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    In vitro/ex vivo fungicide potential of submicron-emulsions prepared from some essential oils of promising plants from colombian Caribbean Region against colletotrichum gloeosporioides and fusarium oxysporum, main damage-causing phytopathogens in yam crops (Dioscorea spp.) in the department of Sucre

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    Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a key crop of considerable economic and nutritional importance in the rural areas of the Colombian Caribbean, where it provides both a source of food and an alternative livelihood for smalland medium-scale farmers. In 2020, Colombia produced over 420000 tons of yam, of which more than 90% originated from the departments of Bolívar, Córdoba, and Sucre, while ca. 11500 tons were exported to the United States, Central America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Despite its economic significance, yam production in this region has experienced a yield decline of ca. 7.3%, driven by limitations in agronomic practices, adverse weather, restricted access to inputs, and increasing phytosanitary pressures. Among the main constraints are diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, responsible for vascular wilt, tuber rot, and anthracnose, which compromise plant physiology, reduce tuber yield and quality, and impose substantial economic burdens on farmers. Traditional disease management relies heavily on synthetic fungicides, particularly benomyl, a broad-spectrum benzimidazole-carbamate fungicide. While effective, benomyl presents significant environmental and health concerns, including aquatic toxicity, soil biota disruption, and potential neurotoxic effects in humans, highlighting the urgent need for safer, sustainable alternatives. In this context, plants and their secondary metabolites [e.g., essential oils (EOs)] emerge as a promising resource for the phytopathogen control (e.g., F. oxysporum and C. gloeosporioides) due to their proven biological potential. Thus, Colombia, being a country with a wealth of plant biodiversity, would offer an abundant source of secondary metabolites (phenols, terpenoids, etc.), many of which have demonstrated potent antifungal activity. Despite these advantages, direct application of EOs in field conditions is often limited by their hydrophobicity, chemical instability, and high volatility, which reduce their bioavailability and efficacy. Advances in formulation technologies (encapsulation and emulsification), particularly at submicron levels, offer a solution to these limitations. For example, emulsions, such as colloidal systems, can be prepared as nano- or mini-emulsions, with droplet sizes ranging from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers, using high- or low-energy techniques, including ultrasonication. These formulations enhance EO solubility in water, improve chemical stability, and increase biological activity, enabling more effective field application. In addition, the incorporation of other components into the emulsions such as mediumchain triglycerides (MCTs), can prevent destabilizing phenomena like Ostwald ripening and coalescence, prolonging the functional lifespan of EO emulsions while probably maintaining antifungal effectiveness at the same time. This doctorate research focused on the in vitro and/or ex vivo antifungal potential of EOs and their submicron emulsions against F. oxysporum and/or C. gloeosporioides isolated from yam tubers, with the aim to provide a sustainable alternative for the management of fungal disease in yam crops. The study encompassed: (i) chemical characterization of EOs via GC-FID/MS; (ii) evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity through disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays; (iii) optimization and preparation of submicron-emulsions, with or without MCT, using response surface methodology; (iv) assessment of cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes; (v) multivariate statistical analysis to correlate chemical composition and biological activity; and (vi) ex vivo validation on yam tubers for some emulsions. By integrating natural product chemistry, advanced formulation techniques, and rigorous biological assessment, this work seeks to develop environmentally safe, effective, and practical strategies to mitigate fungal diseases in yam, supporting both agricultural productivity and ecological sustainability.DoctoradoDoctor en Ciencias Naturale

    Measurement and control system for a static var compensator (SVC) in the UniGrid laboratory

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    Este proyecto desarrolló un sistema integrado de medición y control en lazo cerrado para un Compensador Estático de Reactivos (SVC) en el laboratorio UniGrid. El prototipo original operaba en lazo abierto y dependía de mediciones externas con altos retardos, lo que impedía regular potencia reactiva en tiempo real. Para solucionar esto, se diseñó una arquitectura que combina sensores ZMPT101B y ACS712, un ADC ADS1263 HAT y una Raspberry Pi 4 encargada del procesamiento digital de señales y del cálculo de valores RMS y potencia reactiva. En paralelo, se implementó un controlador PI en un Arduino Uno, optimizado mediante el método de Ziegler–Nichols y complementado con un lazo de feedforward basado en una tabla de ángulos del TCR. Además, se construyó un modelo completo del SVC en MATLAB/Simulink para validar la dinámica del sistema y ajustar los parámetros del control. La solución final incluyó una interfaz gráfica en Python y la integración física en un gabinete seguro. La validación experimental, con 20 niveles de consigna y 200 mediciones, mostró un error promedio del 3.665 %, comprobando mediante prueba de hipótesis (99 % de confianza) que el sistema cumple el criterio de precisión (<5 %). El proyecto moderniza la infraestructura del UniGrid y ofrece una herramienta académica robusta para el estudio de FACTS y compensación de potencia reactiva.This project developed an integrated closed-loop measurement and control system for a Static Var Compensator (SVC) in the UniGrid laboratory. The original prototype operated in open loop and relied on external measurements with significant delays, preventing real-time reactive power regulation. To address this, a new architecture was designed using ZMPT101B and ACS712 sensors, an ADS1263 HAT ADC, and a Raspberry Pi 4 responsible for digital signal processing and real-time RMS and reactive power computation. In parallel, a PI controller was implemented on an Arduino Uno, tuned using the Ziegler–Nichols method and complemented with a feedforward loop based on a TCR firing-angle lookup table. A full SVC model was also built in MATLAB/Simulink to validate system dynamics and refine controller parameters. The final solution included a Python graphical interface and complete physical integration inside a protected enclosure. Experimental validation with 20 reference levels and 200 measurements yielded an average error of 3.665 %, and a hypothesis test (99 % confidence) confirmed compliance with the <5 % accuracy requirement. The project modernizes the UniGrid infrastructure and provides a robust academic platform for studying FACTS devices and reactive power compensation

    Informe de Autoevaluación 2025

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    Formación de ciudadanos responsables en una institución educativa bilingüe católica de Barranquilla: alineación de su proyecto ambiental con los estándares nacionales e internacionales

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    Esta investigación nace de la necesidad de comprender el impacto del Proyecto Ambiental Escolar (PRAE) en la formación de una ciudadanía más consciente y responsable frente a los desafíos ambientales. Su objetivo fue identificar en qué medida el PRAE, según su diseño e implementación institucional, transforma las percepciones, actitudes y comportamientos de estudiantes y docentes en relación con el cuidado del medio ambiente. En un contexto de crecientes crisis ecológicas, el estudio adquiere relevancia al destacar el papel de la educación en la promoción del desarrollo sostenible, apoyándose en marcos teóricos y normativos como la Política Nacional de Educación Ambiental, los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, las directrices del Ministerio de Educación Nacional y los aportes de autores como Sauvé, Capra, Sterling y Gadotti, defensores de una educación ambiental crítica, integral y transformadora. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, esta investigación combinó el análisis documental con encuestas a estudiantes y docentes para recoger percepciones sobre el PRAE, contrastando su implementación con los lineamientos institucionales, marcos legales y literatura especializada. Los resultados muestran avances en sensibilización y sostenibilidad impulsados por los estudiantes, pero también limitaciones en integración curricular, participación institucional y evaluación del impacto. Se resalta la necesidad de integrar el enfoque ambiental en el currículo, fortalecer la formación docente y la participación comunitaria, consolidando el PRAE como eje del proyecto pedagógico institucional.MaestríaMagister en Educació

    Optimización de arreglos de antenas lineales mediante algoritmos inteligentes para el control del nivel del lóbulo secundario

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    Currently, evolutionary computation has developed several techniques based on the emulation of natural evolutionary processes to solve complex problems and are used in situations with large and non-linear search spaces, where other classical methods are not able to find solutions in a reasonable time. Among the most recognized techniques are genetic algorithms and swarm algorithms. Taking into account the various evolutionary optimization techniques, this thesis aims to compare the performance of at least three types of evolutionary algorithms in optimizing the feedforward coefficients of a linear array to determine a desired primary to secondary lobe level. Chapter 2 describes the state of the art of linear antenna arrays, emphasizing the synthesis for obtaining radiation patterns, as well as the design of waveguide slot arrays (SWAA), which was the design used for the simulations of the different evolutionary optimization techniques. In addition, a general description of the genetic and swarm-based algorithms is given, showing the advantages of each of them. Chapter 3 shows the state of the art of similar projects that have been carried out based on linear arrays, yagi-Uda antennas and waveguide slot arrays (SWAA). Describing the project on which this thesis was based, which was the design, optimization, and simulation of a twolayer centrally-fed waveguide slot array antenna with ten slots (2×10) operating at 12 GHz. The antenna achieves a bandwidth of 4% (440 MHz) with a return loss of -14 dB. The design process prioritized meeting bandwidth requirements and achieving a sidelobe level (SLL) of 20 dB through least-square optimization of excitation coefficients. Chapter 4 describes the implementation of the algorithms used in the study: Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential Evolution (DE), and Limitedmemory Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb & Shanno - Box Constraints (L-BFGS-B), providing an overview of the implemented functions, design decisions, and the elements used. Chapter 5 presents the results obtained in the project, describing the initial problem to optimize and the results of the conducted simulations. Finally, Chapter 6 presents the conclusions.MaestríaMagister en Ingeniería Electrónic

    Nipia Maleiwa: Cuatro Vías, Guajira

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    Al ver la problemática en La Guajira y la gran oportunidad de aprovechar la riqueza de recursos de la región, se propone un complejo comunitario experimental que integre actividades sociales, que sea un nuevo modelo de habitabilidad en el desierto y que surja desde la necesidad del contexto acorde a su ideario colectivo. Y esto solo es posible a través del acercamiento a la población desde la investigación etnográfica, indagando en sus costumbres e historia desde publicaciones científicas y el par investigativo con los miembros de su sociedad. Para lograr un complejo integrador a nivel regional que incida desde la visión de potenciarse con los recursos que posee.PregradoArquitect

    EEG signal analysis software for alzheimer's detection using CNNs and LLMs

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    La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo progresivo que representa un desafío significativo para la salud pública a nivel mundial. Se estima que millones de personas viven con esta enfermedad, y su prevalencia continúa en aumento (Alzheimer's Association, 2021). La detección temprana de la EA es fundamental para implementar intervenciones que puedan ralentizar su progresión y mejorar significativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes (Sperling et al., 2011). En este contexto, el electroencefalograma (EEG) ha emergido como una herramienta prometedora para la identificación de patrones en biomarcadores asociados a la EA, proporcionando información valiosa sobre los cambios en la actividad eléctrica cerebral relacionados a esta enfermedad, y presentando una ventaja sobre otros medios de detección, al ser mas accesible y menos invasivo. Sin embargo, los métodos actuales para el analisis de señales de EEG a menudo son limitados en su capacidad de interpretación. Muchos enfoques existentes carecen de herramientas efectivas para visualizar, localizar y explicar anomalías relacionadas al alzheimer en las señales de EEG, lo que dificulta la identificación y visualización de patrones relevantes en los biomarcadores relacionados a esta enfermedad. Por lo tanto, este proyecto se centra en desarrollar un prototipo de software que analice señales de EEG para identificar la presencia de Alzheimer a traves de patrones en biomarcadores asociados a esta enfermedad. Utilizaremos técnicas avanzadas de procesamiento de señales y modelos de machine learning, como redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN), para analizar el comportamiento de estas señales en diferentes areas del cerebro.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that poses a significant public health challenge worldwide. It is estimated that millions of people live with this disease, and its prevalence continues to rise (Alzheimer's Association, 2021). Early detection of AD is crucial for implementing interventions that can slow its progression and significantly improve patients' quality of life (Sperling et al., 2011). In this context, electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a promising tool for identifying patterns in biomarkers associated with AD. EEG provides valuable information about changes in brain electrical activity related to the disease and offers advantages over other detection methods by being more accessible and less invasive. However, current methods for analyzing EEG signals are often limited in their interpretability. Many existing approaches lack effective tools for visualizing, localizing, and explaining AD-related anomalies in EEG signals, making it difficult to identify and interpret relevant patterns in associated biomarkers. Therefore, this project focuses on developing a software prototype that analyzes EEG signals to identify the presence of Alzheimer’s disease through patterns in related biomarkers. We will use advanced signal processing techniques and machine learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to analyze the behavior of these signals across different areas of the brain

    ChessPro: Electronic chessboard with automatic piece movement, multiplayer modes, and AI opponent

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    ChessPro es un tablero electrónico de ajedrez diseñado para automatizar el movimiento de las piezas y ofrecer una experiencia de juego interactiva tanto para jugadores humanos como para enfrentar una inteligencia artificial. El sistema integra sensores magnéticos para detectar la posición de cada pieza en tiempo real y un mecanismo electromecánico que permite moverlas automáticamente sobre el tablero, facilitando partidas más dinámicas y realistas. El proyecto incluye modos de juego multijugador local y contra IA, pensado para usuarios desde principiantes hasta avanzados. Además, el tablero se conecta a una interfaz digital que registra movimientos y valida jugadas, mejorando la experiencia tradicional del ajedrez físico con las ventajas de la tecnología. ChessPro está construido con componentes electrónicos accesibles y programado en plataformas flexibles, lo que facilita futuras ampliaciones y personalizaciones. Su objetivo es combinar el amor por el ajedrez con la innovación tecnológica para atraer tanto a entusiastas del juego como a estudiantes y desarrolladores interesados en robótica, inteligencia artificial y sistemas embebidos.ChessPro is an electronic chess board designed to automate piece movement and offer an interactive gaming experience for both human players and artificial intelligence. The system integrates magnetic sensors to detect the position of each piece in real time and an electromechanical mechanism that allows them to move automatically on the board, facilitating more dynamic and realistic games. The project includes local multiplayer and AI modes, designed for users from beginners to advanced players. Additionally, the board connects to a digital interface that records moves and validates moves, enhancing the traditional physical chess experience with the advantages of technology. ChessPro is built with affordable electronic components and programmed on flexible platforms, facilitating future expansions and customizations. Its goal is to combine the love of chess with technological innovation to appeal to both chess enthusiasts and students and developers interested in robotics, artificial intelligence, and embedded systems

    Design of a semi-automatic system oriented to time optimization and biomechanical risk control in the replacement of crossbeams in production plants

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    Este proyecto de ingeniería mecánica se centra en diseñar una solución semiautomatizada para el reemplazo de travesaños en las plantas de producción, con el fin de mejorar el tiempo en cada recambio y reducir los riesgos ergonómicos para los trabajadores. El problema identificado es la necesidad de cambiar manualmente travesaños de un peso considerable mensualmente, lo cual genera sobreesfuerzo físico. Se aplicó la metodología SMED para analizar el proceso actual y se propusieron tres alternativas de diseño, evaluadas en términos de productividad, ergonomía, costos, mantenimiento, maniobrabilidad y flexibilidad. La alternativa seleccionada fue una combinación de las tres: un elevador de tijera fijo, uno móvil de dos niveles y la modificación del carro de almacenamiento con un sistema de garfios giratorios. Las simulaciones mostraron una reducción en 10 veces del riesgo ergonómico, una disminución del 60% en el número de operarios requeridos y una mejora del 10% en el tiempo. Además, se realizaron análisis estructurales, cálculos de contrapeso, selección de materiales y estimaciones presupuestales detalladas, demostrando la viabilidad técnica y económica del sistema propuesto.This mechanical engineering project focuses on designing a semi-automated solution for the replacement of crossbars in production plants, aiming to improve changeover time and reduce ergonomic risks for workers. The identified problem is the manual handling of heavy crossbars on a monthly basis, which leads to significant physical strain. The SMED (Single-Minute Exchange of Dies) methodology was applied to analyze the current process, and three design alternatives were proposed. These were evaluated based on productivity, ergonomics, cost, maintenance, maneuverability, and flexibility. The selected solution was a combination of the three: a fixed scissor lift, a two-level mobile lift, and a modified storage cart equipped with a rotating hook system. Simulations indicated a tenfold reduction in ergonomic risk, a 60% decrease in the number of operators required, and a 10% improvement in operation time. Additionally, structural analyses, counterweight calculations, material selection, and detailed cost estimations were conducted, demonstrating the technical and economic feasibility of the proposed system

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