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Effects of walnut (<em>Juglans regia</em>) green peel extract on growth performance and challenge to enteric redmouth disease (<em>Yersinia ruckeri</em>) in rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>)
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the effects of walnut (Juglans regia) green peel extract on growth performance parameters growth performance and challenge to enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The triplicate experimental study was performed for 105 days to evaluate the effect of 1, 2, and 4 mg kg^-1^ of walnut green peel extract (WPE). Although there was no significant difference in growth performance between the groups, the growth performance and survival rate of the extract-added groups were slightly better than the control group. Some blood parameters such as mid-range cells (MID), platelet (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), procalcitonin (PCT), platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR), and cholesterol (CHOL) values significantly improved in walnut green peel extract-added groups. Phagocytic activity (PA), lysozyme activity (LA), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were significantly increased between all groups compared with the untreated group. Although respiratory burst activity (RBA) increased, no significant difference existed between groups. As a result, it was determined that although walnut green peel extract does not directly affect growth performance, it can be used as a feed additive with its immunomodulatory aspect
Optimization of multi-trophic aquaculture systems for <em>Penaeus monodon</em> through the introduction of Mugil cephalus, <em>Scylla serrata</em>, and Microecological Agents
No full textThe mixed aquaculture model, developed based on the ecological principles of species' living characteristics, habits, and different requirements for matter and energy of different ecological niches, has been proven to be an environmentally efficient and low-carbon type of aquaculture. Based on this concept, the present study aims to establish an effective regulation of aquaculture water quality by determining a reasonable fish-shrimp-crab ratio and combining the use of microbial agents. The research initially establishes a multi-trophic integrated aquaculture model of shrimp-fish-crab and develops the microecological regulation of water quality in multi-trophic level aquaculture ponds. In this study, the experimental ponds were divided into one control group (shrimp) and three experimental groups (different species ratio combinations of shrimp, sea mullet and mangrove crab), each comprising three ponds, and subjected to a 60-day cultivation period. Water quality parameters such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, active phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were monitored bi-weekly. Results showed significant reductions in these metrics within the experimental groups compared to the control group. Specifically, group 3 demonstrated the most substantial decreases, with a maximum reduction range of 32.54% to 60.09%. Shrimp growth and survival rates were notably influenced by the mixed culture system, with group 3 exhibiting the highest final yield and significant improvement in average body weight. Furthermore, introducing Sea mullet and mangrove crabs into the pond system proved beneficial for water quality and shrimp productivity. The optimal co-culture scheme was determined to be 0.90 Sea mullet/m², 0.45 mangrove crabs/m², and 75 shrimp/m². Additionally, the use of microecological agents like Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae further enhanced the farming environment. The optimal application scheme in the experimental ratio plan was: Bacillus subtilis applied at a concentration of 5.0×10^8 CFU/m³ with a frequency of once every 10 days; Bacillus licheniformis applied at a concentration of 1.0×10^8 CFU/m³ also every 10 days; and Saccharomyces cerevisiae administered at a concentration of 2.0×10^8 CFU/m³, with the same 10-day interval. This will promote the development of a sustainable and efficient integrated aquaculture model for Penaeus monodon, providing theoretical support and practical foundation for its application
A comparative analysis of the transcriptome in skeletal muscle of different growth stages in the Chinese Giant Salamander (<em>Andrias davidianus</em>)
No full textTo understand the molecular mechanisms underlying its growth in Chinese giant salamander (CGS), transcriptome analysis of the skeletal muscle from five different growth stages at year 0.5 (0.5Y), year 1 (1Y), year 2 (2Y), year 3 (3Y), and year 4 (4Y) were performed. Five libraries were constructed, resulting in the identification of 59,850 unigenes in skeletal muscle by assembly. Unigenes exhibited a length distribution ranging from 201 to 96,350 bp, with an average length of 346 bp. Totally, 20,328 (33.96%) unigenes were successfully annotated to the Nr, TF, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, eggNOG, GO, and KEGG databases. Among these unigenes, 15,467 were found to contain SSRs loci, representing 25.84% of the total unigenes. The average inter-locus distance for SSR was determined to be 3,134 bp. A total of 696 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with co-expression were identified. Furthermore, it was found that 13 myosin heavy chain family genes are involved in the muscle regulation of CGS. Of them, six DEGs were confirmed for their accuracy by real-time qPCR. GO enrichment showed that DEGs were associated with cytoplasm, nucleus, ATP binding, and metal ion binding in terms of biological processes. KEGG enrichments showed that DEGs were enriched to 275 signaling pathways including cardiac muscle contraction, RNA transport, AMPK signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, calcium signaling pathway, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis. Our results contribute to improve and enrich the annotation information of CGS transcriptome, and also provide theoretical basis and data support for the further exploration and verification of related gene functions for elucidating molecular regulatory mechanism behind growth differences between individuals of CGS
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