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The influence of 1% and 9% TiO2 in mortar on its physical - mechanical and electromagnetic properties
No full textRazvojem i širenjem građevinske industrije pojavila se potreba za poboljšanjem materijala pomoću različitih dodataka. Jedan od takvih dodataka je titanijev dioksid, bijeli pigment, čija je primjena u građevinarstvu, zbog njegovih utjecaja, sve češća. Iako je mogućnost primjene raznolika, u ovom radu naglasak je na njegovu utjecaju u mortu na različita svojstva. U uvodnom dijelu rada pobliže su objašnjene glavne karakteristike, kao i značaj morta i titanijeva dioksida. Također, opisan je postupak pripreme i izrade morta, te su u konačnici provedena zahtijevana ispitivanja. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je odgonetnuti kako dodatak TiO2 u određenim udjelima utječe na fizikalno-mehanička te elektromagnetska svojstva morta. Ispitivanje je provedeno na uzorcima gotovo identičnih sastava, jedina razlika njihova sastava je količina titanijeva dioksida. Udio titanijeva dioksida u mješavinama korišten je u različitim postotcima: 1%, 3%, 7% i 9%. Navedene mješavine analizirane su u usporedbi s referentnim uzorkom, odnosno uzorkom M0, kojemu nije dodan titanijev dioksid. Za potrebe različitih ispitivanja, uzorci su ispitivani u svježem i očvrslom stanju. U svježem stanju, neposredno nakon spravljanja mješavine, određena je gustoća, konzistencija, te udio pora svake od mješavina. Pri 28 danu starosti uzoraka, ispitana je tlačna i vlačna čvrstoća na savijanje. Rezultatima ispitivanja zaključeno je da se dodatkom titanijeva dioksida gustoća postupno povećava, a konzistencija, ispitana metodom rasprostiranja, smanjuje. Tlačna i vlačna čvrstoća na savijanje također postupno rastu povećanjem udjela dodatka. S druge strane, nije dokazan značajan učinak titanijevog dioksida na zaštitu od elektromagnetskog zračenja u promatranim uzorcima. Pretpostavlja se da je takav rezultat ispitivanja utjecaj kristalne strukture čestica titanijevog dioksida.With the development and expansion of the construction industry, there was a need to improve materials using various additives. One of such additives is titanium dioxide, a white pigment, whose application in construction, due to its effects, is becoming more and more common. Although the possibility of application is diverse, in this paper the emphasis is on its influence in mortar on various properties. In the introductory part of the paper, the main characteristics, as well as the importance of mortar and titanium dioxide, are explained in more detail. Also, the procedure for preparing and making the mortar was described, and finally the required tests were carried out. The main goal of this research is to find out how the addition of TiO2 in certain proportions affects the physical-mechanical and electromagnetic properties of the mortar. The test was carried out on samples of almost identical composition, the only difference in their composition being the amount of titanium dioxide. The share of titanium dioxide in the mixtures was used in different percentages: 1%, 3%, 7% and 9%. The mentioned mixtures were analyzed in comparison with the reference sample, i.e. sample M0, to which no titanium dioxide was added. For the purposes of various tests, the samples were tested in a fresh and hardened state. In the fresh state, immediately after making the mixture, the density, consistency, and proportion of pores of each of the mixtures was determined. At 28 days of age of the samples, the compressive and tensile bending strength was tested. The test results concluded that with the addition of titanium dioxide, the density gradually increases, and the consistency, tested by the spreading method, decreases. The compressive and tensile bending strength also gradually increase with the increase in the proportion of the additive. On the other hand, no significant effect of titanium dioxide on protection against electromagnetic radiation was proven in the observed samples. It is assumed that such a test result is the influence of the crystal structure of the titanium dioxide particles
Architecture and urban design of Retfala south business zone
No full textTema završnog rada obuhvaća izradu urbanističkog i arhitektonskog rješenja poslovne zone Retfala – jug, smještene na jugozapadnom ulazu u grad Osijek. Na temelju provedene analize postojećeg stanja, urbanističkim rješenjem definirani su položaji sedam poslovnih zgrada, koje poput labirinta međusobno povezuje konstrukcija koncipirana različitim sadržajima. Zadana zgrada nalazi se na sjeveroistočnom dijelu obuhvata uz izlaz iz labirinta. Zgrada je osmišljena kao prostor dijaloga između forme i slobode, čime se istražuje odnos suprotstavljenih principa unutar poslovnog okruženja. Ideja slobode artikulirana je kroz središnji dio zgrade – mrežastu strukturu koja uspostavlja prostornu i simboličku poveznicu između dvaju jasno definiranih monolitnih volumena.The topic of the final project involves the development of an urban and architectural design for the Retfala – South business
zone, located at the southwestern entrance to the city of Osijek. Based on the analysis of the existing conditions, the urban concept defines the positions of seven office buildings, which are interconnected like a labyrinth through a structure conceived with various functions. The designated building is situated in the northeastern part of the site, at the exit of the labyrinth. The building is envisioned as a space of dialogue between form and freedom, exploring the relationship between opposing principles within a business environment. The idea of freedom is articulated through the central part of the building – a mesh-like structure that establishes both a spatial and symbolic connection between two clearly defined monolithic volumes
Architectural - urban design of Retfala - south business zone
No full textProjekt se temelji na ideji širenja Osijeka kao poslovnog središta, uz integraciju suburbanih zona preko željezničke povezanosti. Na ključnom ulazu u grad formira se atraktivni urbani prostor s dinamičnom šetnicom i ritmom zgrada. Projektirana lamela orijentirana je istok-zapad, između društvenih sadržaja, s konceptualnom inverzijom; društveni prostori u središtu, poslovni na rubovima. Svjetlarnici, atriji i uvučeni volumeni u lameli stvaraju slojevitost, dok središnji toranj postaje vizualni orijentir u urbanoj strukturi.The project is based on the idea of Osijek's expansion as a business center, integrating suburban areas through railway connectivity. At a key entrance to the city, an attractive urban space is foormed, featuring a dynamic promenade and rhythmic building layout. The designed lamella is oriented east-west, positioned between social facilities, with a conceptual inversion; social zones at the center, business areas at the edges. Skylights, atriums and recessed volumes create spatial layering, while the central tower becomes a visual landmark in the urban structure
The influence of recycled coins on mortar properties
No full textU ovom završnom radu istražen je utjecaj recikliranih kovanica na svojstva cementnog morta. Rad započinje teorijskim pregledom morta kao građevinskog materijala, s naglaskom na njegova osnovna svojstva i čimbenike koji mogu utjecati na njegovu kvalitetu i primjenu. Posebna pažnja posvećena je mogućnosti ponovne upotrebe metalnog otpada – konkretno recikliranih hrvatskih kovanica koje su povučene iz optjecaja – u svrhu povećanja održivosti i racionalnijeg iskorištavanja sirovina u građevinskom sektoru.
Eksperimentalni dio proveden je u laboratoriju Građevinskog i arhitektonskog fakulteta u Osijeku, gdje su izrađene tri mješavine: jedna referentna i dvije s dodatkom 1 kg, odnosno 2 kg recikliranih (demonetiziranih) hrvatskih lipa. Provedena su ispitivanja u svježem i u očvrsnulom stanju nakon 28 dana starosti u kontroliranim uvjetima.
Rezultati su prikazani tablično i popraćeni fotografijama tijeka rada, a na temelju dobivenih podataka analiziran je utjecaj različitih količina recikliranih kovanica na svojstva morta. Ovakav pristup pridonosi razvoju ekološki prihvatljivijih materijala bez značajnog narušavanja njihovih funkcionalnih svojstava.This final thesis investigates the influence of recycled coins on the properties of cement mortar. The work begins with a theoretical overview of mortar as a construction material, with emphasis on its fundamental properties and the factors that can affect its quality and application. Special attention is given to the potential for reusing metal waste—specifically, recycled Croatian coins withdrawn from circulation—in order to improve sustainability and promote more rational use of raw materials in the construction sector.
The experimental part was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Osijek, where three mortar mixtures were prepared: one reference mixture and two with the addition of 1 kg and 2 kg of recycled (demonetized) Croatian lipa coins, respectively. Tests were carried out in both fresh and hardened states, after 28 days of curing under controlled conditions.
The results are presented in tables and accompanied by photographs documenting the process. Based on the collected data, the influence of different quantities of recycled coins on mortar properties was analyzed. This approach contributes to the development of more environmentally friendly materials without significantly compromising their functional performance
Preliminary design of road A - B
No full textCestovna mreža Republike Hrvatske ima veliku važnost jer povezuje naselja, regije i gospodarske centre te omogućuje sigurno i pouzdano prometovanje. Izrada projekta trase ceste provodi se prema važećim tehničkim propisima, pri čemu se posebna pažnja posvećuje izboru trase, niveleti, kolničkoj konstrukciji i rješenju sustava odvodnje. U radu je prikazan idejni projekt ceste između točaka A i B izrađen prema zadanim podacima i važećim tehničkim propisima u programu Autodesk AutoCAD 2025. Prilikom izrade projekta glavnu ulogu imao je sustav odvodnja površinske i podzemne vode koji se postigao bankinama, bermama i rigolima, odvodnim i zaštitnim jarcima te cijevnim betonski propustom promjera 100 cm
Innovative Solutions: Comparative Study of Laboratory and In Situ Measurements of Thermal Properties of Bark Insulated Exterior Walls
No full textThe study aimed to investigate the thermal storage potential of oak tree bark as a natural and easily accessible material and to examine the possibility of incorporating this raw material into external prefabricated walls. The U-values of oak tree bark were compared with mineral wool (MW), which is a standardized and well-known insulating material. Oak tree bark, a residual material, is mainly used as an energy source. However, in light of actual green policies at the European Union (EU) level, raw wood and its components, e.g., bark, should be used for long-lasting products and not as an energy source. According to the Croatian Technical Regulation on the Rational Use of Energy and Thermal Insulation in Buildings, the maximum U-value for external walls in Croatia is 0.30 W/m2K. Here presented test results show that the U-values of the experimental wall compositions were 0.22 W/m2K for the wall with mineral wool (MW) and 0.29 W/m2K for the wall with oak tree bark. Despite mineral wool having a thermal conductivity (λ, W/mK) 53% lower than the experimental tree bark, walls with bark fulfill the national insulation requirements; therefore, they present an alternative and sustainable insulation option. Furthermore, the Blower door test (n50 value) of the bungalow was measured to be 3.75 h−1, proving the potential of tree bark as an alternative eco-friendly insulation material in exterior walls. However, further investigations are necessary in order to create and optimize the panel, its thickness, density, adhesive technology, the size of bark particles, production parameters, etc., as these influence properties of the final product to be placed on the market
Domestic water consumption
No full textOvaj rad se bavi analizom potrošnje vode za potrebe kućanstva i naselja. Potrošnja vode prikazana je na razini Europe, Republike Hrvatske te grada Požege. U radu je definiran povijesni i suvremeni značaj vodnih resursa te njegova potrošnja u naseljima i kućanstvima. Analiza potrošnje je napravljena na temelju podataka iz službenih izvještaja i dokumenata. Prosječna potrošnja vode u Europi iznosi 100 - 160 l/stan/dan, dok u Hrvatskoj iznosi 140 - 160 l/stan/dan. Za grad Požegu prosječna potrošnja kućanstva kreće se od 104 - 123 l/stan/dan i 139 - 173 l/stan/dan na razini naselja. U radu su obrađene mjere za racionalno korištenje voda ugradnjom bolje tehnike te se ukazuje na važnost racionalne potrošnje, njezinog praćenja te smanjenja gubitaka u vodovodnoj mreži
Structural behaviour of steel beam elements with web openings
No full textČelični gredni nosači sa otvorima u hrptu predstavljaju konstrukcijsko rješenje u situacijama kada se zbog niske visine međukatne konstrukcije provlačenje instalacija klimatizacije, ventilacije ili elektroinstalacija provodi kroz same nosive elemente, ako se
želi smanjiti masa nosivih elemenata ili zadovoljiti određene estetske i arhitektonske zahtjeve. Iz istih razloga nije rijetkost da se na postojećim, punim grednim nosačima naprave naknadni, neplanirani otvori. Umetanje otvora omogućava promjenu mehanizma
otkazivanja. Iz tog razloga u diplomskome radu istražen je utjecaj neplaniranih oslabljenja čeličnih nosača „I“ profila na njihovo ponašanje. Kao osnovni uzorak odabran je nosač punog presjeka (neoslabljeni) koji je uspoređen sa svim ostalim oslabljenim uzorcima. Istraživanje je usporedno provedeno analitički, eksperimentalno i numerički u programskom paketu Ansys, a rezultati su uspoređeni kroz odnos „sila-progib“ čime se analizirao utjecaj oslabljenja na ponašanje nosivih elemenataSteel beam elements with web openings represent a structural solution commonly used in situations where, due to limited floor-to-floor height, mechanical, ventilation, or electrical installations need to pass through the load-bearing members themselves. They are also utilized when there is a need to reduce the self-weight of structural elements or to meet specific architectural or aesthetic requirements. For the same reasons, it is not uncommon for unplanned weakenings to be subsequently opened into existing solid-web beams. Introduction of such openings can lead to alternative failure mechanisms
compared to beams with solid webs. Therefore, this thesis investigates the effect of unplanned weakening of steel “I” profile beams on their structural behavior. The base specimen selected was a solid (unweakened) beam, which was compared to all other weakened specimens. The study was conducted analytically, experimentally, and numerically using the ANSYS simulation software. The results were compared through the load-deflection diagrams in order to evaluate the impact of the openings on the overall behaviour of the structural elements
Preparation of a part of the documentation for concluding a contract on the energy renovation of a school building
No full textEnergetska obnova javnih zgrada ima veliku ulogu u postizanju održivog razvoja i smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova. Uzevši u obzir da je većina zgrada u Republici Hrvatskoj energetskog razreda E, F, i G te kao takve one ne zadovoljavaju suvremene standarde energetske učinkovitosti potrebno ih je obnoviti. Proces energetske obnove javnih zgrada provodi se putem javne nabave, natječaji za odabir izvođača radova energetske obnove se objavljuju na Elektroničkom oglasniku javne nabave. Time se
osigurava transparentnost i poštivanje zakonskih okvira prilikom odabira izvođača. Energetska obnova uključuje radove kao što su zamjena toplinske izolacije, zamjena prozora i vrata, zamjena sustava grijanja i rasvjete učinkovitijom, ugradnja obnovljivih izvora energije. Tim mjerama smanjuje se potrošnja energije, samim time smanjuju se i režijski troškovi te se povećava udobnost boravka za korisnika. U Hrvatskoj obnova javnih zgrada financira se pomoću sredstava fondova Europske unije kroz dostupne programe financiranja. U diplomskom radu izrađen je projektantski troškovnik koji je sastavni dio ponudbene dokumentacije. Uz troškovnik određeni su i kriteriji za odabir ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude. Kriteriji pomažu investitoru prilikom odabira ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude.Energy renovation of public buildings plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Considering that most buildings in the Republic of Croatia fall into energy classes E, F, and G and, as such, do not meet modern energy efficiency standards, they need to be renovated. The energy renovation process of public buildings is conducted through public procurement, with calls for tenders to select contractors for energy renovation works being published on the Electronic Public Procurement Notice Board. This ensures transparency and compliance with legal frameworks during the selection of contractors. Energy renovation includes replacing thermal insulation, replacing windows and doors, upgrading heating and lighting systems to more efficient ones, and installing renewable energy sources. These measures reduce energy consumption, lower operating costs, and increase occupants' comfort of use. In Croatia, the renovation of public buildings is funded by the European Union funds through available financing programs. This thesis includes the preparation of a project cost estimate, which is an integral part of the bidding documentation. In addition to the cost estimate, criteria for selecting the most economically advantageous offer were also determined. Criteria help the investor in selecting the economically the most economically advantageous offer
Waste Rubber-Modified Cement-Bound Base Course: Laboratory Characterisation and Field Application
No full textWithin the scientific research project ‘RubSuPave’, a large number of laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the addition of waste rubber (WR) to mixtures of a cement-bound base course (CBC) for pavement construction. For mixtures consisting of gravel aggregate, sand, cement (at 3%, 5%, and 7% by mass) and various sand replacements with WR (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% volume) additions, the compaction characteristics, compressive strength, and resistance to freezing and thawing (F/T) were determined. The results show that compressive strength is negatively affected by the addition of WR, while F/T resistance is improved, with mixtures containing 10–20% WR and 5% cement being optimal. The next step was transferring the knowledge gained into field conditions via the large-scale production of such mixtures in concrete plants and the construction of test fields. The CBC reference and WR mixtures (2% mass) were produced in two different concrete plants; the samples were compacted, and compressive strength and F/T resistance were tested. The CBC mixtures made in the first plant were used for the construction of the test field. The results and problems of mixture production in two different concrete plants are presented, along with the experiences of the construction of a test field with such a rubberised base course. The in-plant production of mixtures with 2% WR also resulted in a reduction in compressive strength and improved resistance to freezing, but these significantly values varied between plants. The main reasons for this are that the addition of WR causes issues due to its dosing and during its incorporation into the second plant, difficulty in achieving a homogenous mixture, and the subsequent maintenance of the concrete plant, implying that the technology should be adapted for large-scale production in future. The test field, with both the reference mixture and the WR mixture from the first plant, will be monitored further to determine its behaviour in real conditions