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Research progress in molecular biology of fish immunoglobulin D
Get PDFImmunoglobulins are the primary mediators of the humoral immune response in fish. Studies of immunoglobulins in fish are particularly important for the immunological control of fish diseases. While immunoglobulin D (IgD) was first discovered in 1965, it remains the least understood member of the antibody family. During evolutionary development from fish to humans, IgD has developed critical immunological functions. However, these immunological functions are not well understood. There are two forms of IgD, membrane IgD (mIgD) and secreted IgD (sIgD). sIgD and mIgD are formed by B lymphocytes through different splicing modes. In this paper, IgD's structure and formation process in fish, the distribution characteristics of IgD on B cells, the mediated signaling pathways, and the functions of IgD are reviewed
Evaluation of short-term toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on the survival of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles
Get PDFThe effects of short-term toxicity of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite were estimated in juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, L. vannamei juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of ammonia (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 mg of TAN L-1) or nitrite (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg of NO2--N L-1), using the static renewal method at a salinity of 20 ppt and pH 8.2. The survival rates of juveniles significantly decreased when exposed to increased concentrations of ammonia or nitrite during the 96 h bioassays. The 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC50 values of TAN in juveniles were 45.5, 30.1, 13.8, and 6.3 mg L-1, respectively, while the LC50 values of NO2--N at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 37.6, 16.7, 8.8, and 4.8 mg L-1, respectively. Experiment 2 evaluated the tolerance of L. vannamei juveniles at various salinities (5, 10, 15, and 20 ppt) under a high concentration of ammonia or nitrite (5 mg L-1). Results showed that the survival rates of L. vannamei at 5 ppt and 10 ppt were significantly lower than those at 20 ppt after 72 h and 96 h of exposure
Assessing the effectiveness of complex dietary candidate probiotics on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capability, and intestinal microbiota of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi)
Get PDFThe present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three complex dietary candidate probiotics (LDJ, LAC, and LJD) composing different candidate probiotic combinations on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant parameters, and intestinal microbiota in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi). After a 60-days feeding trial, samples from the control and three candidate probiotic groups were obtained and analyzed. The results suggested that all complex dietary candidate probiotic treatments (LDJ, LAC, and LJD) improved the growth performance, nutrition utilization, and intestinal digestive enzyme activities compared with the control group. Furthermore, a dietary supplement with LAC or LJD is more efficient in growth and digestive enzyme than LDJ. The antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and GPX (glutathione peroxidase), were intensively improved, the GSH (glutathione) contents increased, and the MDA (malondialdehyde) contents decreased to different extents depending on the tissues and kinds of candidate probiotics. Dietary candidate probiotics also regulated the intestinal microbiota composition: LDJ and LAC increased the proportion of potential candidate probiotics and reduced the level of pollutants reducing bacteria and geosmin producer Nannocystis. The LJD group had a similar pattern of the dominant bacteria to the control sample, suggesting a minor disturbance of the gut microbiota of koi carp. Overall, the multi-strain complex candidate probiotics LAC and LJD are more efficient in growth performance and digestive enzymes
Book Reviews
No full textBook Reviews: The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of Davida Malo Volume 1: Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu by Davida Malo, edited by Jeffrey Lyon & The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of Davida Malo Volume 2: Hawaiian Text and Translation by Davida Malo, edited and translated by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon; Facing the Mountain: A True Story of Japanese American Heroes in World War II by Daniel James Brown; California & Hawaiʻi Bound: U.S. Settler Colonialism and the Pacific West, 1848–1959 by Henry Knight Lozano; Inclusion: How Hawaiʻi Protected Japanese Americans from Mass Internment, Transformed Itself, and Changed America by Tom Coffma
