Central University of Ecuador

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    Reality and Resilience of Family Businesses in Ecuador

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    This research focuses on presenting the reality and resilience of Ecuadorian family businesses. To achieve this purpose, this scientific contribution selects, studies and analyzes an important group of scientific articles, socialized in the academic directory Scopus. The main results are directed to the following points: (i) Bibliometric research of publications focused on the study of Ecuadorian family businesses. (ii) Qualitative research of publications focused on the study of Ecuadorian family businesses. (iii) Family businesses: key characteristics. (iv) Family businesses and sustainable development in Ecuador. (v) Elements that influence the success of a family business. The final considerations of this work expose the following points: (i) Family businesses in Ecuador are at a crucial stage of their development towards sustainability, since by knowing how to take advantage of the opportunities that arise, they have the capacity to start new business models in the country, with the recognition of the brand behind these practices and highlighting the family group to which they belong. (ii) Family businesses have been a constant in the political and economic history of the country. These companies have adapted and evolved to survive in changing political and economic contexts. Through their longterm focus and the importance, they give to personal relationships, family businesses have managed to remain competitive and contribute to sustainable economic development. In addition, these companies can serve as inspiration and role models for other entrepreneurs

    Top 100 Most-cited Scientific Articles in Guided Endodontic 2018–2024: A Bibliometric Analysis

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    Introduction: Bibliometric analysis serves as a valuable method to evaluate the scientific impact of published literature, highlight influential authors and institutions, and uncover gaps in knowledge within a specific field. This study aimed to update and assess the 100 most-cited articles on guided endodontics published between 2018 and 2024. Methods: A thorough search was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS) database using keywords related to guided endodontics. Relevant articles were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on citation counts, publication year, journal, authorship, country of origin, study design, and research focus. The top 100 mostcited articles were analyzed using bibliometric methods to evaluate author productivity, geographic distribution, study designs, and citation impact. Results: The 100 most-cited articles received between 1 and 100 citations in the (WoS) (All Databases). Most were published in first quartile (Q1) journals (n = 60), with 2021 being the most productive year (n = 27). Journal of Endodontics (JOE) had the highest number of publications (28%), followed by the International Endodontic Journal (8%), Australian Endodontic Journal (8%), and Clinical Oral Investigations (5%). Discussion: Brazil led in the number of publications (n = 17), followed by Germany and the United States. The predominance of Q1 journal publications and the increase in recent years reflect growing interest in guided endodontics. The most active authors and countries represent research hubs in the field. However, the relatively modest citation numbers suggest that this area of study is still developing. Conclusion: Thomas Connert emerged as the most prolific author, with ten publications that have played a significant role in advancing guided endodontics. This bibliometric analysis may serve as a foundation for setting future research priorities and fostering international collaborations in the field

    Art: an educational tool

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    Este artículo de reflexión proviene de la experiencia adquirida en el Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Arte, realizado en Pereira, Colombia 2024, cuyo tema central fue El arte: instrumento de enseñanza. El propósito de este artículo es analizar y examinar sobre las sugerencias expuestas por los ponentes Carlos Escaño, Jorge Valencia, María Acaso, Gabriela Augustowsky y el equipo del método BAPNE, con el propósito de entender el arte como un camino educativo transformador desde la educación temprana hasta la educación universitaria. Se analizan diversas visiones que conciben al arte como un instrumento para promover la sensibilidad, la creatividad, el razonamiento crítico, la inclusión y el desarrollo de funciones cognitivas complejas. El artículo plantea que el arte supera su papel estético y se transforma en un lenguaje universal que facilita la humanización de la educación y la resignificación de la vivencia escolar. Las conclusiones subrayan la importancia de incorporar el arte en el plan de estudios como instrumento epistemológico y emocional, y de educar a profesores capaces de generar experiencias estéticas con relevancia. También se sugieren estrategias de investigación dirigidas a registrar y valorar el efecto del arte en variados entornos educativos. Este artículo propone reconsiderar las prácticas de enseñanza desde un enfoque más sensible, poético y crítico, en el que el arte no sea un complemento, sino un pilar fundamental del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.This reflective article is based on experiences gained at the International Congress on Research and Art, held in Pereira, Colombia, in 2024, whose central theme was Art: An Instrument of Teaching. The purpose of this article is to analyze and reflect on the suggestions put forward by speakers Carlos Escaño, Jorge Valencia, María Acaso, Gabriela Augustowsky, and the BAPNE method team, with the aim of understanding art as a transformative educational path from early childhood education to university education. Various perspectives are analyzedthat view art as a tool for promoting sensitivity, creativity, critical thinking, inclusion, and the development of complex cognitive functions. The article argues that art transcends its aesthetic role and becomes a universal language that facilitates the humanization of education and the re-signification of the school experience. The conclusions emphasize the importance of incorporating art into the curriculum as an epistemological and emotional tool, and of educating teachers capable of creating meaningful aesthetic experiences. Research strategies aimed at recording and assessing the effect of art in various educational settings are also suggested. This article proposes reconsidering teaching practices from a more sensitive, poetic, and critical approach, in which art is not an add-on, but a fundamental pillar of the teaching process

    Propuesta de un sistema de control interno en el área contable de la empresa MALEMEC S.A., aplicando la metodología COSO III

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    La empresa MALEMEC S.A. tiene alrededor de 20 años de trayectoria en el país lo cual la posiciona como una empresa sólida que brinda servicios de alta calidad, de acuerdo con las necesidades de la sociedad y que abarca el sector de la industria manufacturera considerando el ámbito situacional del país. El control interno dentro de una organización ayuda a la toma de decisiones en varias aspectos socioeconómicos y culturales debido al constante cambio es indispensable que las empresas desarrollen procedimientos aplicando metodologías ya establecidas que sean de conveniencia en la mejora continua. Una de las metodologías más usadas a nivel mundial es COSO, que a medida que transcurre el tiempo han ido mejorando su estructura de aplicación es así como pasamos de Coso I con 5 componentes que no consideran riesgos de control, a Coso II donde su metodología ya la considera y por último Coso III que establece por cada componente principios estructurando una metodología completa y fácil de implementar en cualquier proceso de una organización ayudándola a mejorar y cumplir las objetivos establecidos.The company MALEMEC S.A. It has around 20 years of experience in the country, which positions it as a solid company that provides high-quality services, in accordance with the needs of society and that covers the manufacturing industry sector considering the situational scope of the country. Internal control within an organization helps decision making in various socioeconomic and cultural aspects. Due to constant change, it is essential that companies develop procedures applying already established methodologies that are convenient for continuous improvement. One of the most used methodologies worldwide is COSO, which as time goes by has improved its application structure. This is how we went from Coso I with 5 components that do not consider control risks, to Coso II where its methodology is already considers it and finally Coso III that establishes principles for each component, structuring a complete methodology that is easy to implement in any process of an organization, helping it to improve and meet the established objectives.PregradoContador(a) Auditor(a

    Remoción de sulfatos en aguas de formación de los pozos petroleros usando alófano como material adsorbente

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    El agua de formación es un subproducto de la extracción petrolera que contiene componentes inorgánicos, como los sulfatos, que causan corrosión en equipos y daño al yacimiento. Por lo que su tratamiento es clave para prevenir afectaciones en la infraestructura de extracción y reducir impactos ambientales. Con la intención de calcular el porcentaje de remoción de sulfatos en aguas de formación de pozos petroleros mediante un tratamiento físico de adsorción, se empleó el material nanoporoso alófano, el cual fue sometido a una caracterización de sus propiedades tras un pretratamiento que incluyó lavado, secado y tamizado. Posteriormente, se planteó un diseño experimental de cuatro factores a dos niveles. Las variables estudiadas fueron: el pH del medio, la masa de adsorbente, el tamaño de partícula y la velocidad de agitación. La metodología aplicada, basada en pruebas tipo test de jarras conforme a la norma ASTM D-2035, permitió obtener resultados que mostraron valores más altos de remoción en condiciones de pH inicial ácido, siendo el punto experimental 9 de condiciones: pH 4, 30 g, 592.5 μm y 50 rpm, el que presentó la mayor eficacia adsorbente, alcanzando una remoción de sulfatos del 73.33 %, disminución del 8.61% en conductividad eléctrica, reducción del 17.56 % en TDS, y un incremento del pH de 3.99 a 6.64. De acuerdo con los resultados, se establece que el alófano es un buen adsorbente de aniones sulfato en condiciones ácidas cuando se utilizan partículas de menor tamaño con alta área superficial BET y agitación lenta. Esta condición, respaldada por el análisis estadístico, permite mejorar el pH inicial ácido hacia valores aproximadamente neutros, lo que demuestra su potencial aplicabilidadFormation water is a byproduct of oil extraction that contains inorganic components, such as sulfates, which cause equipment corrosion and reservoir damage. Therefore, its treatment is essential to prevent damage to extraction infrastructure and reduce environmental impact. To determine the sulfate removal percentage in formation water from oil wells through a physical adsorption process, the nanoporous material allophane was used. It underwent property characterization following a pretreatment that included washing, drying, and sieving. Subsequently, a four-factor, two-level experimental design was proposed. The variables studied were: solution pH, adsorbent mass, particle size, and stirring speed. The methodology applied, based on jar test-type trials following ASTM D-2035 standards, yielded results showing higher removal efficiency under acidic initial pH conditions. Experimental point 9, with conditions of pH 4, 30 g, 592.5 μm, and 50 rpm, demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency, achieving a sulfate removal of 73.33%, a decrease of 8.61% in electrical conductivity, a 17.56% reduction in TDS, and an increase in pH from 3.99 to 6.64. Based on the results, it is established that allophane is an effective adsorbent for sulfate anions under acidic conditions, especially when smaller particles with high BET surface area and low stirring speed are used. This condition, supported by statistical analysis, helps improve the initial acidic pH toward nearly neutral values, demonstrating its potential applicabilityPregradoIngeniero(a) Químico(a

    Estudio Prospectivo para la Innovación de Módulos Operacionales Empleados en el Monitoreo del Espectro Radioeléctrico en Ecuador

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    El presente estudio se centra en una problemática tecnológica existente en un organismo gubernamental, a saber, la Agencia de Regulación y Control de las Telecomunicaciones, se destaca que la infraestructura tecnológica del ente Regulador, así como los sistemas de control con los que cuenta han venido funcionado desde hace quince (15) años; cumpliendo con su vigencia tecnológica dictada por la casa fabricante, circunstancia que causa una seria incompatibilidad de integración con nuevas tecnologías para el tratamiento de datos entre unidades operativas. Actualmente, acorde con la necesidad del país, es prioritario para la Agencia implementar una herramienta tecnológica que permita optimizar los procesos acorde el despliegue de las mejores prácticas, estándares de la industria e inmunidad de la información para todas las actividades de monitorización y geolocalización en tiempo real, que incluya funcionalidades esenciales a saber: ejecución de barridos del espectro de RF, captura de IQ, mediciones de potencia, ocupación, ancho de banda, desviación de frecuencia y caza de interferencias; adicionalmente, almacenamiento y procesamiento de datos en nube, visualización mediante tablas, gráficos interactivos y reportería avanzada implementada sobre plataformas de Inteligencia de Negocio e Inteligencia Artificial, para así poder ejecutar analítica avanzada del espectro, generando información como soporte en toma de decisiones. En virtud de la problemática institucional, la redacción se orienta a obtener un planteamiento, un análisis, una viabilidad tecnológica y operativa; debido a que no existe un tratado institucional que aborde holísticamente la sintomatología. Enmarcado en este concepto, el estudio prospectivo presentado aborda la solución técnica empleando criterios prácticos del trabajo diario de los funcionarios; estadística oficial orientada a una prospección de cinco años, colaborando en el beneficio directo a la ciudadanía al controlar la calidad de servicios de radiodifusión masivos; sin olvidar el aporte académico-industria al generar la aplicación de una solución a medida para posteriores mejoras regulatorias en el paísThis study focuses on a current technological issue within a government agency—specifically, the Telecommunications Regulation and Control Agency of Ecuador. It highlights that the agency’s technological infrastructure and control systems have been in use for fifteen (15) years and are now reaching the end of their technological lifecycle as defined by the original manufacturer. This situation has led to serious integration issues with newer technologies, particularly regarding data processing between operational units. Given the country's current needs, the agency prioritizes the implementation of a technological tool that can optimize processes in line with best practices, industry standards, and information security. This tool must support real-time monitoring and geolocation activities and include essential functions such as: RF spectrum scanning, IQ capture, power measurements, occupancy, bandwidth, frequency deviation, and interference hunting. Additionally, it must enable cloud-based data storage and processing, data visualization through tables and interactive graphs, and advanced reporting using Business Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence platforms, allowing for advanced spectrum analytics and informed decision-making. Due to the institutional challenges, this research aims to propose a solution by analyzing the technological and operational feasibility of addressing the problem—particularly since there is no existing institutional framework that comprehensively tackles the issue. Within this context, the prospective study offers a technical solution based on practical input from agency personnel and official statistics, with a five-year outlook. It aims to benefit citizens directly by improving the quality control of mass broadcasting services, while also contributing to academic-industry collaboration through a tailored solution that may inform future regulatory improvements in the countryMaestrí

    El discurso racista en las interacciones áulicas

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    El presente estudio tuvo como propósito la investigación de cómo las prácticas discursivas se sumergen en la dinámica educativa para reproducir desigualdades. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la manera en que se manifiesta el discurso racista en las interacciones áulicas. El paradigma de esta investigación es interpretativo, el enfoque es cualitativo, corresponde al nivel descriptivo, su diseño es fenomenológico, su modalidad es documental y de campo. Se trabajó con una muestra representativa de 3 cursos, con 3 docentes de diferentes áreas, a los mismos que se les realizó una observación áulica, con el instrumento diario de campo, donde se contempló las dimensiones y los indicadores de la investigación. Las observaciones dieron como resultado que los docentes y estudiantes de los cursos observados utilizan diversas estrategias discursivas y estructuras del discurso racista, muchas veces de forma inconsciente y otras de forma consciente, dentro de sus prácticas comunicativas que se encuentran sumergidas en las interacciones áulicas. Además, que el clima áulico se encuentra fuertemente influenciado por la calidad relacional entre docente y estudiantes. En conclusión, se muestra que el discurso racista en las interacciones áulicas se manifiesta de forma naturalizada, de tal manera que hay una despreocupación por parte de los docentes porque no toman en cuenta el léxico utilizado dentro del aula. Finalmente, se recomendó la implementación de talleres de capacitación docente para concientizar al personal educativo de la necesidad de tomar en cuenta las prácticas discursivas racistas que se presentan en el aula. Por ello, se planteó una propuesta pedagógica que desarrolla talleres de capacitación docente que permiten abordar esta problemática para transformar las aulas mediante la utilización de la interacción centrada en la convivencia.The purpose of this study was to investigate how discursive practices are immersed in educational dynamics to reproduce inequalities. The objective of the study was to analyze how racist discourse manifests itself in classroom interactions. The paradigm of this research is interpretive, the approach is qualitative, corresponds to the descriptive level, its design is phenomenological, its modality is documentary and field. We worked with a representative sample of three courses, with three teachers from different areas, who were observed in the classroom using the daily field instrument, which included the dimensions and indicators of the research. The observations revealed that teachers and students in the observed courses use various discursive strategies and racist discourse structures, often unconsciously and sometimes consciously, within their communicative practices that are embedded in classroom interactions. Furthermore, the classroom climate is strongly influenced by the quality of relationships between teachers and students. In conclusion, it is shown that racist discourse in classroom interactions is manifested in a naturalized way, such that teachers are disregarding the vocabulary used in the classroom. Finally, the implementation of teacher training workshops was recommended to raise awareness among educational staff about the need to address racist discursive practices that occur in the classroom. Therefore, a pedagogical proposal was proposed that develops teacher training workshops that address this issue and transform classrooms through the use of interaction focused on coexistence.PregradoLicenciado(a) en Ciencias del Lenguaje y Literatur

    Formación cívica del BGU, bloque curricular 3: la convivencia del área de Ciencias Sociales en el currículo 2016: Análisis desde la Pedagogía Crítica de Paulo Freire

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    El presente proyecto de investigación determina la formación cívica establecida para BGU en el bloque curricular 3: la convivencia del área de Ciencias Sociales en el currículo 2016, desde el análisis de la pedagogía crítica de Paulo Freire, mediante su incidencia en la construcción de educandos como futuros ciudadanos críticos, participativos y responsables. La investigación adopta un diseño no experimental, de corte transversal con enfoque cualitativo, modalidad bibliográfico documental y de campo. En la recolección de datos se utilizaron tres instrumentos de evaluación: una guía para expertos en currículo educativo ecuatoriano, una guía para expertos en pedagogía crítica de Paulo Freire y una lista te cotejo para evaluar las destrezas con criterio de desempeño imprescindibles a través de los principios de la educación liberadora. Los hallazgos revelaron que la formación cívica de BGU en el bloque curricular 3: la convivencia, hay 29 destrezas con criterio de desempeño imprescindibles con tendencias de un currículo liberador, pero con sesgos aún de la memorización, superficialidad y normatividad de la educación bancaria presentes en 11 destrezas. Así mismo, se concluyó que la actualización y contextualización curricular son factores clave para afianzar la educación liberadora. Sin embargo, la praxis educativa en Ecuador presenta desafíos socioeducativos de carácter estructural y pedagógicos que dificultan su plena implementaciónThis research project examines the civic education established for upper secondary education (BGU) in curricular block 3: Coexistence, of the Social Sciences area in the 2016 curriculum, analyzed through the lens of Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy. The study focuses on how such education influences the development of students as future critical, participatory, and responsible citizens. The research adopts a non-experimental, cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach, combining bibliographic-documentary and field methodologies. Data collection involved three evaluation instruments: a guide for experts in the Ecuadorian educational curriculum, a guide for specialists in Paulo Freire’s critical pedagogy, and a checklist to assess essential performance-based skills aligned with the principles of liberating education. The findings revealed that within BGU’s Curricular Block 3: Coexistence, there are 29 essential performance-based skills that reflect a tendency toward a liberating curriculum. However, 11 of these skills still exhibit traces of memorization, superficiality, and the normative characteristics of banking education. The study concludes that curricular updating and contextualization are key factors in strengthening liberating education. Nevertheless, educational praxis in Ecuador continues to face structural and pedagogical challenges that hinder its full implementationPregradoLicenciado(a) en Ciencias Sociale

    Unmasking risk in low‑suspicion thyroid nodules: clinical and sonographic predictors of malignancy in TIRADS 3, a retrospective single‑center study

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    Background Thyroid nodules categorized as TIRADS 3 are typically considered low risk for malignancy (estimated < 5%) under the 2017 ACR TI-RADS guidelines. However, the real-world application of these criteria may vary, with many TIRADS 3 nodules undergoing fine-needle aspiration (FNA) despite recommendations for surveillance. This study aimed to identify clinical and ultrasonographic predictors of malignancy in TIRADS 3 nodules to enhance risk stratification. Methods This retrospective, single-center study included 200 patients aged 18–65 years with ultrasound-confirmed TIRADS 3 thyroid nodules who underwent FNA between January 2021 and December 2022. Although ACR guidelines recommend biopsy for nodules ≥ 2.5 cm, FNA was also performed in smaller nodules presenting with high-risk features such as capsule bulging or central-peripheral vascularity. Data were collected from anonymized hospital records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of malignancy. Results The malignancy rate was 20%, exceeding the expected threshold for TIRADS 3 nodules. Capsule expansion (OR 18.50, p < 0.001), central-peripheral vascularity (OR 4.99, p = 0.004), and a family history of thyroid cancer (OR 13.08, p = 0.001) were identified as significant predictors. All malignancy diagnoses were based on cytological findings (Bethesda V/VI), with no histopathologic confirmation available. Conclusion Certain TIRADS 3 nodules may possess a higher malignancy risk than traditionally assumed. Incorporating additional ultrasound features and clinical context may improve diagnostic accuracy. Future prospective studies with histopathological confirmation are warranted to validate these predictors

    La danza folclórica y la motricidad gruesa en niños

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    Introducción: La danza nacional es una práctica artística que integra la expresión corporal, emociones y ritmos tradicionales, promoviendo el desarrollo integral de la motricidad gruesa en los niños en su entorno cultural. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es sistematizar las bases teóricas y metodológicas de la danza folclórica y la motricidad gruesa en niños. Metodología: La metodología que se utilizó fue una revisión sistemática con el protocolo PRISMA, se consideró bases de datos como: Scielo, Dialnet, Redalyc, Latindex y Google Scholar, publicadas en el periodo (2021-2025). Resultados: Los resultados demuestran que la danza nacional aporta al desarrollo de la motricidad gruesa en los niños, influyendo en el desempeño de sus actividades diarias y el desarrollo integral. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de incorporar la danza nacional como herramienta educativa y cultural para potenciar el desarrollo motriz infantil, recalcando la necesidad de continuar investigando para fortalecer su aplicación en diferentes contextos. Conclusión: En conclusión, podemos afirmar que la danza nacional y la motricidad gruesa en los niños tiene relevancia en el desarrollo tanto en los aspectos físicos, cognitivos y emocionales, sin olvidar su mejora en la condición de vidaIntroduction: National dance is an artistic practice that integrates body expression, emotions, and traditional rhythms, promoting the comprehensive development of gross motor skills in children within their cultural environment. Objective: The aim of this study is to organize the theoretical and methodological foundations of folk dance and gross motor skills in children. Methodology: The methodology used was a systematic review with the PRISMA protocol, considering databases such as Scielo, Dialnet, Redalyc, Latindex, and Google Scholar, published in the period 2021-2025. Results: The findings indicate that national dance enhances the development of gross motor skills in children, thereby affecting their execution of daily activities and overall growth. These findings reinforce the importance of incorporating national dance as an educational and cultural tool to enhance children's motor development, pointing out the importance of further research to strengthen its application in different contexts. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that national dance and gross motor skills in children are relevant to their physical, cognitive, and emotional development, not to mention their improvement in quality of lifePregrad

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