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North Korea. A Model Example of a Modern Totalitarian State
Get PDFTotalitarianism in its classical form represents a general model of state functioning. Depending on the perspective adopted, the authors draw attention to its two basic dimensions: socio-anthropological and systemic, i.e. institutional. Adopting an institutional perspective necessitates a comprehensive analysis of the individual elements of the system, i.e. the dominant, all-encompassing ideology, the mass monoparty, the system of terror, the monopoly on weapons and violence, the centrally controlled economy or the state monopoly on communication, because only if all the elements mentioned are present we can call the system totalitarian. These features were noted by researchers of non-democratic regimes as early as the 1950s on the basis of observations of regimes such as the Third Reich or the USSR. It would seem that with the post-war dynamic social and technological development, concepts previously used to describe social phenomena (including the concept of totalitarianism) would lose their original meaning. However, an analysis of the political system of North Korea allows one to pose the thesis that the so-called post-totalitarian states described today exist alongside totalitarian states in the classical sense of the term. The purpose of this paper is to portray the political system of the DPRK and to try to answer the question of whether we can describe North Korea as a model totalitarian state. The status of North Korea in the literature varies widely. Some researchers describe it as an authoritarian state, others as a totalitarian state, and some even call it a post-totalitarian one. The analysis of the individual elements of North Korea’s political system from the point of view of their totalitarian character also makes it possible to answer an extremely important question for researchers of non-democratic states: does totalitarianism have a clearly defined chronological framework or is it an ahistorical and universal concept? As a result of the analysis, it has been proven that North Korea fulfils all the prerequisites indicated by Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, as well as those articulated by Hannah Arendt, Alexander Hertz or Roger Scruton necessary to qualify it as a model totalitarian state. Significantly, since the mid-twentieth century, North Korea has had an official Juche (juche) ideology that defines all aspects of state and society. There is also a mass party centred around a leader, a large-scale system of terror, both institutional (e.g. political police, concentration camps) and non-institutional (e.g. a system of neighbourhood control or hunger strikes). The party elite has total control over news broadcasting, with only the available public media saturated with government propaganda. The Korean Labour Party also has undivided power over the Korean military and the economy (which, incidentally, is part of the official Juche ideology). North Korea thus fulfils all the prerequisites to be considered a modern totalitarian state
Around Processes of Accumulation and Diversification of Power. Transcript of a de bate on "Jedność i podział władzy" of Artur Ławniczak with participation of Mieszko Ciesielski and Arkadiusz Lewandowski
No full textProwadzenie: Krzysztof Brzeszczyn.The discussion on Artur Ławniczak's "Jedność i podział władzy" [Unity and Division of Power], was focused on three issues: religious sources of state author ities (power), the advantages and disadvantages of Montesquieu’s tripartition of powers, and the nature and threats of totalitarianism
Current Advice from a Medieval Politician
No full textIn "Bezpieczeństwo państwa w wybranych mowach Stanisława ze Skarbimierza" [State security in selected speeches of Stanisław from Skarbimierz] Teresa Grabińska presents the thoughts and activities of the great statesman Stanislaus of Skarbimierz, who was active not only in the field of culture, but also security, not only for Poland, but for the whole of Europe. It discusses the ever-present problems of internal and international security of the state from the point of view of the condition of power regardless of place and time. An author presents the principles of just war described by this medieval thinker, as well as the much-needed post-war legal settlements. Grabińska also offers a comparative analysis of three profiles of ideal politicians, i.e. the Taoist politician, the Ancient politician and the Christian politician, with their similarities and differences, based on the speeches of the Stanislaus from Skarbimierz
Selective transformations of friedelanes isolated from cork smoker wash solids
Get PDFFriedelin (1) and 3-acetoxyfriedel-3-en-2-one (4), commonly known as friedelane triterpenoids, have been isolated from cork smoker wash solids (also known as black wax) on a multi-gram scale. These compounds are valuable starting materials for the synthesis of new friedelane derivatives. Stereoselective reduction of friedelin by treatment with LiAlH4, sodium, or catalytic hydrogenation results in the formation of both isomers of friedelinol (5 and 7) in excellent yields. Similarly, the reduction of 3-acetoxyfriedel-3-en-2-one gave epi-cerin (14) and a series of isomeric 2,3-diols or α-hydroxyketones. These transformations provide the most straightforward and convenient methods for the synthesis of A-ring functionalised friedelane derivatives using easily accessible starting materials
Building cities' flood resilience: a case study of recent investments in New York City
Get PDFWiele miast na całym świecie zostało zbudowanych nad rzekami. Rzeka stanowiła waż- ny czynnik ich rozwoju i dobrobytu, z drugiej strony była źródłem licznych niebezpie- czeństw, np. podtopień czy też katastrofalnych powodzi. Przewidywania naukowców jasno wskazują, iż rzeki, szczególnie w miastach europejskich, mogą coraz częściej wy- stępować ze swoich brzegów, co jest skutkiem zmian klimatycznych obserwowanych na całym świecie. Miasta starają się chronić przed tymi zdarzeniami, stosując zróżnicowane narzędzia. Szczególnie popularne są rozwiązania inżynieryjne, coraz częściej jednak do ochrony miast przed skutkami powodzi wykorzystuje się rozwiązania bardziej przyjazne zarówno środowisku, jak i ludziom, należące do tzw. zielonej infrastruktury. Celem ar- tykułu jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat narzędzi obecnie implementowanych na terenie Nowego Jorku, stanowiących element adaptacji do zmian klimatycznych miasta, przy uruchomieniu procesów o charakterze rewitalizacji. Badania oparto na analizach epistemologicznych oraz wizjach terenowych czerech nadbrzeżnych przestrzeni parko- wych. Konsekwentnie realizowane działania, ukierunkowane na budowanie odporności miejskiej, przyczyniają się do przeobrażenia poprzemysłowego nabrzeża w sieć powiąza- nych ze sobą parków miejskich. W parkach stosuje się najnowsze rozwiązania typu NBS (ang. Nature-Based Solutions) służące zwiększeniu bioróżnorodności w mieście oraz od- budowie istniejących tu wcześniej ekosystemów. Zidentyfikowane rozwiązania mogą być przykładem dla wielu polskich miast nadrzecznych, w jaki sposób rewitalizować nabrze- ża, jednocześnie wzmacniając odporność miasta wobec zdarzeń o charakterze powodzi.Many cities worldwide have been established along rivers, which played a pivotal role in their growth and prosperity. However, these waterways have also posed significant risks, such as flooding and catastrophic events. Scientists warn that the impacts of cli- mate change are likely to exacerbate these dangers, particularly for rivers in European cities. To mitigate these risks, cities employ a variety of protective measures. While tra- ditional engineering solutions remain popular, there is a growing trend towards more environmentally and community-friendly approaches, categorised under the term “green infrastructure”. This article aims to present insights into the tools currently in use in New York City, designed to adapt to climate change through revitalisation efforts. The research draws upon epistemological analyses and field visits to four coastal park spaces. Con- sistently applied measures aimed at enhancing urban resilience are not merely protective but also contribute to the metamorphosis of post-industrial waterfronts into a network of interconnected city parks. These green spaces integrate cutting-edge Nature-Based So- lutions (NBS) to augment biodiversity and restore ecosystems. The strategies identified in New York City can serve as a blueprint for numerous Polish riverside cities seeking to rejuvenate their waterfronts while fortifying against flood risks. This holistic approach not only addresses immediate threats but also fosters sustainable urban development for the future.Projekt CoAdapt korzysta z dofinansowania o wartości 1,4 mln euro otrzymanego od Islandii, Liechtensteinu i Norwegii w ramach funduszy EOG. Operatorem projektu jest Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. Projekt jest współfinansowany w 15% ze środków budżetu państwa
Powidoki pierwszej połowy XX wieku: doświadczenia polskich prawników z dawnymi sprawami
No full text20th century have influenced the shape of contemporary legal practice. Utilizing qualitative, in-depth interviews, insights were gathered from experienced Polish lawyers, many of whom practiced during the era of the Polish People's Republic or during the transformative period of the 1990s. Their testimonies not only shed light on the evolution of legal practice but also highlight the complex relationship between social structures and the application of law both today and in the past. The research reveals an inseparable link between past socio-political conditions and the current Polish legal framework, ethics, and practice, emphasizing the necessity of integrating a sociological perspective in modern legal practice.W perspektywie socjologii prawa przeanalizowano, w jaki sposób wydarzenia historyczne pierwszej połowy XX wieku wpłynęły na kształt współczesnej praktyki prawniczej. Posługując się jakościowymi wywiadami pogłębionymi, zebrano spostrzeżenia doświadczonych polskich prawników, wielu praktykujących jeszcze w okresie Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej czy w czasach transformacji lat 90. Ich świadectwa nie tylko rzucają światło na ewolucję sposobu pracy prawników, ale także podkreślają skomplikowaną relację między strukturami społecznymi a stosowaniem prawa dzisiaj i w przeszłości. Badanie ujawnia nierozerwalny związek między dawnymi warunkami społeczno-politycznymi a dzisiejszymi polskimi ramami prawnymi, etyką i praktyką prawników, podkreślając konieczność integrowania perspektywy socjologii prawa w nowoczesnej praktyce prawniczej
Systematic, computational discovery of multicomponent and one-pot reactions
Get PDFDiscovery of new types of reactions is essential to organic chemistry because it expands the scope of accessible molecular scaffolds and can enable more economical syntheses of existing structures. In this context, the so-called multicomponent reactions, MCRs, are of particular interest because they can build complex scaffolds from multiple starting materials in just one step, without purification of intermediates. However, for over a century of active research,MCRs have been discovered rather than designed, and their number remains limited to only several hundred. This work demonstrates that computers taught the essential knowledge of reaction mechanisms and rules of physical-organic chemistry can design – completely autonomously and in large numbers – mechanistically distinct MCRs. Moreover, when supplemented by models to approximate kinetic rates, the algorithm can predict reaction yields and identify reactions that have potential for organocatalysis. These predictions are validated by experiments spanning different modes of reactivity and diverse product scaffolds.National Science Centre, Poland (Award 2018/30/A/ST5/00529);
Foundation for Polish Science (award TEAM/2017-4/38);
Polish National Science Center, Poland (grants OPUS 2020/37/B/ST4/00017);
Foundation for Polish Science (TEAM POIR.04.04.00-00-3CF4/16-00);
European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s or Horizon Europe research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 101097337, ARCHIMEDES);
Institute for Basic Science, Korea (Project Code IBS-R020-D1)
Regioisomerism vs Conformation: Impact of Molecular Design on the Emission Pathway in Organic Light-Emitting Device Emitters
Get PDFDespite the design and proposal of several new structural motifs as thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters for organic light-emitting device (OLED) applications, the nature of their interaction with the host matrix in the emissive layer of the device and their influence on observed photophysical outputs remain unclear. To address this issue, we present, for the first time, the use of up to four regioisomers bearing a donor–acceptor–donor electronic structure based on the desymmetrized naphthalene benzimidazole scaffold, equipped with various electron-donating units and possessing distinguished conformational lability. Quantum chemical calculations allow us to identify the most favorable conformations adopted by the electron-rich groups across the entire pool of regioisomers. These conformations were then compared with conformational changes caused by the interaction of the emitter with the Zeonex and 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) matrices, and the correlation with observed photophysics was monitored by UV–vis absorption and steady-state photoluminescence spectra, combined with time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Importantly, a CBP matrix was found to have a significant impact on the conformational change of regioisomers, leading to unique TADF emission mechanisms that encompass dual emission and inversion of the singlet–triplet excited-state energies and result in the enhancement of TADF efficiency. As a proof of concept, regioisomers with optimal donor positions were utilized to fabricate an OLED, revealing, with the best-performing dye, an external quantum emission of 11.6%, accompanied by remarkable luminance (28,000 cd/m2). These observations lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the role of the host matrix. In the long term, this new knowledge can lead to predicting the influence of the host matrix and adopting the structure of the emitter in a way that allows the development of highly efficient and efficient OLEDs.National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, grant no. LIDER/21/0077/L-11/19/NCBR/2020;
Polish Ministry of Education and Science to outstanding young scientists (2/DSP/2021);
Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled “PMW” in the years 2020−2024, agreement no. 5005/H2020-MSCA-COFUND/2019/2;
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 847413;
National Science Centre, Poland, grant no. 2020/39/B/ST4/01952;
National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, grant no. POLBER/5/63/PrintedQDD/2022;
Polish National Science Centre, grant no. 2022/45/B/ST5/03712
Słowo wstępne
Get PDFPraca nad sobą, rozumiana jako proces samozwrotny, wymaga ciągłego zaangażowania, wysiłku i samodyscypliny. Wiąże się z nieustanną refleksją nad własnymi doświadczeniami, postawami, zachowaniami oraz gotowością do wprowadzania zmian i doskonalenia siebie. Proces ten zakłada zarówno introspekcję, czyli analizę własnych myśli i uczuć, jak też retrospekcję, która polega na refleksji nad przeszłymi doświadczeniami i ich wpływem na obecne życie. Samozwrotny charakter pracy nad sobą oznacza, że człowiek jest jednocześnie podmiotem i przedmiotem swych działań – to ona inicjuje proces zmiany, a także poddaje się jego wpływowi. Autotranscendencja jest warunkiem rozwoju. Zakłada gotowość do wysiłku i otwartość na zmiany, które często są związane z koniecznością przekraczania własnych ograniczeń i przezwyciężania wewnętrznych konfliktów (fragment)
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