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Creation and preparation of a dynamic plan for integration into a BIM model
No full text„Building Information Modeling“ (BIM) integrira informacije u svrhu izrade sveobuhvatnog digitalnog modela projekta koji sadrži podatke iz mnogih izvora i paralelno se razvija sa stvarnim projektom tijekom cijelog njegovo ukupnog trajanja. 3D BIM omogućuje vizualizaciju i analizu fizičkih karakteristika objekta kroz trodimenzionalne modele. 4D BIM predstavlja proširenje 3D BIM modela uvođenjem četvrte dimenzije – vrijeme čime se omogućuje praćenje i planiranje vremenskog slijeda građevinskih aktivnosti, simulaciju izgradnje i optimiziranje radnog procesa. Na temelju dobivene projektne dokumentacije poslovno-stambene zgrade u Virovitici izrađen je dinamički plan. Plan je pripremljen u skladu s načelom modela aktivnog BIM-a. WBS kodovi korišteni su kao istoznačni podaci između softvera radi njihovog lakšeg međusobnog ažuriranja. Takav 4D BIM model omogućuje bržu izradu i analizu mnogih alternativnih scenarija originalnog dinamičkog plana jer je ručni unos podataka uvelike zamijenjen automatskim ažuriranjem između softvera. U ovom radu izrađena su dva alternativna scenarija. Prvi scenarij prikazuje utjecaj korištenja tradicionalne krojene drvene oplate, a drugi korištenje cementa velike rane čvrstoće na ukupno trajanje projekta."Building Information Modeling" (BIM) integrates information with the purpose of creating a comprehensive digital model of the project that contains data from many sources and develops in parallel with the actual project throughout its entire duration. 3D BIM enables the visualization and analysis of the physical characteristics of the object through three-dimensional models. 4D BIM represents an extension of the 3D BIM model by introducing the fourth dimension – time. This enables monitoring and planning of the time sequence of construction activities, construction simulation and optimization of the work process. Based on the obtained project documentation of the business-residential building in Virovitica, a dynamic plan was created. The plan was prepared in accordance with the principle of the active BIM model. WBS codes were used as identical data between software for easier mutual updating. Such a 4D BIM model enables faster creation and analysis of many alternative scenarios of the original dynamic plan, as manual data entry is largely replaced by automatic updates between software. In this paper, two alternative scenarios were developed. The first scenario shows the impact of the use of traditional cut timber formwork and
the second of the use of high early strength cement on the total duration of the project
Calculation of the fire resistance of roof wooden structures
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je proračunati požarnu otpornost zadane drvene krovne konstrukcije sastavljene od glavnih i sekundarnih elemenata od lijepljenog lameliranog drva, kao i prostornog stabilizacijskog sustava. Konstrukcija se nalazi u Osijeku, a njezine tlocrtne i visinske dimenzije unaprijed su definirane zadatkom. Glavni nosač zakrivljenog je oblika s promjenjivom visinom poprečnog presjeka, dok sekundarne elemente čine podrožnice. Svi proračuni i analize izvedeni su prema važećim standardima, točnije normama HRN EN. Požarna otpornost građevinskih konstrukcija od izuzetne je važnosti za osiguravanje sigurnosti ljudi i imovine. Zbog toga je ključno projektirati građevine koje mogu izdržati požarne uvjete te omogućiti dovoljno vremena za sigurnu evakuaciju. Upravo je zbog toga posebna pažnja u ovom radu posvećena analizi i proračunu požarne otpornosti drvene konstrukcije, s naglaskom na ponašanje lijepljenog lameliranog drveta u takvim uvjetima. U uvodnom dijelu rada detaljno su objašnjeni razlozi razvoja lijepljenog lameliranog drveta kao modernog građevinskog materijala, proces njegove proizvodnje te osnovne karakteristike koje ga čine pogodnim za upotrebu u nosivim konstrukcijama. Osim tehničkih karakteristika, posebno je obrađeno i ponašanje drvenih konstrukcija u uvjetima požara, uključujući mehaničke promjene u materijalu, proces sagorijevanja te metode zaštite drvenih elemenata od visokih temperatura. Za projektiranje drvenih konstrukcija na požar koristi se norma HRN EN 1995-1-2, koja pruža smjernice i pravila za postizanje adekvatne otpornosti na požar. Drugi dio rada posvećen je dimenzioniranju glavnih nosivih elemenata konstrukcije – glavnog nosača, podrožnica i prostornog stabilizacijskog veza. Uz standardne proračune, provjerena su i granična stanja nosivosti i uporabljivosti nosača, čime je osigurano da konstrukcija može podnijeti projektirana opterećenja. Nakon toga, rad se fokusira na glavni cilj – proračun požarne otpornosti konstrukcije, koji je ključan za razumijevanje kako će se ona ponašati u slučaju požara. Na kraju rada prikazani su rezultati proračuna požarne otpornosti za pojedine dijelove konstrukcije.The objective of this thesis was to calculate the fire resistance of a specified timber roof structure composed of primary and secondary elements made from glued laminated timber, as well as a spatial stabilization system. The structure is located in Osijek, and its plan and elevation dimensions were pre-defined in the project assignment. The main beam is of a curved shape with a varying cross-sectional height, while the secondary elements consist of purlins. All calculations and analyses were conducted according to applicable standards, specifically the HRN EN norms. Fire resistance of building structures is crucial for ensuring the safety of both people and property. It is therefore essential to design structures capable of withstanding fire conditions and providing sufficient time for safe evacuation. In light of this, particular attention in this thesis
was given to analyzing and calculating the fire resistance of the timber structure, with a focus on the behavior of glued laminated timber in such conditions. The introductory section of the thesis provides a detailed explanation of the development of glued laminated timber as a modern construction material, the process of its production, and the key characteristics that make it suitable for use in load-bearing structures. In addition to its technical properties, the thesis also examines the behavior of timber structures under fire conditions, including the mechanical changes in the material, the process of combustion, and methods for protecting timber elements from high temperatures. The design of timber structures for fire resistance is based on the HRN EN 1995-1-2 standard, which provides guidelines and regulations for achieving adequate fire resistance. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the dimensioning of the main load-bearing elements of the structure – the primary beam, purlins, and the spatial stabilization system. In addition to standard
calculations, the ultimate and serviceability limit states of the beam were also verified to ensure that the structure can withstand the design loads. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the main objective – calculating the fire resistance of the structure, which is critical for understanding how it will behave in the event of a fire. Finally, the results of the fire resistance calculations for individual components of the structure are presented
Deformation properties of the masonry elements used in the construction of the Petrinje cultural heritage buildings damaged by the earthquake
No full textProvedena su laboratorijska nerazorna ispitivanja deformacijska svojstva zidnih elemenatakorištenih pri gradnji zgrada kulturne baštine Petrinje oštećenih potresom. Uzorci zidnih elemenata prikupljeni su na terenu, na osam različitih lokacija, i pripadaju periodu gradnje od kraja 18. i početka 20. stoljeća. Ispitivana je rezonantna frekvencija, u skladu s ASTM C-215, EN-14146:2004, i brzina prolaska ultrazvučnog vala prema ASTM-C-597-02 i EN-125044:2021. Pregled literature ukazuje na ograničene spoznaje o deformacijskim svojstvima zidnih elemenata tzv. starih zidanih zgrada. Provedeno istraživanje predstavlja značajan doprinos postojećoj bazi rezultata. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja mogu se primijeniti prilikom računalnog modeliranja i seizmičke procjene ponašanja zidanih zgrada kulturnog dobra i kao takvi imaju potencijal u praktičnoj primjeni. Rezultati dobiveni ispitivanjima u skladu su s rezultatima u literaturi.Non-destructive laboratory tests were conducted with the aim of determining deformation properties of the masonry elements used in the construction of the Petrinja cultural heritage buildings damaged by the earthquake. Test samples were collected in the field, at eight different locations, and belong to the period of construction between the end of 18th and beginning of the 20th century. Tests were carried out to determine resonant frequency, according to ASTM C215, EN-14146:2004, and ultrasonic pulse velocity, according to ASTM-C-597-02 and EN12504-4:2021. Literature review revealed lack of the knowledge regarding deformation properties of so called old masonry. Conducted research presents valuable contributio to the existing database. Obtained results can be used for numerical modeling of masonry and seismic vulnerability asesment and thus have potential for practical use. Test results are in accordance with reports in existing literature
Slope erosion protection
No full textOvim završnim radom pokušala sam približiti problem erozije tla i neke od načine na koji je taj problem moguće spriječiti. Također, pokušala sam objasniti posljedice erozije na okoliš i ljude te samu ljudsku ulogu u stvaranju erozije. Kroz prvih par poglavlja opisala sam neke od vrsta erozije, uzroke i načine na koji nastaje. Opisala sam neke od najčešćih mjera zaštita od erozije te navela njihove prednosti i mane. Inženjerskim proračunima pokazana je primjena teorijskog dijela sa računskim te usporedba različitih proračuna za zaštitu od erozije.With this final paper, I tried to approach the problem of erosion and some of the ways in which this problem can be prevented. Also, I tried to explain the consequences of erosion on the environment and people, as well as the human role in creating erosion. Through the first couple of chapters, I described some of the types of erosion, the causes and ways in which it occurs. I described some of the most common erosion protection measures and listed their advantages and disadvantages. Engineering calculations show the application of the theoretical part with the computational one, as well as the comparison of different calculations for protection against erosion
Water supply Examples of solved problems from theory and practice
No full textUdžbenik je prvenstveno namijenjen studentima sveučilišnog prijediplomskog studija za kolegij Opskrba vodom i odvodnja I, ali i inženjerima u praksi. Sastoji se od pet cjelina koje obuhvaćaju veći broj riješenih primjera izračuna potrošnje vode, raspodjele tlakova, dimenzioniranja vodoopskrbnih cjevovoda i vodospreme. Šestu cjelinu čine fotografije i opisi armatura, fazonskih komada i čvorišta
Comparing MLR and ANN models for school building electrical energy prediction in Osijek-Baranja County in Croatia
No full textThis paper presents a study conducted in Osijek-Baranja County, Croatia, to predict electrical energy consumption in school buildings. Data from the Energy Management Information System (EMIS) database for primary and secondary schools were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The ANN model achieved a high R² of 0957 in the training set, with lower Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) than the MLR model, which had an R² of 0950. On the validation set, the ANN model maintained an R² of 0954 and showed slightly better performance with a lower Coefficient of Variation of RMSE (CVRMSE) of 19,79 %, compared to the MLR model’s CVRMSE of 20,50 %. These results indicate that the ANN model generally provides more accurate and reliable predictions for energy consumption in school buildings. However, both models provided a robust positive correlation between the predicted and actual values
Improvement of stabilized mixes properties with the addition of wood ash
No full textNaglim razvojem prometa povećanih dimenzija i masa, postavlja se novi izazov za održavanje sigurnosti i trajnosti cestovne infrastrukture. Razvojem stabilizacijskih mješavina predstavlja se ključni korak u ojačanju cesta te produženju njihovog životnog vijeka. Izvedbom stabilizacijskih slojeva u kolničkoj konstrukciji utječe se na smanjenje naprezanja na posteljicu, povećava tlačnu čvrstoću i dinamički modul elastičnosti te u globalu povećava nosivost kolničke konstrukcije. Korištenjem drvnog biopepela smanjuju se troškovi izvedbe stabiliziranih nosivih slojeva u vidu uštede cementa i pijeska. Primjenom drvnog biopepela u cestogradnji smanjuju se količine otpadnog materijala kojeg je potrebno zbrinuti što zadovoljava smjernice održivog razvoja. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti mogućnosti upotrebe drvnog pepela kao otpadnog materijala uz cement i dravski pijesak u cementno stabilizacijskoj mješavini. Analizirat će se mehaničke karakteristike, otpornost na opterećenja i vremenske utjecaje takve mješavine. Također, proučavat će se dinamički modul elastičnosti kao i ovisnosti između dinamičkog modula elastičnosti i tlačne čvrstoće stabilizacijskih mješavina
Impact theory and speed calculation
No full textZavršnim radom se tumače te rješavaju problemi dvije temeljne, velike grane mehanike (kinematika i dinamika). Za obije grane prvo su definirane teorijske podloge i njihova načela, pomoću kojih je riješen zadan zadatak i njegovi problemi. Prvim dijelom završnog rada riješena je dinamika, odnosno konačni položaji kugli nakon sudara. Do rješenja smo došli primjenom općeg načela rada i energije te teorije sudara, analiziranjem zadanih parametara. Drugim dijelom zadatka riješene su brzine gibanja točke po kružnici kugle neposredni prije i nakon svakog sudara primjenom kinematike. Brzine se dobivaju pomoću komplanarnog gibanja tijela kojeg prikazujemo vektorski, te grafičkim planom brzina i ubrzanja.The final paper interprets and solves the problems of two fundamental, large branches of mechanics (kinematics and dynamics). For both branches, theoretical foundations and their principles were first defined, with the help of which the given task and its problems were solved. The first part of the final work deals with the dynamics, i.e. the final positions of the balls after the collision. We came to the solution by applying the general principle of work and energy and collision theory by analyzing the given parameters. In the second part of the task, the speed of motion of a point on the circle of the sphere was
solved immediately before and after each collision using kinematics. Velocities are obtained using the coplanar motion of the body, which we schow in vector, and with the graphic plan of velocities and accelerations
Analysis of surface runoff in the continental Croatian watershed
No full textRadom je analizirano površinsko otjecanje na sjeverozapadnom dijelu sliva rijeke Orljave. Provedena je analiza podataka s kišomjernih i hidroloških postaja smještenih na slivu, nakon čega su izdvojene tri kišne epizode za detaljniju analizu. Nakon analize podataka, metodom Horton-ove krivulje infiltracije odvojena je neto oborina od ukupno pale oborine. Na temelju podataka o efektivnim oborinama konstruiran je 6-satni jedinični hidrogram koji je poslužio kao osnova za konstrukciju 10-satnog i 19-satnog jediničnog hidrograma. Nadalje, u programu HEC-HMS modelirane su promatrane kišne epizode, rezultati ovog modela uspoređeni su s mjernim podacima i prethodno dobivenim analitičkim hidrogramima kako bi se provjerila valjanost i točnost modela. Na kraju, provedena je i prognoza poplavnih valova višegodišnjih povratnih perioda.The work analyzed surface runoff in the north-western part of the Orljava river basin. The analysis of data from rain gauges and hydrological stations located in the basin was carried out, after which three rainy episodes were isolated for further analysis. After the analysis of the data, the net precipitation was separated from the total fallen precipitation with the help of Horton’s infiltration curve. Based on the data on effective precipitation, a 6-hour unit hydrograph was constructed which served as the basis for the construction of the 10-hour and 19-hour unit hydrograph. Furthermore, the observed rainfall episodes were modeled in the HEC-HMS software and the results of this model were compared with the measurement data and the previously obtained analytical hydrographs in order to verify the validity and accuracy of the model. Finally, the prediction of multiannual return floods was also carried out
Calculation of the wooden ceiling of the ground floor
No full textU ovom završnom radu izvođen je proračun drvene stropne konstrukcije u prizemnoj obiteljskoj kućiprema HRN EN normama. Kuća ima vanjske dimenzije 8,50 m x 6,75 m, a visina stropa iznosi 3,50m. Prizemnica se sastoji od kuhinje s blagovaonicom i dnevnim boravkom, hodnika, kupaonice te dvaju spavaćih soba. Lokacija objekta je u Osijeku. Konstrukcija se sastoji od nosive strukture koja obuhvaća drvene grede dimenzija b/h = 12/18 cm, a između drvenih greda nalazi se toplinska izolacija u obliku staklene vune, slojeve podgleda (daske debljine 2,4 cm i rigips debljine 1,25 cm) te slojeve poda, odnosno OSB ploče 2,2 cm. Također, prikazan je proračun konstrukcije koji uključuje stalno opterećenje od vlastite težine koje iznosi 0,65 kN/m2i korisno opterećenje od 1,50 kN/m2 . Korišteno je cjelovito crnogorično drvo razreda čvrstoće C24. Sve grede konstrukcije analizirane su kako statički sustav proste grede. Imamo poziciju 1 koja je kritičnija čiji je raspon 4,91 m, te poziciju 2 čiji je raspon 3,40m. Analizu je vršena pomoću „Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2024.“The calculation of the wooden ceiling structure in a ground-floor family house was performed according to HRN EN standards. The house has external dimensions of 8.50 m x 6.75 m, a ceiling height of 3.50 m, and consists of a kitchen with a dining area and living room, a hallway, a bathroom, and two bedrooms. The location of the building is in Osijek. The construction consists of a loadbearing structure encompassing wooden beams with dimensions b/h = 12/18 cm. Thermal insulation in the form of glass wool is placed between the wooden beams, along with layers of ceiling finish (boards with a thickness of 2.4 cm and gypsum board with a thickness of 1.25 cm) and floor layers, specifically OSB boards of 2.2 cm thickness. The structural calculation includes a permanent load from its own weight, amounting to 0.65 kN/m2, and a live load of 1.50 kN/m2. Solid softwood of strength class C24 was used. All beams of the structure were analyzed as a static system of a simple beam. There is a critical position 1 with a span of 4.91 m and position 2 with a span of 3.40 m. The analysis was conducted using "Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2024.