine ispod krivulje (engl. area under the curve, AUC). Svi statistički testovi provedeni su
korištenjem statističkog programa MedCalc® Statistical Software uz statistički značajnu pvrijednost od p < 0,05.
Rezultati
U istraživanje je uključeno 165 ispitanika. Podijeljeni su u dvije skupine s obzirom na ishod
unutar 90 dana od transplantacije: 134 pacijenata je bilo bez komplikacija, a 31 ispitanik je
imao EGF. Između skupina ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u dobi (p = 0,704), spolu (p
= 195), indikaciji za transplantaciju (p = 0,718) i koncentraciji laktata na početku
transplantacije (p = 0,191). Postoji statistički značajna razlika u koncentraciji laktata nakon
transplantacije i najvišoj intraoperativnoj koncentraciji (p < 0,001). Optimalna intraoperativna
i postoperativna granična vrijednost laktata koje upućuju na EGF iznose 4,3 mmol/L
(intraoperativna: osjetljivost = 83 %, specifičnost = 94 %, AUC = 0,938; postoperativna:
osjetljivost = 93 %, specifičnost = 94 %, AUC = 0,969).
Zaključak
Dobivene granične vrijednosti laktata tijekom i nakon transplantacijskog postupka mogu se
koristiti kao prognostički biljezi za kratkoročno preživljenje i identifikaciju pacijenata s EGF.Objectives
The increase in lactate concentration during liver transplantation is caused by reduced organ
perfusion, absence of hepatic lactate metabolism and lactate production in the graft. Lactate
has prognostic significance for developing early graft failure (EGF). The aim of this study
was to determine cut-off values of arterial blood lactate concentration indicative of EGF.
Patients and methods
A retrospective observational study was conducted on a population of patients who underwent
liver transplantation at Merkur University Hospital between October 2021 and February 2024.
Arterial blood lactate concentration was measured amperometrically using the Radiometer
ABL90 FLEX analytical system. Cut-off lactate values were determined using receiver
operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis and determination of the area under the curve
(AUC). Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc® Statistical Software, with p <
0,05 considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 165 patients were included in the study. They were divided into two groups based
on outcomes within 90 days of transplantation: 134 patients without complications and 31
patients with EGF. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups
in age (p = 0,704), sex (p = 0,195), indication for transplantation (p = 0,718) or lactate
concentration at the beginning of transplantation (p = 0,191). Significant differences were
found in lactate concentration after transplantation and in peak intraoperative lactate levels (p
< 0,001). The optimal intraoperative and postoperative lactate cut-off value indicating EGF
was 4,3 mmol/L (intraoperative: sensitivity = 83 %, specificity = 94 %, AUC = 0,938;
postoperative: sensitivity = 93 %, specificity = 94 %, AUC = 0,969).
Conclusion
The identified cut-off values of lactate concentration during and after the transplantation
procedure can be used as prognostic markers for short-term survival and identifying patients
with EGF
Ultrasonic extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Satureja montana L. using (2- hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin and glycerol
No full textSatureja montana L. (Lamiaceae) sadrži raznolike bioaktivne spojeve, a najviše njih spada u skupinu
polifenolnih spojeva. Zadatak rada bio je ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom prirediti ekstrakte nadzemih dijelova
vrste S. montana uz upotrebu glicerola i (2-hidroksipropil)-β-ciklodekstrina (HP-β-CD) bogate fenolnim
spojevima: ukupnim polifenolima, fenolnim kiselinama, flavonoidima i ružmarinskom kiselinom. Od 20
ispitivanih uzoraka E10 se istaknuo kao ekstrakt kod kojeg se optimizacijom uvjeta postiglo najbolje
ekstrakcijsko iskorištenje. Sadržaj ukupnih polifenola u tom ekstraktu bio je 5506,42 μg/mL, ukupnih
fenolnih kiselina 3514,44 μg/mL, ukupnih flavonoida 645,72 μg/mL a koncentracija ružmarinske kiseline
822,70 μg/mL. Radom je dokazano kako ekstrakcijski medij voda/glicerol/ HP-β-CD izvrsno ekstrakcijsko
sredstvo za polifenolne spojeve vrste S. montana.Satureja montana L. (Lamiaceae) contains a variety of bioactive compounds, and most of them belong to the group of
polyphenolic compounds. The task of the work was to prepare extracts of the aerial parts of S. montana with the use of
glycerol and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) rich in phenolic compounds: total polyphenols, phenolic
acids, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid. Out of 20 tested samples, E10 was the extract in which the optimization of
conditions lead to the highest extraction yield. The content of total polyphenols in this extract was 5506.42 μg/mL, total
phenolic acids was 3514.44 μg/mL, total flavonoids was 645.72 μg/mL and the concentration of rosemarinic acid was
822.70 μg/mL. This work has proven that the water/glycerol/ HP-β-CD is an excellent extraction medium for
polyphenolic compounds of the S. montana