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Effects of Ammonia and Nitrite Stress on Immune and Metabolic Responses of Japanese Sea Bass, Lateolabrax Japonicus
Get PDFWe investigated the effects of ammonia and nitrite stress on genes involved in metabolism and disease resistance in Japanese sea bass (_Lateolabrax japonicus_). Fish were exposed to pure seawater (control), 65.4 mg/L NH4+ -N, or 60.9 mg/L NO2--N for 7 days. Muscle, head-kidney, gill, spleen, and liver tissues were sampled regularly and the expression of immune and metabolism-related genes was monitored. The results indicated that the expression of immune-related genes such as heat shock proteins 70 and 90 were upregulated in the head-kidney, spleen, gill, liver, and muscle tissues under ammonia and nitrite stress. Glutamine synthetase (GS) expression increased to different degrees under ammonia and nitrite stress, while glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the stress group upregulated in the gills. The expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) was upregulated in the spleen and gill tissue under ammonia or nitrite stress. Expression of leptin (LEP) was upregulated in the muscle, gills and liver under nitrite stress; under ammonia stress, LEP expression did not fluctuate significantly in the spleen or gill. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was downregulated in the spleen, while did not fluctuate obviously in the muscle and head-kidney under ammonia stress. These results indicate that ammonia and nitrite stress led to an upregulated immune related indexes response and increased metabolic activities in _L. japonicus_, and provides reference suggestions for response status of these health markers answering the outside environment intimidation
Effects of dietary κ-carrageenan on growth and resistance to acute salinity stress in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon post larvae
Get PDFAcute salinity stress happens unnoticed in shrimp ponds and there is a need to protect the animals by providing dietary functional ingredients that will elicit resistance to this stress. k-Carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide from red seaweed, is reported to trigger innate immunity in vitro and in vivo in shrimps. The present study aims to evaluate its potential as growth-promoter and its immune-enhancement effects against salinity stress. Three separate experiments were done: (a) an attractability test; (b) a 30-day feeding trial to determine optimal inclusion of k-carrageenan, and (3) acute salinity stress test. Results of the attractability tests showed that all the experimental diets did not differ in their attractability to the shrimps. In the feeding trial, 5 groups of post larval shrimp were fed with 5 experimental diets containing various inclusion levels of k-carrageenan, namely, 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 g kg-1. Results showed that the final average body weight (FABW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) values of shrimps in the 0.15 and 0.3 g kg-1 were significantly higher than that of the control group; the values of those in 0.45 and 0.60 g kg-1 groups were not significantly different from those of the control group. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) values, in contrast, were not significantly different from each group. Optimal inclusion level in the diet of k-carrageenan was 0.29 g kg-1. In the acute salinity stress test, 5 groups of shrimps were fed with the same 5 experimental diets as those in the feeding experiment for 2 weeks, transferred them from 21 ppt salinity media to 4 ppt. Results showed that the control group exhibited significantly highest mortality rate while in the 0.6 g kg-1 group the lowest; each group were significantly different from each other. Mortality rate decreased with increased dietary k-carrageenan level in a linear fashion. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the the diets containing dietary k-carrageenan was equally as attractive as the basal/control diet and that k-carrageenan showed both growth-promoting and immune-stimulating effects against acute salinity stress in the black tiger shrimp P. monodon post larvae
Puka Puka Parade 2020 - Number 04
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From Meme to You: Social Media in Academic Libraries in Post COVID-19 World
No full textPresentation slidesThis presentation will explore the role of social media in academic libraries and the ways in which it can be an effective tool to engage students who are seeking current information about library services during the pandemic. Using measurable attributes for posting, we will provide examples of social media usage on college campuses from around the country who are currently taking advantage of these frequented platforms to engage their students. The role of academic library social media accounts has pivoted from primarily engagement to disseminating important information to active seekers. Finally, we will also discuss best practices for how to use social media in a way that addresses the unique needs of each university and their campus The role of academic library social media accounts has pivoted from primarily engagement to disseminating important information to active seekers. Finally, we will also discuss best practices for how to use social media in a way that addresses the unique needs of each university and their campu
