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Phase change materials in civil engineering
No full textBrz razvoj tehnologije tijekom današnjeg doba zahtijeva velike količine potrebne energije. Da bi se smanjila ovisnost o fosilnim gorivima, a istovremeno koristila potrebna količina energije, težilo se za otkrivanjem efikasnijeg i jeftinijeg načina za njezino skladištenje. Fazno promjenjivi materijali, opisani u ovome radu, pokazali su se kao odlični materijali upravo zbog njihove mogućnosti skladištenja velike količine latentne topline. Njihove mogućnosti skladištenja energije otkrivene su još početkom 19.stoljeća te od tada neprestano zaokupljaju pozornost brojnim istraživačima i znanstvenicima. Kroz narednih osam poglavlja detaljnije će se opisati i prikazati primjena ovih materijala koja do danas pokriva različita područja; od medicine pa sve do građevinarstva na koje je dan poseban naglasak. Korištenjem ovih materijala u građevinarstvu smanjuje se količina građevinskih materijala potrebnih za sprječavanje ulaska i izlaska energije iz prostorija, omogućavajući tako izgradnju energetski učinkovitijih i lakših građevina.Nowdays, fast technology development is in need for a big amount of required energy. To reduce fossil fuels addiction and to use a required amonut of energy at the same time, it was necessary to find an efficient and cheaper way to store energy. Phase change materials, which are decsribed in this essay,haveshown themselves as a great materials because of their big capacity for latent heat storage. Their possibilities of energy storage was discovered at the beginning of the 19th century and since then, they have been at the centre of attention for many scientists. These materials and their fields od application, from medical and all the way to building applications, will be described through eight chapters. The usage of these materials in building applications reduces big amount of building materials which are needed to prevent energy loss, at the same time making those new buildings more energy efficient and lighter
Concrete production and quality control at concrete plant Apolonia d.o.o.
No full textBeton je materijal čija je primjena vrlo široka što ga čini jednim od vodećih i najrasprostranjenijih materijala današnjice. Koristi se u zgradarstvu, u izgradnji mostova, kanala, brana, tunela i slično. Proces dobivanja betona je vrlo složen jer zahtijeva proizvodnju u kontroliranim uvjetima i prema točno određenim pravilima propisanih normom za proizvodnju i kontrolu kvalitete betona. U radu je popraćen proizvodni proces izrade i kontrole kvalitete u lokalnoj betonari Apolonia d.o.o. Praćena je proizvodnja betona od njegova naručivanja od strane kupca, tijek proizvodnje, te otprema naručenog betona na zahtijevanu adresu. Također, popraćena su i laboratorijska ispitivanja proizvedenog betona koja se provode u svrhu kontrole njegove kakvoće.Concrete is a material whose application is very broad, which makes it one of the leading and most widespread materials nowadays. It is used in the construction industry, in the construction of bridges, canals, dams, tunnels and such. The process of making concrete is very complex because it requires production under controlled conditions and according to the exact rules prescribed by the norm for the production and quality control of concrete. The paper follows the production process and quality control in the local concrete plant Apolonia d.o.o. The production of concrete was monitored from the time it was ordered by the customer, during the production process,to the delivery of the ordered concrete to the required address. Also, laboratory tests of the produced concrete, which are carried out for the purpose of quality control, are also accompanied
Spatial planning criteria for evaluating the impact of urban architectural competitions on spatial development of the city of Osijek
No full textThe topic of the research is the influence of urban-architectural competitions (UAC) on planning, urban development, and image of the city of Osijek. The research was prompted by inappropriate changes on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, which are the result of political, social, and economic transition after Croatia’s War of Independence. The integration and significance of UAC were analyzed from an urban point of view, and the research was conducted in the area of technical sciences, in the field of architecture and urban planning
Estimating Maintenance Costs of Sewer System
No full textMaintenance costs of all types of buildings are most often ignored since they are incurred in the future. Potential investors are interested in capital costs—construction costs—while maintenance costs are considered as unimportant in the life cycle of a building. If there were a larger number of maintenance cost estimation models, it would be possible to estimate these costs and present them to potential investors more easily, thus making it easier and more effective to apply life cycle cost methods. A study on the characteristics and costs of the maintenance of sewer systems in the Republic of Croatia was conducted, wherein questionnaires were sent to companies operating public sewer systems. The data requested in the questionnaires were general data on enterprises, maintenance, data on sewer systems, quantities of sewer discharge, sewer pipes and data on maintenance costs of sewer systems. It was established that it is possible to use linear regression when creating a model for estimating the maintenance costs of a sewer system
Fields of Application of SWAT Hydrological Model—A Review
No full textSoil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a widely used model for runoff, non-point source pollution, and other complex hydrological processes under changing environments (groundwater flow, evapotranspiration, snow melting, etc.). This paper reviews the key characteristics and applications of SWAT. Since its inception in the 1990s, there has been a significant increase in the number of articles related to the SWAT model. In the last 10 years, the number of articles almost reached 4000. The range of applications varies between small and large scales ; however, large watershed modelling dominates in North America and Asia. Moreover, the prevailing modelling is related to hydrological impacts in a changing environment, which is a global problem. The significant shortcoming of the SWAT model is the vast quantity of data necessary to run the model to generate accurate and reliable results, which is not accessible in some regions of the world. Apart from its accessibility, it has several advantages, including continuous development, which results in a slew of new interfaces and tools supporting the model. Additionally, it can simulate human activity and agricultural measures and adapt to new circumstances and situations. This article emphasizes weaknesses and strengths of SWAT model application on modelling of hydrological processes in changing climate and environmen
Determination of Natural Fundamental Period of Minarets by Using Artificial Neural Network and Assess the Impact of Different Materials on Their Seismic Vulnerability
No full textMinarets are slender and tall structures that are built from different types of materials. Modern materials are also starting to be used in such structures with the recent developments in material technology. The seismic vulnerability and dynamic behavior of minarets can vary, depending on the material characteristics. Within this study’s scope, thirteen different material types used in minarets in Türkiye were chosen as variables. A sample minaret model was chosen as an example with nine different heights to reveal how material characteristic change affects seismic and dynamic behavior. Information and mechanical characteristics were given for all the material types. Natural fundamental periods, displacements, and base shear forces were attained from structural analyses for each selected material. The empirical period formula for each material is proposed using the obtained periods, depending on the different minaret heights taken into consideration. At the same time, fundamental natural periods for the first ten modes and 13 different types of materials used in the study were estimated with the established Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The real periods from the experimental analyses were compared with the values estimated by the ANN using fewer parameters, and 99% of the results were successful. In addition, time history analyses were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the minaret (three different materials were considered). In this specific case, the acceleration record from the 2011 Van (Eastern Turkiye) earthquake (Mw = 7.2) was taken into consideration. Performance levels were determined for the minaret according to the results obtained for each material. It has been concluded that material characteristics significantly affect the dynamic and seismic behavior of the minarets
Buckling Resistance of Tapered Steel Columns
No full textTapered steel members are widely used in structural and architectural engineering for their efficiency and adaptability, allowing for optimal material usage tailored to specific load levels. However, their complex stability characteristics have hindered their representation in modern design standards like EN 1993 and AISC 360. Existing buckling solutions are limited, and practical research is lacking. This paper comprehensively examines the buckling resistance calculation methodologies for members with variable cross-sections, addressing discrepancies across the methodologies, particularly regarding the tapering ratio. A parametric analysis and numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate each methodology’s applicability, emphasizing the need to balance computational simplicity and accuracy. The study primarily focused on tapered steel beams, considering the different tapering ratios and loading conditions. The findings provide valuable insights into the buckling behavior in tapered members and the practical implications for real-world structural designs. By examining the available analytical methods for calculating the buckling resistance of tapered elements, a better understanding of how to accommodate the non-uniformity of a member was gained, enabling an overview of the variance in the determined resistances and an assessment of the method’s applicability. Moreover, specific calculation methodologies were found to have shortcomings that require modifications for a more accurate parametric analysis. This research contributes to the field by bridging the gaps in modern design standards and enhancing the understanding of buckling in tapered steel members
Architecture and urban design of Gacka business zone
No full textProjektni zadatak urbanističko-arhitektonskog studija je idejno urbanistički i arhitektonsko rješenje poslovne zone Gacka. Urbanističko rješenje proizašlo je iz analize okolne izgradnje i pješačkih puteva. Na parceli su određeni smjerovi kretanja koji uz novu izgradnju poslovnih zgrada postaju ulice, oblik poznat i ugodan mjerilu pješaka. Poslovne zgrade, subordinirane pješačkim putovima, formirale su izlomljene lamele. Arhitektonsko rješenje proizašlo je iz analize dopiranja svjetlosti u dubove dijelove zgrade, što je rezultiralo prodiranjem atrija, te otvaranjem ozelenjenih krovnih terasa prema jugu. Cilj ej bio postići poslovnu zgrada koja stapa vanjski i unutarnji prostor, pružajući prostore za rad, odmor i susrete.Task of urbanisam-architectural study is to create a conceptual urban and architectural solution of business zone Gacka. The urban solution occurred from the analysis of surrounding buildings and footpaths. On the plot are determined pedestrian paths, which with newly formed buildings create streets, form familiar and pleasant to human scale. Business buildings, subordinated by pedestrian paths, form broken elongated rectanular prism. The architectural solution occureed from analyzes of the ability of sunlight to reach deep parts of the building, which resulted in penetration of the atrium, and opening of green root terraces toward the south. The goal was to achieve an office building that merges together internal and external space, providing areas for work, relexation, and meetings
Architecture and urban design of Gacka business zone
No full textTema završnog rada je urbanističko i arhitektonsko rješenje poslovne zone Gacka. Poslovna Zona Gacka locirana je na južnom djelu grada i u blizini je jedan od ulaza u grad. U urbanističkom rješenju definirale su se 4 markice poslovne namjene te jedna markica turističke namjene. Svakoj markici dodjeljen je potrebna površina garaže i parking mjesta. Garaža je podzemna. Urbanističkim rješenjem odgovorilo se na problem nedostatka pješačke komunikacije kroz dio grada na kojem je locirana poslovna zona Gacka. Stvorila se dominantna dijagonala i ulice koje je sijeku koje poboljšavaju komunikaciju prostora. Zelenilo je maksimalno uvedeno na parcelu te su se pomoću ulica otvorile nove vizure. U arhitektonskom djelu zadatka rješavala se poslovna zgrada i njezini sadržaji. Koncept same zgrade nadovezuje se na urbanistički koncept te se kroz cijelu zgrade proteže dominantna linija sa sadržajima javnijeg karaktera dok je po obodu zgrade privatniji
sadržaj.The topic of the final paper is the urban and architectural solution of the Gacka business zone. The Gacka Business Zone is located in the southern part of the city and is near one of the entrances to the city. In the urban solution, 4 stamps for business purposes and one stamp for tourist purposes were defined. Each stamp is assigned the required garage area and parking space. The garage is underground. The urban solution addressed the problem of lack of pedestrian communication through the part of the city where Gacka business zone is located. Dominant diagonals and intersecting streets have been created that improve the communication of the space. Greenery was introduced to the plot as much as possible, and new vistas were opened with the help of the streets. In the architectural part of the task, the business building and its contents were solved. The concept of the building itself builds on the urban concept and the dominant line extends through the entire building with contents of a public character, while along the perimeter of the building there is a private content
SDOF analysis of overpass columns influenced by blast load
No full textVažnost mostova za svaku državu dovodi ih u položaj terorističkih meta djelovanjem eksploziva. Zato je važno prilikom projektiranja uzimanje u obzir i izvanredno djelovanje eksplozije. Iako su ispitivanja vrlo skupa i složena uporabom računalnih programa može se simulirati djelovanje eksplozije na mostove i odgovor konstrukcije na nju. U obzir su uzete tri količine eksploziva koje djeluju ispod nadvožnjaka i dobiveni su rezultati pomaka, deformacije, sile u opruzi, sile prigušenja.The significance of bridges for every country places them in a vulnerable position as potential terrorist targets, given the threat of explosive actions. This underscores the crucial necessity of considering the profound impact of explosions during the design phase. While conducting physical tests for this purpose proves to be both costly and intricate, the utilization of computer programs enables the simulation of explosion effects on bridges and their structural responses. In this study, three different explosive quantities were considered in the scenario of an explosion occurring beneath the overpass. The subsequent outcomes encompassed measurements of displacement, deformation, spring force, and damping force