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Effects of Dietary Proanthocyanidins Supplementation on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes Activities and Microbiota in the Intestine of Juvenile American Eels (Anguilla rostrata) Cultured in Cement Tanks
Get PDFThis trial was conducted to investigate the effects of proanthocyanidins (PACs) on the growth performance, digestive enzymes activities and microbiota in the intestines of juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata) cultured in cement tanks. Six cement tanks stocked with similar fish size and weight (about 120 g/fish and 2116 kg/tank) were randomly divided into a control group fed with a commercial diet and a PACs group fed with a commercial diet supplemented 400 mg/kg PACs, with three replicates in each group. The trial period lasted 60 days. The finial fish weight and weight gain rate were significantly improved by PACs supplementation (P0.05). Activities of protease in intestines were significantly enhanced by PACs supplementation (P0.05). Furthermore, dietary PACs supplementation increased the richness and decrease the diversity of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, the higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria and the lower relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were found in PACs group compared to control group. At the genus level, PACs supplemented in diet significantly increased the relative abundances of Candidatus Arthromitus, Paracoccus and Eubacterium hallii (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary 400 mg/kg PACs supplementation improved growth performance and activity of protease in intestine, and modulate intestinal microbiota of juvenile American eel cultured in cement tanks
Molecular characterization and expression of the related-male gene sox30 in the common carp Cyprinus carpio
Get PDFThe Sox (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors is involved in the regulation of embryonic development and determination of cell fate. Sox proteins serve as transcriptional regulators that are complexed with other proteins. For this study, we initially cloned and characterized the full-length cDNAs, DNA sequences, and 5′-flanking regions of the common carp Cyprinus carpio Sox30. The sequence analysis suggested that Ccsox30 carried a distinct HMG-box of the Sox family within Cyprinus carpio. Phylogenetic and gene structure analysis revealed that sox30 was homologous to mammalian Sox30, whereas chromosome synteny analysis demonstrated that the position of Cyprinus carpio Sox30 in the genome was different from that of other vertebrates. This might have been due to the split of the Sox30 flanking gene by several genes not yet found near the Ccsox30 in evolution, or because the genome sequencing data was not annotated. The results of Real Tim Quantitative-PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that Sox30 expression was high in the testes, and the expression was traced in other tissues by researching the tissue distribution of C. carpio and ontogeny of Ccsox30 expression in the gonads. This expression pattern suggested that Ccsox30 may be involved in spermatogonial differentiation and spermatogenesis
Effect of ammonia on the immune response of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) and its susceptibility to mud crab reovirus
Get PDFAmmonia is one of the major environmental pollutants that affect the growth and physiological functions of organisms. In the present study, the effects of ammonia on the immune response and pathogen resistance of mud crab reovirus (MCRV) in mud crab were investigated. Mud crab were exposed to four different ammonia concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L-1 ammonia-N) for 7 d. The result showed that aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity significantly increased after 5 and 10 mg L-1 ammonia exposure. The hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) in ammonia-N group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly higher than those in the control group. Significant reductions in total hemocyte counts (THC) were observed after ammonia exposure. After 7d ammonia exposure, mud crabs were injected 100 μL MCRV at 105 copies/g body weight. The mortality of mud crabs in ammonia-N group were significantly higher than those in the control group. All these results suggested that ammonia in water caused a depression in the immune response, and increased susceptibility to MCRV infection
Effects of feeding strategies on growth，body composition, intestine digestive enzymes activities and intestine histology of Megalobrama pellegrini (Tchang, 1930) early juveniles raised in flow-through system
Get PDFTo determine the effects of feeding rate and feeding frequency on growth performance, digestive enzymes activities, and intestine development of Megalobrama pellegrini in a replicated flow-through system, we conducted a 42-day experiment. We designed three feeding rates (5%, 6.5%, and 8% body weight/day, BW/d) and two feeding frequencies (2 and 3 meals/day; m/d) in this experiment. Fish (0.57 ± 0.01 g) were distributed into 18 tanks with 70 individuals and fed with a commercial diet (33% crude protein, 4% total lipid). Results showed that the highest weight gain was found in the fish fed diet with 6.5% BW/day and 3 m/d, which was significantly higher in comparison with that of other feeding rate groups (5% BW/d and 6.5% BW/d) at both feeding frequency (2 and 3 m/d). Fish growth performance was significantly affected by the feeding rate but not by the feeding frequency. The significantly higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded at 8% BW/d with 3 m/d than other treatments. Furthermore, fish fed diet at 8% BW/d with 2 m/d had significantly high mortality during the middle of this trial. In contrast, we found that other fish groups' survival rates were higher (over 90%), and there were no significant differences among them. We saw a significantly lower whole-body crude protein, lipid, and intestinal digestive enzymes in fish fed at a ratio of 8% BW/d with 3 m/d compared with other treatments. Moreover, our findings revealed intestinal villi fusion and exfoliation in this group compared with other treatments. In conclusion, the Megalobrama pellegrini received a feeding rate of 6.5% BW/d, and a feeding frequency of 2 m/d may be the optimum feeding regime for raising Megalobrama pellegrini in a flow-through system
Effects of dietary P:E ratio and Rhizoclonium in two stocking densities on growth and profitability of Nile tilapia in intensive pond culture
No full textTwo onsite tests were carried out to determine the effects of varying dietary protein to energy (P:E) ratio in intensive culture of Nile tilapia in two different places at two stocking densities. In both field trials, three diets were used namely commercial (CM) diet, control (CO) diet containing no Rhizoclonium and a diet containing Rhizoclonium replacing 52% of soybean meal (RLP); the diets contained decreasing P:E ratio of 21, 16 and 12 gMJ-1, respectively. The first trial was conducted in Aklan, Philippines at a stocking density of 17 fishm-2 while the second was in Pangasinan, Philippines at 27 fishm-2. In both trials, the three diets were fed for 2 months to 3 replicate cages of Nile tilapia, all of which were randomly placed in about 1.0 ha fresh water fish pond. In the first trial in Aklan, at 17 fish m-2 stocking density, no significant differences in the parameters were observed except in the absolute growth rate (AGR) in which the RLP dietary treatment exhibited a higher value than did either the CM or the CO diet. In Pangasinan, at 27 fish m-2 stocking density, significant differences in TFI, DFI and SGR were observed, all the other parameters were statistically similar. The RLP group exhibited lower total feed intake (TFI) and daily feed intake (DFI) but higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did either the CM or CO diet. In either stocking densities, feed cost was the main determinant of profitability in which the RLP group resulted in significantly highest profitability i.e., lowest total production cost, highest gross income and highest profit and profit margin. Although profit was significantly higher in the higher stocking density, profit margin was significantly higher in the lower stocking density. There was no statistical interaction between dietary treatment and stocking density as analyzed by two-way analysis of variance
Reduction in Burmese Compounds
Get PDFBurmese is a sesquisyllabic language that allows major syllables to be reduced to minor syllables in certain circumstances. This occurs in many compounds, where the first word may reduce its final syllable. Previous descriptions of Burmese have relied on limited data and concluded that this reduction is unpredictable. This paper more thoroughly examines Burmese compounds, distinguishing different types and uncovering patterns in reduction. Reduction only occurs in a certain subset of nominal compounds, and is phonologically sensitive: with extremely few exceptions, only high and level tone syllables reduce, not creaky or checked tone
Research progress on the cannibalistic behavior of Aquatic Animals and The Screening of Cannibalism-Preventing Shelters (Review)
Get PDFThe aim of this 42-day study was to examine the effects of Chlorella vulgaris on immuno-related factors and their expression in Penaeus vannamei. Results showed that C. vulgaris significantly enhanced the activities of phenolic oxidase (PO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the serum and hepatopancreas of P. vannamei (p<0.05, p<0.01), increased the expression levels of PO, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and IMD genes in the serum of P. vannamei (p<0.05, p<0.01), and significantly increased the expression level of Toll receptor genes in the hepatopancreas of P. vannamei (p<0.05, p<0.01) and the expression level of IMD gene. In conclusion, C. vulgaris regulated the immune function of P. vannamei through the Toll receptor gene and the IMD pathways. We speculated the Chorella polysaccharides were the main active ingredients of C. vulgari
Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese
Get PDFThis study provides updated numbers of and historical ethnolinguistic observations on Austroasiatic and Vietic etyma in Vietnamese. Lexical data from two dozen Vietic lects were assembled, half from the Mon-Khmer Etymological Database (MKED hereafter) and half from various other published and unpublished sources. Based on Ferlus’s preliminary reconstructions of Proto-Vietic (by Ferlus 2007 in the MKED), and data from Austroasiatic, Proto-Tai, and Old and Middle Chinese, approximately 800 items have been evaluated as viable reconstructions. However, of these, nearly 100 are Chinese loanwords of differing periods, and several are early Tai loanwords. The remaining nearly 700 items are native, including about 200 Proto-Austroasiatic etyma, with a few dozen local Austroasiatic words, and over 460 items specific to Vietic. Statistics have been gathered for cultural domains of the reconstructed vocabulary. A combination of etymological sources, semantic domains, and ethnohistorical data (i.e. archaeology, historical texts, and ethnographic information) allow for hypotheses about the ethnolinguistic circumstances of the early Vietic speech community and language contact situations. Many of the cultural domains are readily identified as part of a Neolithic lifestyle (i.e. words related to the natural environment, generic actions, etc.). Some, on the other hand, demonstrate social stratification (e.g. words related to economic practices) and developed agricultural practices (e.g. a large set of terms related to rice production). Others shed light on regional spread of cultural practices (e.g. betel-nut chewing and tooth-blackening) and intergroup contact (e.g. with Sinitic and Tai). Questions related to the spread of metallurgy and metal implements strongly support the influence of Chinese in metal terms and implements
Adoption of Small Scale Coastal Cage Fish Farming in the Southwest Coast of India: Opportunities and Challenges
Get PDFCage fish farming is an emerging aquaculture technology in India. It is a low impact farming practice with high economic returns. ICAR-CMFRI in India had developed cost effective technologies for cage farming and popularised the technology through front line demonstrations in the marine and coastal waters in the country. We analysed the opportunities and constraints of coastal cage fish farming in Kerala state, in the south west coast of India. Economic indicators of selected farms revealed that cage farming is an economic viable technology in the coastal waters earning an average net profit of USD3,914 and internal rate of return (IRR) of 68%. Coastal water pollution, inadequate financial capital, climate change impacts, high feed cost and lack of insurance facilities were reported as the major constraints in cage fish farming. The study indicated that cage fish farming has great potential for augmenting fish production and coastal livelihoods and emphasized the need for stringent regulations for mitigating coastal water pollution, institutional linkages for financial inclusion and insurance facilities for upscaling the technology
Commercially available probiotic enhanced growth, digestion and immune response of Rohu (Labeo rohita) reared in earthen pond
Get PDFThe use of Probiotics in aquaculture got an importance in the previous years. Hence, present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the commercially available dietary probiotic (a consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth, proximate body composition, digestive enzymes, hematological parameters and immune response of rohu (Labeo rohita) in a polyculture system. Fingerlings with average body weight and length of 11.00 ± 2.34 g and 9.50 ± 5.50 cm, respectively, were stocked in 6 earthen ponds, at the rate of 200 fingerlings/pond making a total of 1200 fingerlings. The experiment was extended for 3 months in two groups i.e. probiotics treated and control groups. After three months feeding trial glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), moisture content, ash contents and feed conversion rate (FCR) were significantly decreased in the probiotics supplemented group. At the same time point, Hb, MCH, HCT, total protein, plasma protein, lipid contents, final body mass and final body weight, percent weight gain, cellulase activity, protease activity and amylase activity and white blood corpuscles were significantly increased in the probiotics supplemented group. In conclusion, the use of probiotic enhanced growth, digestive enzyme activities and immune response of L. rohita in a polyculture system