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An attempt to foundation of non-human rights (rights of nature) based on sustainable development
Get PDFEl estatuto jurídico de lo no-humano está siendo objeto de debates y tensiones cada vez más visibles. Se han formulado propuestas encaminadas a justificar una ampliación de titulares de derechos, más allá de los seres humanos, específicamente, derechos de la Naturaleza, de las especies no humanas e, incluso, de formas artificiales de vida inteligente. Las cuestiones filosófico-jurídicas y éticas que subyacen no son novedosas (derechos de la madre tierra, derechos de los animales, universo moral de los robots). Lo que resulta novedoso es el grado en que tales reivindicaciones de derechos se plantean con relación a los derechos humanos, de manera que se trata de evitar incurrir en el peligro de una inflación en cuanto a los titulares de derechos que acabe desembocando en una banalización de los propios derechos humanos. El presente estudio, situándose en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible -en su enfoque ambiental-, examinará si es posible incorporar un fundamento estrictamente jurídico de la Naturaleza y/o de algunas de sus manifestaciones (montañas, ríos, glaciares), ya que, en cuanto elementos medioambientales, el paradigma de la sostenibilidad puede auspiciar e impulsar tal reconocimiento de la titularidad de derechos. Se partirá, en primer lugar, de revisar la teoría de sujeto de derecho, ya que se está evolucionando del derecho de las personas a los derechos de las cosas; en segundo lugar, se analizará si puede hablarse, desde la teoría de los derechos humanos, de derechos no-humanos; con estos presupuestos, en tercer lugar, se examinará si la Naturaleza y todos aquellos elementos que interactúan en el ecosistema para hacer posible la vida pueden ser titulares de derechos, es decir, si son no sólo sujetos morales sino también jurídicos. Por último, se hará una aproximación al intento de fundamentar los derechos de los no-humanos, para lo que se examinarán dos argumentaciones: la del prejuicio del especeismo versus el personismo, y la de los derechos morales versus derechos jurídicos. Se terminará con unas reflexiones finales.The legal status of the non-human is being the subject of increasingly visible debates and tensions. Proposals have been made to justify an expansion of rights holders beyond human beings, specifically, rights of Nature, non-human species, and even artificial forms of intelligent life. The underlying philosophical-legal and ethical issues are not new (rights of mother earth, animal rights, moral universe of robots). What is new is the degree to which such rights claims are raised in relation to human rights, so that it is about avoiding incurring the danger of inflation in terms of rights holders that ends up leading to a trivialization of rights. human rights themselves. This study, placed in the context of sustainable development -in its environmental approach-, will examine whether it is possible to incorporate a strictly legal basis for Nature and/or some of its manifestations (mountains, rivers, glaciers), since, in As environmental elements, the sustainability paradigm can sponsor and promote such recognition of the ownership of rights. It will start, in the first place, from reviewing the theory of the subject of law, since it is evolving from the right of people to the rights of things; secondly, it will be analyzed if it is possible to speak, from the theory of human rights, of non-human rights; With these presuppositions, in the third place, it will be examined if Nature and all those elements that interact in the ecosystem to make life possible can be holders of rights, that is, if they are not only moral subjects but also legal ones. Finally, an approach will be made to the attempt to base the rights of non-humans, for which two arguments will be examined: the prejudice of speciesism versus personism, and that of moral rights versus legal rights. It will end with some final reflections.El presente trabajo se ha desarrollado en el marco del proyecto de investigación "Constitucionalismo multinivel y gobernanza mundial: fundamentos y proyecciones del cosmopolitismo en la sociedad del riesgo global" (PID2020-119806100GB), del Plan Nacional de I+D+i
Engineers & STEM. 3, Algumas temperaturas são medidas em graus Rankine. Quem era o Sr. Rankine?
No full textEngineers & STEM. 4, A unidade SI para a condutância elétrica, siemens, tem alguma relação com a empresa Siemens AG©?
No full textMaterial Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Poly(Lactic Acid): Influence of infill orientation angle
Get PDFThe effect that the infill orientation angle has on the strain-rate dependence of the yield stress for material
extrusion additive manufactured (ME-AM) PolyLactic Acid (PLA) material was investigated. Symmetric angleply stacking sequences were used to produce ME-AM tensile test samples. Measured yield stresses were
compensated for the voided structure, typical of ME-AM components. Furthermore, molecular orientation and
stretch was macroscopically assessed by a thermal shrinkage procedure. Additionally, hot-press compression
molded (CM) samples were manufactured and mechanically characterized in uniaxial tensile and compression
in order to determine the material’s isotropic bulk properties. Initial model parameters for the Ree–Eyring
modification of the Eyring flow rule were determined using CM data. According to SEM fractography, all
samples showed microscopically brittle fracture behavior. Notwithstanding, contrary to CM samples, ME-AM
specimens showed macroscopically ductile stress–strain behavior and a transition from a regime with only
a primary -deformation process, at low strain rates, to a regime with 2 deformation processes ( + ), at
high strain rates. These effects are an influence of the processing step and are attributed to the molecular
orientation and stretch of the polymer chains, provoking anisotropic mechanical properties. As a consequence,
a deformation-induced change of the Eyring rate constants is needed to adequately describe the strain-rate
dependence of the ME-AM yield stress behavior, leaving the initial activation volumes unchanged. Taking this
deformation-dependence of the rate constants into account, yield stresses as a function of infill orientation
angle can be appropriately predicted
Base-selective access to highly functionalized heterocycles from multicomponent Ugi adducts
Get PDFSelection of the appropriate base in Ugi/post-condensation sequences allows the selective syntheses of different ring-size functionalized lactams. The developed methodology uses inexpensive bases under mild and non-sensitive conditions leading to the facile generation of molecular diversity from simple synthons.Funding from Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (project BU075G19 and project BU067P20) and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 [grant PID2020-117610RB-I00] is gratefully acknowledged. B. G.-S. and I. C.-B. thank Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León, European Social Fund (ESF) and ERDF for their predoctoral (B. G.-S) and postdoctoral (I. C.-B.) contracts
Un idioma que une: la enseñanza de Español Lengua de Herencia (ELH) en Países Bajos
No full textLa Agrupación de Lengua y Cultura Españolas (ALCE) nace como una iniciativa del Gobierno de España para mantener los vínculos lingüísticos y culturales de los hijos de españoles residentes en el extranjero. Niños y adolescentes españoles acuden a estas clases complementarias gratuitas en más de 300 aulas en doce países de habla no hispana. Programas como este apoyan la enseñanza de la lengua española para aquellos hablantes de herencia de español que carecen de las habilidades lingüísticas y comunicativas propias de hablantes nativos al haber desarrollado su lenguaje en una sociedad donde otra lengua es la dominante.
Tomando como referencia el funcionamiento del programa ALCE en Países Bajos, en este Trabajo de Fin de Máster se presenta una unidad didáctica diseñada para trabajar el desarrollo de la lengua española de los niños españoles que viven en este país y cuyas familias buscan ampliar el conocimiento lingüístico y cultural de su lengua herencia de manera extraescolar. La propuesta se centra en trabajar la expresión oral y escrita de un grupo de niños españoles de entre 7 y 10 años partiendo de la tipología textual del cuento y de su hibridez cultural como hablantes de español que crecen en Países Bajos. Con el objetivo de diseñar una propuesta adecuada a las necesidades educativas de este alumnado, se recogen datos de profesores que enseñan español a hablantes de español como lengua herencia dentro del programa ALCE.The Spanish Government with its initiative called the Spanish Language and Culture Program (ALCE) aims to maintain the linguistic and cultural links of the children of Spanish citizens residing abroad. Spanish children and teenagers attend to these extracurricular free-of-charge lessons in more than 300 classrooms in twelve non-Spanish speaking countries. Such programs support the teaching of the Spanish language for those heritage speakers of Spanish who lack the linguistic and communicative skills when compared to native speakers because they have developed their language in a social environment where another language is the dominant one.
Using the ALCE Program in the Netherlands as a reference, this Master Thesis presents a didactic unit designed to work on the development of the Spanish language of the children of Spanish origin who live in this country and whose families seek to expand the linguistic and cultural knowledge of their heritage language outside of school. The didactic proposal focuses on developing the oral and written expression of a group of Spanish children between 7 and 10 years old based on exploring tales as narrative texts and on their cultural hybridity as Spanish speakers who live and grow up in the Netherlands. With the aim of designing a suitable class plan for the educational needs of these students, data is gathered from teachers who teach Spanish for Spanish heritage speakers within the ALCE Program
Estudio del proceso de extracción de compuestos fenólicos a partir residuos de mazorca maíz
Get PDFCorn is currently one of the most cultivated cereals in the world, obtaining many agricultural
solid residues. Corncob residue can be considered as a subproduct due to the presence of a
phenolic fraction rich in flavonoids, which could be used as a substitute of synthetic antioxidant
additives for different food and pharmaceutical applications. This work was focused on
studying different extraction processes and operating conditions aimed at the recovery of the
phenolic fraction from corncob, as well as an identification study in order valorise the final
extracts. Experiments were performed by using bath extraction with rotary agitation,
ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. The effects of contact time,
temperature (40 and 70ºC) and solvent (ethanol, water, and different ethanol-water mixtures)
were also examined.
Throughout the work it was possible to verify that with the use of the temperature of 70 ºC
better results of extraction of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids were achieved; Like the
ethanol:water mixtures, they are more effective than the use of pure solvents, the 70% mixture
being the most effective. Thanks to the extractions in which mixtures are used as solvents,
better results were achieved for the percentage of total polyphenolic compounds with respect
to the total dry solids. It was verified that by means of the 70% ethanol-water mixture, the
reducing capacity of the extract was correlated with the flavonoid fraction, in extraction with
ethanol with the polyphenols and if water was used, a very poor correlation was obtained.
Regarding the identified compounds, both in the ethanol:water mixtures and in the ethanol the
same compounds were identified, although all of them in greater quantity in the mixtures, being
the 70% where the most was obtained. In the extraction with water it was also possible to
identify gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillinic acid. The compound that was identified
in the greatest amount was ethyl ferulate, followed by p-coumaric acid, syringic acid and
kaempherol. Regarding the extraction techniques, the ultrasound-assisted one turned out to
be the most effective, since compared to the agitated bath, it was possible to extract more
polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids in less time. With the use of microwaves, extraction
results were obtained that were very similar to those obtained by means of a bath, but using
only a few minutes of extraction compared to hours in the bath, thus resulting in being more
efficient.El maíz es actualmente uno de los cereales más cultivados en el mundo, generándose gran cantidad residuos sólidos que suelen desecharse. En este sentido, la mazorca de maíz es un residuo potencialmente valorizable debido a que presenta en su estructura celulosa, lignina y una fracción fenólica rica en flavonoides, que podrían proporcionar productos con diferente aplicación en el sector químico y alimentario. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la recuperación de compuestos fenólicos a partir de residuos de mazorca utilizando diferentes técnicas de extracción y condiciones de operación. Se examinó el efecto del disolvente (etanol, agua y mezclas), de la temperatura (40 y 70 ºC), y del tipo contacto (agitación rotatoria, ultrasonidos y microondas) en la cinética de liberación de fenólicos totales y flavonoides a la fase extracto. Se recogen también los resultados del perfil de ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides recuperados bajo las diferentes condiciones de extracción utilizadas
Univariate data analysis versus multivariate approach in liquid chromatography. An application for melamine migration from food contact materials
Get PDFThe aim of this work is focused on the melamine migration from food contact materials (FCMs), considering data
obtained from univariate analysis versus that obtained from multivariate approach in liquid chromatography
coupled to diode array detector.
Plastic food contact materials are made from monomers and additives. Moreover, non-intentionally added
substances (NIAS) can be part of the composition of the FCM: raw material impurities or process by-products,
inks or adhesives.
Any compound present within a FCM can migrate to foodstuff. Specific migration of some substances from
plastic FCMs to food/simulant is limited by European legislation in force (Commission Regulation No 10/2011).
Quantification of analytes in migration samples through a univariate analysis could lead to erroneous results.
As an example, in liquid chromatography NIAS can interfere when coeluting with analytes or when they have
close retention time. In that case, an overestimation would happen and the verification of the compliance of the
specific migration limit (SML) of a substance would be incorrect.
A solution to the problem can be found in the application of a chemometric tool with the second-order
advantage, which allows the unequivocal identification of analytes. Specifically, for this work, PARAFAC/
PARAFAC2 decomposition technique along with tensors arranged from HPLC-DAD data of migration (test and
kinetics) samples were used for the identification and quantification of melamine.
Results of melamine quantity found in migration samples from five types of melaware by means of a multivariate approach were compared to results obtained with a univariate data analysis carried out with values of
chromatographic peak area as response. The comparison reveals that in test samples, univariate analysis supposes an overestimation in the quantity of melamine of 30 % on average, with respect of the concentration
obtained from the multivariate approach. Besides, in kinetics samples it is remarkable that for one migration
cycle the melamine found was 10 times above the one that obtained with PARAFAC decomposition.
Summing up, multivariate data analysis of migration samples supposes a great advantage in order to comply
with the established regulation about migrants and to decrease the false non-compliant results.The authors thank the Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León, Spain for financial support through project BU052P20, cofinanced with FEDER funds. M.M. Arce wish to thank JCyL for her postdoctoral contract through project BU052P20