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A Classification of the Nicobarese languages
Get PDFIn this paper, I report the results of a computational phylogenetic experiment based on a modified Swadesh 100 list intended to provide indications of the internal branching of the Nicobarese languages. To date, little work has been done on the classification of the small Nicobarese group, which appears to consist of approximately seven distinct languages spoken across an island chain. Three of the languages have published dictionaries and partial descriptions, while the others are fragmentarily documented, and the materials can be highly problematic to work with. The findings of the experiment suggest three principal sub-groups: Northern and Southern groups consisting of single languages (Car and Shompen, respectively) and a complex Central group that includes all other documented lects and may be regarded as a dialect chain. The Central languages appear to be rather close lexically and grammatically, although some phonological diversity is evident. There are textual claims that the various islands have been in mutual contact historically, and the phylogenetic results perhaps provide some indications of the patterns of this contact. The data supporting the study, and Nexus file used to generate the analyses, are made available as a Zenodo archive for transparency and reproducibility (10.5281/zenodo.5508350)
Expressions of Caused Motion in Vietnamese: A Perspective from Cognitive Linguistics
Get PDFThis paper examines how Vietnamese speakers express caused motion by applying cause verbs. The theory of cognitive linguistics is adopted to shed light on the properties of semantics and syntax of Vietnamese expressions of caused motion. The data consists of expressions of caused motion, verbs and spatial prepositions taken from twelve Vietnamese stories. The results of this study present numerous lexicalization patterns of motion with the different causes that show the conflation of semantic components into verbs and spatial prepositions. Furthermore, this study presents the construction grammar of expressions of caused motion in Vietnamese referring to speakers’ knowledge about caused motion. More importantly, this paper shows how ideas of caused motion are expressed in different ways in Vietnamese based on the comparison with ones in English. Therefore, this study is expected to provide a background for identifying the typologies of caused-motion patterns in Vietnamese
Effects of Glyphosate-Resistant Genetically Modified Soybean on Blood Biochemical Indexes, Hepatopancreatic Antioxidant Capacity and Tissue Morphology of Cyprinus carpio
Get PDFThe juvenile carps (Cyprinus carpio) were fed diets with four protein sources (15% and 30% glyphosate-resistant genetically modified (GM) named GM 15 and GM 30, respectively, and 15% and 30% non-genetically modified (NGM) soybean named NGM 15 and NGM 30) for 180 days. Results showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity for the GM30 group was significantly lower than that of the NGM30 group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hepatopancreas of carp for the GM30 group was significantly higher than that of the NGM15 group (P0.05). This study indicates that it may aggravate the damage degree of intestinal epithelial cells of carp and more easily cause liver cell damage in the short term when the amount of GM soybean in the feeds was 30%. Therefore, higher glyphosate-resistant GM soybean may have adverse effects on the carp's serum, intestinal, and hepatopancreas and considerably reduce the hepatopancreatic carp's antioxidant capacity
4th Constitutional Convention of the Federated States of Micronesia
No full textConference papers and proceedings. "Convened on Tuesday, January 07, 2020. Adjourned sine die on Tuesday, June 28, 2022.