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Bienestar, transporte y movilidad sostenible
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosEl bienestar, asociado a los sentimientos de felicidad, emociones positivas o la
autorrealización, es un aspecto relacionado con el comportamiento humano que se estudia
por los psicólogos sociales desde hace décadas. El bienestar también se aplica en la
planificación del transporte como un factor explicativo de las características de la movilidad
de las personas.
Esta ponencia presenta en primer lugar, las teorías psicológicas y métodos de estudio más
importantes relacionados con el bienestar. Además, se describen las principales escalas de
medición del bienestar subjetivo y psicológico, y las variables que se utilizan.
Posteriormente, se revisa su aplicación en el área del transporte; se plasman los resultados
más relevantes, obtenidos en algunos estudios de movilidad de personas que incluyen el
bienestar, para transporte público, privado y modos activos. Finalmente, se identifican líneas
de trabajo futuro, y su importancia
Spatial analysis of public transportation infrastructure in Santiago, Chile
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosSantiago, the capital city of Chile, has seven million inhabitants in an area of 850 km2. This
city has a metro network with seven lines extending 140 kilometers and transports
approximately 2.6 million people daily. The bus system has undergone significant
transformations over the last three decades. The most relevant change having been
Transantiago, the public transportation system implemented in 2007 for Santiago, Child,
which combines the use of Metro and buses (BRT). Metropolitan Mobility Network (called
Red) is the latest version of the public transportation plan.
This paper aims to analyze the current subway infrastructure using the continuous
approximation method for Santiago, Chile. We previously proposed a macroscopic
methodology to identify the needs for an adequate level of service in urban mobility and
transportation, and we applied it to Santiago's Metro network. Our work focuses on
functionality and demand distribution. Santiago's demand varies spatially in volume and
extension throughout the city. Using the latest origin-destination survey from 2012, we
deduct the critical components in this current network structure. It is worth mentioning that
the metro design bases its network on a ring-radial structure.
With our macroscopic model applied to Santiago, Chile, we have detected infrastructure
needs in the current transit network. The supply of infrastructure should increase for two
reasons: first, to achieve balanced cost levels between users and the agency and second, to
reduce subway occupations. The optimal model outcomes for Santiago define the optimal
network in which the system requires five rings and ten end-to-end longitudinal lines (20
radial routes), including lower levels of occupation. The obtained results are a good
preliminary solution, considering the subway infrastructure supply could be sub-estimated
in the public transportation plan.The authors had support from the Barcelona Innovative Transportation (BIT) Research Group. Moreover, the first author's work was supported by Chile's National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) / Becas-Chile Doctoral Scholarship Program No. 72160291. The first author had support from the Project 092112MT of the Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (DICYT) of the University of Santiago of Chile (USACH)
Case of study of a mixed carsharing system desing
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosOne of the most significant issues when designing a carsharing system is the decision of
implementing a free-floating or stations-based system. The advantages and drawbacks of
each system are well known. Free-floating systems provide more accessibility to users. But
they are more sensible to demand imbalance and can be limited if public space availability
is restricted by municipalities. Station-based don’t need public space occupation, but the
station infrastructure requires more investment. The authors have developed a macroscopic
design model that considers the case of a mixed carsharing system, which includes both freefloating
and station-based options working together. This model not only allows to compare
which option will perform better on any given scenario, but also to provide solutions that
combine the accessibility and cheapness of free-floating with the lack of public space
limitations of station-based systems. This document describes that model and shows its
application to a case of study.This research has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (TRA2016-79019-R/COOP)
Agent-based simulation model of bus evacuation events
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosThe time required for the evacuation of the occupants of buses and coaches, that is, Large-
Dimension Passenger Transport Vehicles (V.G.D.T.P.) is a fundamental safety parameter
for these vehicles. Starting from the fact that they are a mode of transport with very high
levels of security, when events with collision and subsequent fire occur, or in cases of fire
exclusively, it is when these events generate injuries or even deaths. Additionally, part of
the UN CEPE regulations that affect these vehicles (e.g. R107) are defined in such a way
as to reduce this evacuation time. Others, R118, are aimed at reducing the severity of the
fire and, therefore, increasing the time available before suffering serious consequences.
Therefore, the need to know which are the fundamental aspects that can improve these two
time intervals, evacuation and available, is concluded.
In the present work, a coach is modelled, and simulated by means of an agent-based model,
both the boarding process, and the disembarkation or evacuation process. Some relevant
characteristics of the model are that it allows to analyse the influence of the mobility of
each agent (occupant) as well as that of the vehicle's configuration. Among others, some of
the characteristics of the occupants are their average speed of movement and associated
with a probability function, their size, the probability of using emergency exits (e.g.
jumping through an emergency window), etc. Regarding the vehicle, the fundamental
aspects contemplated in the model are those relating to accessibility to the interior of the
vehicle and, once inside it in the corridors, access to the seats. Among other parameters,
the width of the gangway, the distances between seats, the characteristics of the entrances,
stairs, etc.
The model is used to analyse the influence of the variability of each of the occupant and
vehicle parameters described, and the probabilities of complete and partial evacuation
times are deduced. Based on these results, it is concluded that the exits locations, and the
age (mobility) of the passengers are the main parameters influencing the probability of a
high evacuation time.The work has been performed thanks to the support of the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid funding the program SEGVAUTO 4.0-CM. Ref: S2018/EMT-4362
The role of drivers’ schemes on traffic signs comprehension
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosCurrent road signs confront a fundamental issue: are signs displayed in different devices
(posted, on-board, painted or electronic) making the most of the same design rationale?
Convergent design principles help drivers enjoy an easier coding, learning and retrieval of
the schemes enhancing comprehension. This paper focuses on posted road signs (painted vs
electronic) that locate events and how well they complement each other. Fixed signage must
be the starting point (the scheme formed) to investigate how electronic devices (the new
information) can functionally locate variable events or situations.
The paper presents preliminary data regarding a sample of 39 participants. The experimental
task consisted of 27 blocks of traffic signs. Electronic-adapted traffic signs were shown to
all participants; however, only one group was exposed also to fixed (painted) signs. A 3x2
mixed design was used (experimental condition as inter-group factor and event location as
intra-group factor), and in addition, the design also included a working memory measure as
a covariate. Comprehension rates were high in all formulas of event location. As previous
studies, time response showed higher means when the variable event is located ‘between’
two referents. Moreover, ‘working memory (WM) span’ showed a marginal significance
with time response. This result leads to an interesting question about the consideration of
influence of individual differences in WM capacity when designing complex traffic
messages. Overall, results highlight the importance of understanding how complex traffic
messages are encoded, processed and de-encoded, and the limits human WM may pose
Análisis de la influencia de la reserva de plataforma en las operaciones de un sistema de autobús
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosLa reducción del tiempo de viaje en transporte público y la mejora de su fiabilidad
constituyen elementos fundamentales para la captación de usuarios no cautivos. Para
alcanzar estos objetivos en sistemas de transporte público en superficie, especialmente en
situaciones de frecuente congestión, una estrategia adecuada es la reserva de plataforma. Sin
embargo, estas reservas se encuentran en ocasiones con una fuerte contestación por parte de
la opinión pública, especialmente por los perjuicios inmediatos que se provocan a algunos
ciudadanos, debido fundamentalmente a la reducción de espacio para la circulación y
estacionamiento del vehículo privado. Por ello, los técnicos deben aportar cuantificaciones
lo más precisas posible de los beneficios de la plataforma reservada para el sistema de
transporte público y sus usuarios.
El objetivo del trabajo que se expondrá en esta ponencia es avanzar en la cuantificación de
la influencia de la existencia de un carril bus en algunas variables de operación del sistema.
Se analizan las variaciones en los tiempos de viaje o en la propia variabilidad del tiempo de
recorrido entre situaciones con carril bus y situaciones de referencia en plataforma
compartida.
Como caso de estudio se presenta el carril bus en la ciudad de A Coruña, que se implantó en
el año 2008 y se retiró finalizando el año 2011, siendo sustituido por una vía prioritaria
vigilada con priorización semafórica y control del aparcamiento indebido. A partir del
análisis estadístico de la información recogida en la base de datos del Sistema de Ayuda a la
Explotación, se analizan los tiempos de viaje y su variabilidad en tres años de comparación.
Se realiza un estudio desde una perspectiva temporal, durante y después del periodo en el
que funcionó la reserva de plataforma, y desde una perspectiva transversal, comparando con
la situación en otras líneas o tramos que no empleaban el carril bus. Se ha obtenido que el
tiempo medio de recorrido tras retirar el carril bus aumentó en un 14% y el coeficiente de
variación aumentó en un 46%. Para el caso de estudio, los viajes con una duración mayor de
6 minutos pasaron del 3,57% al 18,67%. La influencia de la reserva se cuantifica tanto para
días hábiles como no hábiles. Los tramos de contraste no han mostrado variaciones
relevantes en las variables analizadas en el mismo periodo.Los autores agradecen la financiación recibida en el proyecto “Paradas, transbordos y reserva de plataforma. Análisis experimental y modelización de su influencia en sistemas de autobús (IMPROVEBUS)”, de referencia RTI2018-097924-B-I00 MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE. Los autores agradecen a la Compañía de Tranvías de La Coruña el acceso a los datos de su Sistema de Ayuda a la Explotación
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems at the depot
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosThis paper analyzes the effect of the limited range of battery electric bus on the operation of
the bus services charged at the bus garage. A model has been built to calculate the
performance of the routes according to the type of charging scheme. It evaluates the total
cost of the bus service, considering the necessary resources due to range limitations and
electric constraints. Based on the analysis of the real data of a bus line in the city of
Barcelona, diesel or hybrid vehicles are still found to be more competitive than electric
vehicles because of the acquisition costs of electrical technology. The study shows that the
charging operation at the bus garage, without being the most profitable option a priori, is
adequate when the design and operation parameters of the bus route fall below certain values
Analysis of an Autonomous Driving Modular Bus System
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosOne of the main complaints about the performance of the bus systems is the time lost at
recurrent stops along the route, that results in a low bus speed service. Among the potential
measures to speed up the bus service, the introduction of the Autonomous Driving Modular
Bus, able to adjust the transport unit by coupling or decoupled pods, will represent a new
paradigm in the provision of service. This concept is able to maintain high stable cruising
speeds to the transport unit, decoupling only one pod with passengers that may alight at the
next stop. This paper analyze the potentialities of this concept in terms of user travel times
and operationg cost. This work also features the formulation and analytical models to
calculate the performance and oeprational variables, implementing them into two existing
bus lines in Barcelona
Improving BRT route design through code: The case of Bogotá’s BRT system, TransMilenio
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosThis study presents the methodology used by TRANSMILENIO S.A. –the company in
charge of managing the BRT lines in Bogotá, Colombia– to renew its operational design.
TRANSMILENIO S.A. is increasing its bus fleet by acquiring higher capacity bi-articulated
buses. This process demanded a redefinition of the frequencies, stops, and type of bus for all
routes in the system. Therefore, a line scheme was selected based on the number of trips
between corridors. A non-linear optimization model was then used to establish an initial
route design that could satisfy passenger demand in the morning rush hour.
Five algorithms were implemented to adjust the initial route design to the actual restrictions,
namely, fleet and bus capacity at stops. The algorithms modified the type of bus employed,
the defined stops of routes, and eliminated low demand routes. Different alternatives were
tested for the execution order of algorithms. The alternative to implement was selected based
on compliance of the defined restrictions. Algorithms were iteratively run. Between
iterations, a trip assignment model was used to adjust route frequencies based on demand.
The execution order of algorithms, its impact on the level of service indicators, and
compliance of restrictions are part of this study's discussion. Particular relevance and effects
of each algorithm are also analyzed. Both methodology and results might be tested, adapted,
and improved in further studies by other BRT systems as a reference or input for their own
route design process
Consideraciones funcionales de las CVTs inerciales
Get PDFTrabajo presentado en: R-Evolucionando el transporte, XIV Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte (CIT 2021), realizado en modalidad online los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2021, organizado por la Universidad de BurgosExisten multitud de patentes y estudios centrados en transmisiones continuamente variables
(CVTs) de tipo inercial. En estos documentos se presentan nuevos sistemas de este tipo
apelando a la ventaja de autorregulación de la relación de transmisión que presentan. Sin
embargo, este tipo de CVTs no han calado en el mercado actual de cajas de cambio. En este
trabajo se analizan algunas de las cusas técnicas de este hecho. Específicamente, se analizan
diferentes fuentes de vibraciones que son intrínsecas al funcionamiento de este tipo de
transmisiones, que se unen al problema principal del uso de ruedas libres. Para llevar a cabo
este trabajo se ha seleccionado un sistema CVT a modo de caso de estudio; sin embargo, las
conclusiones son fácilmente extrapolables al resto de CVTs inerciales.
A pesar de que las vibraciones analizadas están asociadas al principio de funcionamiento de
las CVTs inerciales y no pueden ser eliminadas, se proponen una serie de medidas para
mitigarlas. Igualmente se demuestra que el funcionamiento de este tipo de transmisiones
depende del tipo de motor de accionamiento mostrando diferencias de comportamiento
cuando son accionadas por un motor eléctrico o por un motor de combustión interna.
Este trabajo se ha basado tanto en estudios analíticos como computacionales y los resultados
han sido corroborados mediante ensayos reales.Uno de los autores expresa su gratitud al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad por la ayuda parcial del programa Torres Quevedo (PTQ-17-09128). Los ensayos en laboratorio no podrían haberse llevado a cabo sin la inestimable ayuda de Antonio Valverde Martín