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Visualization and rehabilitation of the earthquake damaged building of HAZU glyptotheque
No full textPovijesne građevine značajan su dio svjetske kulturne baštine i trebaju se na siguran način sačuvati za buduće naraštaje. HAZU Gliptoteka se danas koristi kao muzej i čuva najveću zbirku skulptura u Hrvatskoj. Zadatak je zahtijevao izradu 3D modela HAZU Gliptoteke potrebnog za izradu arhitektonskog projekta rekonstrukcije i sanacije, te opis metoda sanacije konstrukcijskih elemenata oštećenih u potresu dana 22. ožujka 2020. Zagrebu. Korištenjem metode “scan to BIM“, laserskim skenerom prikupljene su plošne informacije prostora, te se izradio oblak točaka korišten kao podloga za modeliranje. Iz oblaka točaka i prikupljenih informacija s terena koncipirana je struktura modela i modelirani su elementi zidova, prozora, krovne konstrukcije i drugih, potrebni za izradu modela. Izrađenim 3D modelom postojećeg stanja HAZU Gliptoteke, može se vizualizirati prostor oštećen potresom, odrediti izvedive metode sanacije konstrukcije, te izraditi podloge potrebne za arhitektonski projekt rekonstrukcije kompleksa.Historical buildings are an important part of the world's cultural heritage and should be safely preserved for future generations. Today, the HAZU Gliptoteka is used as a museum and houses the largest collection of sculptures in Croatia. The task required the creation of a 3D model of the HAZU Glyptoteka for the creation of the foundations of the architectural reconstruction project, as well as a description of methods used in reconstruction of structural elements damaged in the earthquake on March 22, 2020 in Zagreb. By using the "scan to BIM" method, a laser scanner was used to collect surface information to create a point cloud model, which was used for creating a model. From the point cloud and collected information from the field, the structural elements were created: walls, windows, roof structure and others, necessary for the creation of the model. With created 3D model of the existing state of the HAZU Glyptoteka, it is possible to visualize the area damaged by the earthquake, to determine the feasible methods of structural reconstruction, and to create the bases necessary for the architectural project of the reconstruction of the complex
Procjena potresne otpornosti okomito na svoju ravninu armirano-betonskih okvirnih konstrukcija s ispunskim ziđem u kojem se nalaze otvori
No full textMulti-storey buildings are generally loaded by inter-storey drift and inertial forces
during an earthquake event. That seismic event excites the structure in an arbitrary direction.
When observing the structure’s plane, that load can be divided into in- and out-of-plane forces.
The in-plane forces by their nature are inter-storey drift ones, while the out-of-plane ones are both
inter-storey drift and inertial.
By examining the literature, it was determined that most of the experiments within the outof-
plane field of research were conducted with inertial, less with dynamical and only two using
inter-storey drift force methods. The analytical models for calculating inertial, load-bearing capacity
found within the literature were tested against various experiments. From the analysis, their
limitations and best fitting equations were derived. Furthermore, from the gathered experimental
data, it was observed that the static and quasi-static inter-storey drift force methods have more
similarities with dynamical tests than the inertial methods. Aside from the limited out-of-plane
inter-storey drift studies, none of which were done with RC frames; the field had a few and conflicting
studies with openings. The research laid in this thesis answers just that; the influence of infill
walls with and without openings on RC frames subjected to drift driven in- and out-of-plane loads.
This thesis was built upon the existing one covering in-plane cyclic, quasi-static load. The
experimental contribution of this thesis included out-of-plane cyclic, quasi-static inter-storey drift
load on frames with and without infill walls and openings, along with the out-of-plane bending test of
masonry walls. The same materials, techniques, and equipment were used for all three experiments.
Openings were varied in their type (window and door) and position (centric and eccentric), while
the out-of-plane bending test had load parallel and perpendicular to bedjoints. The out-of-plane
drift force tests showed that the infill wall and the frame moved as one and that the infill had an
insignificant contribution to the overall behaviour of the frame, i.e. the behaviour of the bare frame
model was similar to other infilled ones. Yet, the infill wall suffered considerable damage, mostly
by separating rows of blocks in bedjoints. This pointed out that the frame to masonry interaction
was one-sided, i.e. only the frame transfers displacements and damages the infill wall. All the
out-of-plane drift force test outcomes are consistent with the literature’s dynamical and drift force
studies.
After the experiments were conducted, computational models were developed and calibrated
against them. The calibration yielded the factors that govern the simulated behaviour of the models.
For the in-plane studies, it was the interface (gap) and concrete material model, while for
the out-of-plane bend tests for the masonry walls, it was both the interface and masonry material
models. Thus, it was concluded that the masonry material model had little influence on the overall
behaviour of in-plane simulations. Afterwards, the research was extrapolated to combine in- and
out-of-plane loads into a simultaneous action. The combination was described by the angle of the
resultant force α. The simulations tested 20 configurations from a bare frame, infill wall with or
without openings with their area ratios ranging approximately 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 in relation to the
infill’s area. Also, they were positioned centrically or eccentrically, loaded from left or right under
nine angle positions (0 to 90°, i.e. from in- to out-of-plane). Overall, 180 models were tested, with
which interaction curves and equations for estimating load-bearing capacity based on that of the
in-plane ’s bare frame were derived. The estimating equations showed a good fit with the data from
the simulations.Tijekom trajanja potresa, stambene zgrade su u pravilu opterećene inercijskim i silama
među-katnih pomaka. Potresno opterećenje dolazi pod određenim kutom s obzirom na konstrukciju.
Ako promatramo ravninu jedne stranice takve konstrukcije, opterećenje se može podijeliti na ono
okomito i u smjeru nje. Isto tako se podijelila i literatura koja istražuje potresna opterećenja.
Pregledom literature utvrđeno je kako istraživanja okomito na vlastitu ravninu su većinom
provedena s inercijskim, manje s dinamičkim i samo dvije sa silama medu-katnog pomaka. U
radu su vrednovani analitički modeli za izračun nosivosti okvira s ispunskim ziđem na inercijske sile
okomite na vlastitu ravninu. Vrednovanje se provelo kroz više različitih eksperimentalnih postavki
i rezultata. Iz analize tih modela utvrđene su njihove granice i one s visokom točnošću. Nadalje,
uvidom u rezultate eksperimentalnih istraživanja sa sila katnih pomaka i dinamičkog opterećenja,
utvrđeno je kako te dvije metode imaju više sličnosti nego isti s metodama inercijskih silama. Uz
rijetko istraživano opterećenje sa silama katnih pomaka okomito na vlastitu ravninu, uočeno je
kako niti jedno nije napravljeno na uzorcima armirano-betonskih okvira kao niti s utjecajem otvora.
Sukladno navedenim, ova disertacija pokušava odgovoriti upravo na te manjkavosti, tj. utvrditi
učinak djelovanja sila katnih pomaka u i okomito na smjer ravnine AB okvira sa zidanom ispunom
i otvorima.
Istraživanja opisana u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji su nastavak postojećih istraživanja koja su
bila u sklopu druge disertacije. Ta istraživanja odnosila su se na ponašanja AB okvira sa i bez
ispunskog zida i otvora, opterećenih u smjeru vlastite ravnine. Otvori su definirani prema tipu
(prozor, vrata) i njihovoj poziciji (u-, te izvan središta). Postojeće studije nadograđene su eksperimentalnim
ispitivanjima okomito na vlastitu ravninu istih uzoraka, kao i savijanje zida okomito
na vlastitu ravninu. Utvrđeno je kako je odgovor okomito na svoju ravninu sustava okvir–ispunsko
ziđe jednostran. To jest, ispuna ne doprinosi značajnije sveukupnom odgovoru, ali okvir prenosi
pomake, pa tako i oštećenja na ispunsko ziđe. Usporedbom s drugim istraživanjima pronađenim u
literaturi, utvrđeno je kako su dobiveni rezultati analogni ostalim dinamičkim ispitivanjima kao i
onim sa silama katnih pomaka.
Na temelju eksperimentalnih istraživanja u i okomito na vlastitu ravninu, kako okvira sa ispunskim
ziđem tako i samog zida, razvijeni su i kalibrirani proračunski mikromodeli. Analizom
variranih parametra za potrebe kalibracije mikromodela, utvrđeni su ključni parametri odziva istih.
Za simulaciju opterećenja u vlastitoj ravnini, to su bili parametri materijalnog modela kontakta i
betona. Slično, za simulaciju savijanja zida okomito na vlastitu ravninu, to su bili parametri kontakta
i opeke. Sukladno tome, utvrđeno je kako za opterećenje u vlastitoj ravnini okvira s ispunskim
ziđem sa i bez otvora materijalni model opeke nije igrao značajniju ulogu. S kalibriranim modelima,
istraživanje se proširilo na okvire sa i bez ispunskog ziđa i otvora opterećenih simultano u i okomito
na vlastitu ravninu. Takvo opterećenje definiralo se kutom α pod kojim leži njihova rezultanta.
Simuliralo se 9 kutova (od 0° do 90°), veličina i razmještaj otvora. Otvori su postavljeni u i izvan
središta, a površina im je varirana u omjeru od 0.1, 0.2, te 0.3 u odnosu na površinom ispunskog
ziđa. Sveukupno, ispitano je 180 modela iz kojih su derivirane krivulje međuovisnosti simultanog
opterećenja s obzirom na kut djelovanja i otvore. Također, iznašla se jednadžba za procjenu nosivosti
istih, a ista je imala dobru podudarnost s istovjetnim simulacijamaΣύνοψη: Κατά τη διάρκεια ενός σεισμού τα πολυώροφα κτίρια φορτίζονται, κατά κύριο λόγο, από
ενδοοροφικές μετατοπίσεις και αδρανειακές δυνάμεις. Το σεισμικό γεγονός διεγείρει τη κατασκευή
προς αυθαίρετη κατεύθυνση. Κατά την παρατήρηση του επιπέδου της κατασκευής, το φορτίο μπορεί
να χωριστεί σε δυνάμεις εντός και εκτός-επιπέδου. Οι δυνάμεις εντός-επιπέδου είναι από τη φύση τους
ενδοοροφικής μετατόπισης, ενώ οι δυνάμεις εκτός-επιπέδου είναι ενδοοροφικών μετατοπίσεων και αδρα-
νειακών δυνάμεων Εξετάζοντας τη βιβλιογραφία, διαπιστώθηκε ότι τα περισσότερα πειράματα, εντός
του ερευνητικού πεδίου, εκτός-επιπέδου διεξήχθησαν με αδρανειακές δυνάμεις, λιγότερα με δυναμικά
φορτία, και μόνο δύο με χρήση της μεθόδου μετατόπισης μεταξύ ορόφων. Τα αναλυτικά μοντέλα για
τον υπολογισμό της αδρανειακής, φέρουσας ικανότητας που βρέθηκαν στη βιβλιογραφία δοκιμάστηκαν
έναντι διαφόρων πειραμάτων. Από την ανάλυση προέκυψαν οι περιορισμοί τους και οι εξισώσεις βέλτι-
στης προσαρμογής. Επιπλέον, από τα πειραματικά δεδομένα που συγκεντρώθηκαν, παρατηρήθηκε ότι
οι μέθοδοι της στατικής και ημιαστικής ενδοοροφικής μετατόπισης έχουν περισσότερες ομοιότητες με
τις δυναμικές δοκιμές από τις αδρανειακές μεθόδους. Πέρα από τις περιορισμένες μελέτες ενδοοροφικής
μετατόπισης εκτός-επιπέδου (καμία από τις οποίες δεν έγινε με πλαίσια από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα) το
ερευνητικό πεδίο είχε λίγες και αντικρουόμενες μελέτες με ανοίγματα. Η έρευνα που διατίθεται σε αυτή
τη διατριβή απαντά στο αυτό το πρόβλημα· την επίδραση των τοίχων πλήρωσης με ή χωρίς ανοίγματα σε
πλαίσια οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος που υπόκεινται σε φορτία μετατόπισης εντός και εκτός επιπέδου. Η
παρούσα διατριβή βασίστηκε σε υπάρχουσα ερευνά που καλύπτει το εντός-επίπεδου κυκλικό, ημιστατικό
φορτίο. Η πειραματική συμβολή αυτής της διατριβής περιλαμβάνει κυκλικό, ημιστατικό ενδοοροφικό
φορτίο μετατόπισης σε κουφώματα με ή χωρίς τοίχους και ανοίγματα πλήρωσης, μαζί με τη δοκιμή
κάμψης εκτός-επιπέδου τοίχων τοιχοποιίας. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα ίδια υλικά, τεχνικές και εξοπλισμός
και για τα τρία πειράματα. Τα ανοίγματα διέφεραν ως προς τον τύπο (παράθυρα και πόρτες) και τη
θέση τους (κεντρικά και έκκεντρα), ενώ η δοκιμή κάμψης εκτός-επιπέδου είχε παράλληλο και κάθετο
φορτίο στις στρώσεις πλίνθων. Οι δοκιμές δύναμης ενδοοροφικής μετατόπισης εκτός-επιπέδου έδειξαν
ότι το τοίχωμα πλήρωσης και το πλαίσιο κινούνταν ως ένα και ότι η πλήρωση είχε μια ασήμαντη συμβολή
στη συνολική συμπεριφορά του πλαισίου, δηλαδή η συμπεριφορά του μοντέλου γυμνού πλαισίου ήταν
παρόμοια με το μοντέλο με τοίχο πλήρωσης. Ωστόσο, ο τοίχος πλήρωσης υπέστη σημαντική ζημιά,
κυρίως με το διαχωρισμό σειρών αρμών στις στρώσεις πλίνθων. Αυτό επισημάνει ότι η αλληλεπίδραση
πλαισίου και τοιχοποιίας ήταν μονόπλευρη, δηλαδή ότι μόνο το πλαίσιο μεταφέρει μετατοπίσεις και φθε-
ίρει τον τοίχο πλήρωσης. ΄Ολα τα αποτελέσματα των δοκιμών δυνάμεων μετατόπισης εκτός-επιπέδου
συμφωνούν με τις μελέτες δυναμικών δυνάμεων και δύναμης μετατοπίσεων της βιβλιογραφίας. Μετά
τη διεξαγωγή των πειραμάτων, αναπτύχθηκαν υπολογιστικά μοντέλα και βαθμονομήθηκαν σε σχέση με
αυτά. Η βαθμονόμηση απέδωσε τους συντελεστές που διέπουν την προσομοιωμένη συμπεριφορά των
μοντέλων. Για τις μελέτες εντός-επιπέδου, ήταν η διεπιφάνεια (κενό) και το μοντέλο υλικού σκυροδέμα-
τος, ενώ για τις δοκιμές κάμψης εκτός-επιπέδου για τους τοίχους τοιχοποιίας, ήταν τόσο η διεπαφή όσο
και το μοντέλο υλικού τοιχοποιίας. ΄Ετσι, συνήχθη το συμπέρασμα ότι το μοντέλο υλικού τοιχοποιίας
είχε μικρή επίδραση στη συνολική συμπεριφορά των προσομοιώσεων εντός-επιπέδου. Στη συνέχεια, η
έρευνα επεκτάθηκε για να συνδυάσει φορτία εντός και εκτός επιπέδου σε μια ταυτόχρονη δράση. Ο
συνδυασμός περιεγράφηκε από τη γωνία της προκύπτων δύναμης α. Οι προσομοιώσεις εξέτασαν 20 δια-
μορφώσεις από γυμνό πλαίσιο, τοίχο πλήρωσης με ή χωρίς ανοίγματα με τις αναλογίες επιφανειών τους
να κυμαίνονται περίπου 0.1, 0.2 και 0.3 σε σχέση με την περιοχή πλήρωσης. Επίσης, τοποθετήθηκαν
κεντρικά ή έκκεντρα, φορτωμένα από αριστερά ή δεξιά κάτω από εννέα γωνιακές θέσεις (0 έως 90°,
δηλαδή από εντός προς εκτός-επιπέδου). Συνολικά, δοκιμάστηκαν 180 μοντέλα, με τα οποία προέκυψαν
καμπύλες αλληλεπίδρασης και εξισώσεις για την εκτίμηση της φέρουσας ικανότητας με βάση αυτή του
γυμνού πλαισίου του εντός-επιπέδου. Οι εξισώσεις που παρήχθησαν έδειξαν καλή προσαρμογή με τα
δεδομένα από τις προσομοιώσεις.W¨ahrend eines Erdbebens werden mehrst¨ockige Geb¨aude durch die seismischen
Wellen in beliebiger Richtung angeregt und in der Regel durch Stockwerksverschiebungen und
Tr¨agheitskr¨afte belastet. Betrachtet man die Hauptachsen des Bauwerks, so l¨asst sich diese Belastung
in Kr¨afte parallel (in) und senkrecht zur Ebene aufteilen. Bei den Kr¨aften in der Ebene handelt
es sich naturgem¨aß um Geschossverschiebungen, w¨ahrend die Kr¨afte senkrecht zur Ebene sowohl
aus Geschossverschiebungen als auch aus Tr¨agheitskr¨aften bestehen.
Im Ergebnis der Literaturrecherche konnte herausgearbeitet werden, dass die meisten Experimente
senkrecht zur Ebene ein ¨aquivalentes Lastbild zu den Tr¨agheitskr¨aften verwenden, nur wenige
mit dynamischen Kr¨aften und nur zwei unter Anwendung von geschoss¨ubergreifender Geschossverschiebungen
durchgef¨uhrt wurden. In der Arbeit wurden die in der Literatur zu findenden analytischen
Modelle zur Berechnung der Tragf¨ahigkeit anhand verschiedener Experimente ¨uberpr¨uft
und die Anwendungsgrenzen sowie die am geeignetsten Gleichungen bestimmt. Dar¨uber hinaus
konnte anhand der gesammelten experimentellen Daten festgestellt werden, dass die statischen und
quasi¬statischen Methoden zur Berechnung der Kr¨afte infolge Geschossverschiebungen mehr ¨Ahnlichkeiten
mit dynamischen Tests aufweisen als die Methoden unter Ber¨ucksichtigung der Tr¨agheitskr
¨afte. Abgesehen von den begrenzten Studien zu Geschossverschiebungen senkrecht zur Ebene,
von denen keine mit Stahlbetonrahmen durchgef¨uhrt wurden, gab es nur wenige und widerspr¨uchliche
Studien unter der Ber¨ucksichtigung von ¨Offnungen. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgef¨uhrten Untersuchungen
befassen sich mit dem Einfluss von Ausfachungsw¨anden mit und ohne ¨Offnungen
auf Stahlbeton¬rahmen, die Lasten aus Geschossverschiebungen in der und senkrecht zur Ebene
ausgesetzt sind.
Die Arbeit baut auf den Ergebnissen bzw. Untersuchungen zur zyklischen, quasi-statischen Belastung
von Ausfachungsw¨anden in der Ebene auf. Der experimentelle Beitrag umfasst die zyklische,
quasi-statische, geschoss¨ubergreifende Driftbelastung senkrecht zur Ebene an Rahmen mit und ohne
Ausfachungen und ¨Offnungen sowie Biegeversuchen senkrecht zur Ebene an Mauerwerksversuchs–
k¨orpern. F¨ur alle drei Versuche wurden die gleichen Materialien, Techniken und Ger¨ate verwendet.
Die Art der ¨Offnungen (Fenster und T¨uren) und ihre Position (zentrisch und exzentrisch)
wurden variiert. Die Belastung beim Biegeversuch erfolgte senkrecht zur Ebene parallel und senkrecht
zu den Lagerfugen. Die Geschossverschiebungstests senkrecht zur Ebene zeigen, dass sich
die Ausfachungs¬wand und der Rahmen gemeinsam bewegen und dass die Ausfachung einen unbedeutenden
Beitrag zum Gesamtverhalten des Rahmens leistet, d. h. das Verhalten des nackten
Rahmenmodells ist ¨ahnlich wie das ausgef¨ullter Rahmen. Dennoch erlitt die Ausfachungswand erhebliche
Sch¨aden, vor allem durch die Trennung von Blockreihen in den Lagerfugen. Dies deutet
darauf hin, dass die Interaktion zwischen Rahmen und Mauerwerk einseitig ist, d. h. nur der Rahmen
¨ubertr¨agt Verschiebungen und sch¨adigt die Ausfachungswand. Alle Ergebnisse der Geschossverschiebungstests
senkrecht zur Ebene stimmen mit den in der Literatur ver¨offentlichten Studien
¨uberein.
Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen der Experimente werden Berechnungsmodelle entwickelt, anhand
dieser kalibriert und die Faktoren ermittelt, die das simulierte Verhalten der Modelle bestimmen.
Bei den Untersuchungen in der Ebene sind dies das Modell f¨ur die Fuge zwischen Ausfachung
und Rahmen sowie das Materialmodell f¨ur Beton und bei den Biegeversuchen f¨ur die Mauerwerksw
¨ande senkrecht zur Ebene auch das Modell f¨ur die Fugen / M¨ortel und das f¨ur Mauerwerk.
Daraus wird gefolgert, dass das Materialmodell f¨ur Mauerwerk nur einen geringen Einfluss auf das
Gesamtverhalten der Simulationen in der Ebene hat. Abschließend werden die Forschungsergebnisse
extrapoliert, um Belastungen innerhalb und senkrecht zur Ebene zu einer gleichzeitigen Einwirkung
in Form einer resultierenden Kraft zu kombinieren. Die Kombination wird durch den Winkel der
resultierenden Kraft α beschrieben. Hierf¨ur wurden 20 Konfigurationen aus einem Rahmen ohne
Ausfachung und mit Ausfachungsw¨anden mit oder ohne ¨Offnungen mit einem Fl¨achenverh¨altnis
von etwa 0.1, 0.2 und 0.3 im Verh¨altnis zur Fl¨ache der Ausfachung. Zus¨atzlich wurden die ¨Offnungen
zentrisch oder exzentrisch positioniert. Alle Modelle wurden von links oder rechts in neun
Winkelstellungen (0 bis 90°, d. h. von in- bis senkrecht zur Ebene) belastet. Insgesamt wurden
somit 180 Modelle analysiert und daraus Interaktionskurven sowie Gleichungen zur Absch¨atzung
der Tragf¨ahigkeit auf der Grundlage des einfachen Rahmens belastet in der Ebene abgeleitet. Die
Absch¨atzungsgleichungen zeigen eine gute ¨Ubereinstimmung mit den Daten aus den Simulationen
Dynamicmodules of elasticity of stabilized mixtures
No full textStabilizacijske mješavine su mješavine optimalne količine vode i kamenog zrnatog materijala vezanog
hidrauličnim vezivom, najčešće cementom. Stabilizacijskim mješavinama izvodi se nosivi sloj kolničke
konstrukcije koji povećava njezinu krutost i čvrstoću. Izvedba cementom stabiliziranog sloja doprinosi
povećanoj nosivosti kolničke konstrukcije, smanjuje naprezanja na posteljicu, poboljšava tlačnu/vlačnu
čvrstoću i dinamički modul elastičnosti. Dinamički modul elastičnosti predstavlja mjeru krutosti materijala
uslijed cikličnog, odnosno dinamičkog opterećenja, kakvo je prometno opterećenje. Koncept održivog
razvoja promijenio je zahtjeve izgradnje cesta. Uz zadovoljenje nosivosti, trajnosti i ekonomičnosti nalaže
se korištenje alternativnih, otpadnih materijala kako bi se zadovoljili uvjeti zaštite okoliša, odnosno
održivog razvoja cestogradnje. Drvni pepeo industrijski je nusproizvod nastanka energije iz obnovljivih
resursa koji je svoju primjenu pronašao u cestogradnji. Na području Istočne Hrvatske upotreba drvnog
pepela s lokalnim dravskim pijeskom ishod je ekonomične i kvalitetne gradnje, koja rješava problem
skladištenja ovog otpadnog materijala. Ovaj diplomski rad obuhvaća analizu dinamičkog modula
elastičnosti stabilizacijske mješavine sastavljene od dravskog pijeska, drvnog pepela i cementa. Cilj
eksperimentalnog ispitivanja stabilizacijskih mješavina s različitim udjelom cementa jest utvrditi ovisnost
dinamičkog modula elastičnosti o sastavu stabilizacijske mješavine. Ispitivanje dinamičkog modula
elastičnosti provedeno je nerazornom metodom mjerenja brzine ultrazvuka UPV, čiji će se rezultati detaljno
analizirati
Plates and shells made of structural glass
No full textStaklo kao materijal postoji tisućama godina, dok se kao građevinski materijal koristi nekoliko desetljeća. Ovim diplomskim radom obrađena su svojstva stakla kao materijala općenito, ali je najviše pažnje posvećeno konstrukcijskim svojstvima. Pobliže su razmotrena sva djelovanja u odabranom konstrukcijskom sustavu te otpornost koja proizlazi iz njih. Važnu ulogu u cijelom sustavu imaju i spojna sredstva te su u radu i ona istražena. Cjelokupno istraživanje u konačnici je sažeto u proračunskom primjeru nosive konstrukcije. Primjer se odnosi na proračun odabranih ploča i ljuski od konstrukcijskog stakla.Glass as a material has existed for thousands of years, while it has been used as a construction material for couple of decades. This master's thesis processed all general properties of glass as a material, but most attention was paid on structural properties. All actions on the adopted structural system and the resulting resistance are discussed in more detail. Connections play an important role in the entire system, which is also investigated in this work. The entire research is ultimately summarized in a case study example of an adopted structure. The example refers to plate and shell structures made of structural glass
Statistical analysis of municipal water construction
No full textTema ovog specijalističkog diplomskog rada je statistička analiza uslužnog područja Komunalca Županja d.o.o., koje pokriva područje grada Županje s okolnim mjestima općina Bošnjaci, Štitar, a po potrebi i naselja iz istočnog dijela županjske Posavine. Za potrebe vodoopskrbe Komunalca Županje d.o.o. voda se isporučuje iz Regionalnog vodovoda Istočne Slavonije te se ista transportira i isporučuje do krajnjih korisnika putem građevina sustava za javnu vodoopskrbu. Pitka voda se preuzima s dva prodajna mjesta, prodajno mjesto Županja kod vodocrpilišta Bošnjaci i prodajno mjesto Gradište kod vodocrpilišta Gradište. Na prodajnom mjestu Županja su ugrađena dva mjerača protoka, jednim se mjeri preuzeta voda za naselje Bošnjaci, a drugim za naselja Županju i Štitar, obzirom na dva zasebna transportna voda. Prilikom prekida u isporuci pitke vode, redovito se uključuju zdenci na vodocrpilištu Bošnjaci i pomoćnom vodocrpilištu u Županji. Vodoopskrbni sustav čine mjerna mjesta s ugrađenim mjeračima protoka, vodoopskrbni cjevovodi od različitih materijala, zasunske komore, muljni ispusti, odzračno dozračni ventili, hidranti te ostala oprema. Ukupna duljina cjevovoda koji je izveden od raznih materijala (PEHD, PVC, DUKTIL) i profila od DN 63 mm do DN 300 mm iznosi ukupno 194.28 km. Na vodoopskrbnoj mreži je izvedeno 7.386 priključaka od čega je 6.790 domaćinstava i 596 industrijskih korisnika. U radu se analiziraju zahvaćene količine vode te potrošnja vode. Također se analiziraju i kvarovi na vodoopskrbnoj mreži
Preliminary design of road A - B
No full textPrema zadanom projektnom zadatku i na temelju dobivene podloge projektirana je cesta od točaka A (235 m.n.m.) do B (210 m.n.m.) u programu Autodesk Civil 3D. Kod izrade poprečnog presjeka ceste tj. dimenzioniranja se koristio dodatak programu Autodesk Subassembly Composer. Cesta je namijenjena za mješoviti promet i lokalnog je značaja (5. kategorija). Cesta prolazi brdovitim terenom i materijal je zemljani. Kolnički zastor je od asfalt betona, a projektna brzina iznosi 40 km/h. U prvom dijelu rada je opisana tehnologija građenja s detaljnim opisima i načinom izvedbe. Tehnologija izvođenja je propisana općim tehničkim uvjetima za radove na cestama. U drugom dijelu rada su iskazani proračuni za elemente horizontalnih zavoja, vertikalnih zaobljenja i vitoperenja kolnika
Architecture and urban design of Gacka business zone
No full textRad se sastoji od urbanističkog i projektantskog rješenjazapodručje poslovne zone Gacka. Urbanističko rješenje nastajeiz brojnih provedenih analiza šireg i užeg gradskog kontekstate je utjelovljeno spojem dvaju tipologija - lamele (bloka/petlje)
i tornja. Iz postavljenog koncepta urbanizma slijedi
arhitektonsko oblikovanje jednog od pet predviđenih tornjevate njemu pripadajućeg dijela lamele. Glavna misao vodiljabilaje razdvanjanje zadanog programa, a samimtime i zgrade, nadva dijela - kreativni i logički, poput dvije suprotnosti koječineljudski mozak. Ideja se provodi tlocrtno, kroz presjek tekrozsamu materijalnost odjela - kontrast toplo-hladno, mramor- drvo. Pročelja su oblikovana minimalistički i anonimno
koristeći sitovi beton i reciklirano platno. Nakonsviharhitektonskih nacrta slijede sheme konstrukcije i instalacija.The paper consists of urban and architectural solution for thearea of Gacka business zone. The urban solution arises fromnumerous analyzes of the wider and narrower urban context
and is embodied by the combination of two typologies - lamela(block / loop) and tower. The architectural design consistsof
designing one of the five planned towers and a part of theloopthat goes with it. The main guiding thought was to separatethe given program, and thus the building, into two parts - creative and logical, like the two opposites that make upthehuman brain. The idea is implemented in the floor plan,
through the cross-section and through the very materialityof
the department - warm-cold and marble-wood contrast. Thefacades are designed minimalistically and anonymously usingconcrete sieves and recycled canvas. All architectural designsare followed by construction and installation schemes
Calculation velocities using projections of displacements rigid body dynamics
No full textZavršni rad sadrži dva zadatka iz kolegija Mehanika 2. U prvom zadatku, za mehanizam zadan crtežom, potrebno je odrediti kutnu brzinu tijela 2, te brzine točaka C, D, E, F, G i H. Zadatak je potrebno riješiti pomoću plana pomaka i rješenja kontrolirati vektorski.
U drugom zadatku zadano je složeno tijelo koje koje slobodno rotira oko nepomičnog oslonca. Iz zadane početne brzine i najvećeg kuta potrebno je odrediti krutost opruge, te približni broj njihaja prije no što se tijelo zaustavi.
U prvom dijelu završnog rada uz zadatak obrađena je i kinematika, temeljna grana mehanike koja promatra gibanje s geometrijskog gledišta, ne uzimajući u obzir mase, uzroke gibanja i odgovor konstrukcije.
Drugi dio završnog rada osim zadatka sadrži i teorijsku obradu dinamike. Dinamika je dio mehanike koji proučava gibanja tijela pod djelovanjem sila. Gibanje krutog tijela može biti translacijsko, rotacijsko ili složeno.The final paper contains two tasks from the course Mechanics 2. In the first task, for the mechanism given by the drawning, it is necessary to determine the angular velocity of body 2, and the velocities of points C, D, E, F, G and H. The task must be solved using the displacement plan and solutions need to be controlled with vectors.
In the second task, a complex body that freely rotates around a fixed support is given. From the given initial speed and the largest angle, it is necessary to determine the stiffness of the spring, and the approximate number of oscillations before the body stops.
In the first part of the final paper, in addition to the task, kinematics is processed, a fundamental branch of mechanics that observes motion from a geometric point of view, without taking into account masses, causes of motion, and the response of the structure.
The second part of the final paper, in addition to the assignment, also contains a theoretical treatment of dynamics. Dynamics is a part of mechanics that studies the motion of bodies under action of forces. The motion of a rigid body can be translational, rotational or complex
Calculation of velocities using projections of displacements and rigid body dynamics
No full textU ovom radu je predstavljena podijeljenost mehanike s osnovnim izrazima i definicijama. Predstavit ćemo dvije cjeline mehanike, a to su kinematika i dinamika. Smisao završnog rada je objasniti osnovne pretpostavke i pokazati primjenu iz svakog dijela. prvi zadatak obuhvaća kinematiku, te za zadani mehanizam treba odrediti kutne brzine tijela pomoću plana pomaka, zatim rješenje kontrolirati vektorski.
U drugom dijelu proračunavamo dinamiku - gibanje kutnog tijela, te za zadani primjer pokazati glavna obilježja dinamike. Zadatak se bavi određivanjem najveće kutne brzine tijela, te određivanjem broja njihaja prije nego se tijelo približno zaustavi.This paper presents the division of mechanics with basic and definitions. We will present two branches of mechanics, namely kinematics and dynamics. The goal of the final paper is to explain the basic assumptions and show the application of each part. The first task includes kinematics, and for the given mechanism, the angular velocities of the body should be determined using the displacement plan, then the solution silution should be vector controlled .
In the second part, we stidy dynamics - the motion of a rigid body, and show the main features of the dynamics for the given example. The task deals with determining the maximum angular velocity of the body, and determining the number of oscillations before the body comes to an approximate stop
Architecture and urban design of Gacka business zone
No full textUrbanističko-arhitektonsko rješnje postavljeno je u Gacku ulicu, na ulazu u grad. Urbanstičko rješenje zasnovano je na dvije dijagonale. Tvori ga kompozicija pune, izgrađene dijagonale i prazne, biciklističko-pješačke protudijagonale. Osnovna ideja pri oblikovanju poslovne zgrade proizlazi iz njezinog postava i orijentacije u urbanističkom rješenju. Tako se tvore dva oprečno tretirana ugla zgrade, jedan atraktivnih vizura gdje su smješteni uredi i zajednički prostori, dok se onaj nasuprotni otvara u obliku zelenih terasa stvarajući zeleni pojas i dajući mu kvalitetniji prostor za boravak.The urban-architectural solution was placed in Gacka Street, at the entrance to the city. The urban solution is based on two diagonals. It is formed by a composition of full, built diagonal and empty, bicycle-pedestrian diagonal. The main idea in designing an office building comes from its setting and orientation in the urban solution. The two oppositely treated corners of the building are formed, one with attractive views where offices and social areas are located, while the opposite one opens in the form of green terraces creating a green belt and giving it a better quality space