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Fire Severity Causes Temporal Changes in Ground-Dwelling Arthropod Assemblages of Patagonian Araucaria-Nothofagus Forests
No full textFire is one of the main drivers of anthropogenic disturbances in temperate forest ecosystems worldwide, with multiple effects spread across ecological networks. Nevertheless, the biodiversity effects of fire are poorly known for species-diverse groups such as arthropods. In this research, we used a burn gradient generated two and three years after a large fire event to assess how different levels of fire severity affect arthropod diversity in the forest with the main forest forming long-living tree species Araucaria araucana, in southern Chile. The species richness and abundance of arthropods among trophic guilds was estimated annually in four fire-severity levels. We found that arthropods responded differently to fire severity levels, depending on their trophic guilds and years after fire (two and three years after fire). During the second year after fire, zoophages, phytophages, and parasitoids were more diverse in areas with high fire severity within the second year after fire, as compared to those in areas with low severity or unburned stands. In the third year after fire, a change in this trend was observed, where the abundance of all groups dropped significantly, with positive changes in the diversity in zoophages, phytophages, polyphages and saprophages, which is more noticeable in sites with high severity. These results indicate that annual variation in environmental conditions triggers bottom-up cascading effects for arthropods. Forests stands severely impacted by fires support highly fluctuating and possibly unstable arthropod assemblages. Hence, restoration efforts should be focused on recovering microhabitat conditions in these stands to allow the persistence of arthropods
Apoyo social para la parentalidad: experiencias en programas de infancia en Chile
Get PDFEste artículo de investigación científica es parte de la investigación “Modelo de Evaluación de Condiciones para la Parentalidad” (MECeP), realizada en el marco de la Política de Protección de Derechos de la Infancia, financiada por el Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDEF) del Gobierno de Chile y desarrollada entre diciembre de 2011 y noviembre de 2013. La discusión de resultados se ha nutrido de las reflexiones del grupo Interdisciplinario en Estudios de Género de la Universidad Católica de Temuco.El artículo da cuenta de las principales dificultades que enfrentan las figuras parentales atendidas en programas de protección de derechos de la infancia en la región de la Araucanía, al sur de Chile, y los apoyos disponibles en los ámbitos emocional, informativo e instrumental. Mediante una investigación de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo, se encuestó a 99 padres, madres o cuidadores, y se aplicó una entrevista en profundidad a 6 madres o cuidadoras pertenecientes a distintas configuraciones familiares y procedencia étnica y territorial. Se constató que quienes participan en los procesos de intervención son mayoritariamente mujeres —madres o cuidadoras— que enfrentan diversas dificultades emocionales, instrumentales e informativas, cuentan con escasas redes informales de apoyo y el sustento social que reciben de las redes formales tiende a deteriorar su autoeficacia parental.This article reports on the principal difficulties faced by parental figures involved with programs for protection of childhood rights in Araucanía Region, Southern Chile, and support mechanisms available for emotional, informational, and instrumental aid. A qualitative and quantitative research methodology was used to survey 99 parents and guardians, with in-depth interviews for 6 mothers or guardians belonging to different family configurations, from different ethnic origins and areas. It was found that most people involved in intervention processes are women —mothers or guardians— who face a wide range of emotional, instrumental, and information difficulties, possess limited informal support networks, and receive social intervention from formal networks that tends to only impair their parental self-effectiveness
Socio-Environmental Risks Linked with Mine Tailings Chemical Composition: Promoting Responsible and Safe Mine Tailings Management Considering Copper and Gold Mining Experiences from Chile and Peru
No full textThere is a need to define mine tailings in a clear, precise, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and holistic manner, considering not only geotechnical and hydraulic concepts but also integrating environmental and geochemical aspects with implications for the sustainability of mining. This article corresponds to an independent study that answers questions concerning the definition of mine tailings and the socio-environmental risks linked with mine tailings chemical composition by examining the practical experience of industrial-scale copper and gold mining projects in Chile and Peru. Definitions of concepts and analysis of key aspects in the responsible management of mine tailings, such as characterization of metallic-metalloid components, non-metallic components, metallurgical reagents, and risk identification, among others, are presented. Implications of potential environmental impacts from the generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) in mine tailings are discussed. Finally, the article concludes that mine tailings are potentially toxic to both communities and the environment, and cannot be considered as inert and innocuous materials; thus, mine tailings require safe, controlled, and responsible management with the application of the most high management standards, use of the best available technologies (BATs), use of best applicable practices (BAPs), and implementation of the best environmental practices (BEPs) to avoid risk and potential socio-environmental impact due to accidents or failure of tailings storage facilities (TSFs)
Deceptive behaviour and coopetition: the role of heterogeneous absorptive capacities and product specialisation
No full textPurposeThis paper aims to study the role of absorptive capacities in coopetitive alliances that involve leakages of sensitive private knowledge regarding firms' production processes. Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a game theoretic approach to model a differentiated product market in which two firms asymmetrically informed about the economic value of a business opportunity must cooperate to exploit this opportunity. Under coopetition, firms gain access to their partners' core knowledge as the result of inevitable leakages of information. Firms differ in their absorptive capacities, which affects their abilities to leverage this new knowledge outside the collaborative activity. FindingsFirms with superior absorptive capacities are more likely to devise alliances whose purpose is to gain access to their partners' core knowledge. This opportunistic behaviour does not disappear even if firms compensate their partners for the damages caused by this deceptive business practice. This paper also finds that a highly specialised product safeguards firms with limited absorptive capacities against these opportunistic behaviours. Originality/valueThis paper provides a theoretical analysis of the role that absorptive capacities and product specialisation play in influencing the emergence of opportunistic behaviours in coopetitive alliances. The theoretical analysis underscores the extent to which the risk of opportunism associated with the exploitation of a partner's specific core knowledge outside the scope of the cooperative activity affects not only the nature and intensity of market competition but also the incentives to pursue coopetitive alliances
An Ex-ante Evaluation of Collective Capability Development: A Case Study of an Emergent Indigenous NGO in Southern Chile
No full textThis study sets out to conduct an analysis on the degree to which the collective agency and capabilities of an emergent Mapuche NGO had been developed, prior to the start of the main phase of a participatory research intervention. Participatory Action Research and Grounded Theory approaches were applied in combination with decolonising research principles. This study's findings inform not only the factors under which collective capabilities had not yet been developed for this NGO, but also the ontological and epistemological grounds on which Mapuche participants built these understandings. These considerations are of central importance for participatory research interventions if the ultimate goal is to promote meaningful and transformative social change among indigenous communities at local levels. This new epistemic production is a promising way forward to promote cross-cultural conversations between the CA and indigenous realities
Indigenous people and changing socio-cultural behavior: A case study of Tototribes, Totopara
Get PDFAs the saying goes“culture doesn't make people, it is thepeoplewhomake culture”.The are several tribeslivingin India and are trying to preserve their rich cultural heritage.Toto is an aboriginal Indo-Bhutanese tribe foundinsome parts ofAlipurduar districtin NorthBengal. Unique to their culture is the idea of having only single wife and strongly advocate anti-dowry system unlike neighbouringtribal practices. As per the reports they are recognized asthe smallest tribe onthe Earth andareonthe verge of complete extinction. Various cultural transformation and other developmental activities around the region is leading to declining Toto’s population, which is further aggravated by Thalassemia virus, whichisone of the silent killers of the tribe.It is alarming thatanaveragelifespan ofToto's hassuddenly declined to 35 years over the years. The basic objective of the study is toidentifyreasons beneath transformations of traditional livelihood and sudden decline of Toto tribe. Based on different research, global understandings and valuable readings, what instrumental steps canbe taken to preserveand protectthem.Primary survey and secondary data sources have been usedfor the data collection. Ahousehold survey wasexecuted with the help of snowball sampling inDecember2018 atTotopara in Madarihatblock of Alipurduar district, West Bengal.Remedialand descriptive methodsand qualitative techniques have been used for analysis of data. After the analysis,it was concludedthat increasing theeducation andawareness level through workshops, documentaries, camps,public meetings,discussions, discourse, rallies,seminars andcultural programswouldplay an instrumentalrole to put a cap on thedecliningpopulationof the localsand would lead to theirsustainable growthand development.Como dice el refrán “la cultura no hace a la gente, es la gente la que hace la cultura”. Hay varias tribus que viven en la India y están tratando de preservar su rico patrimonio cultural. Toto es una tribu aborigen indobhutanesa que se encuentra en algunas partes del distrito de Alipurduar en el norte de Bengala. Única en su cultura es la idea de tener una sola esposa y abogar firmemente por el sistema anti-dote a diferencia de las prácticas tribales vecinas. Según los informes, son reconocidos como la tribu más pequeña de la Tierra y están al borde de la extinción completa. Varias transformacionesculturales y otras actividades de desarrollo en la región están conduciendo a la disminución de la población de Toto, que se ve agravada aún más por el virus de la talasemia, que es uno de los asesinos silenciosos de la tribu. Es alarmante que la vida media de Toto haya disminuido repentinamente a 35 años a lo largo de los años. El objetivo básico del estudio es identificar las razones detrás de las transformaciones de los medios de vida tradicionales y el repentino declive de la tribu Toto. Basado en diferentes investigaciones, entendimientos globales y lecturas valiosas, qué pasos instrumentales se pueden tomar para preservarlos y protegerlos. Para la recopilación de datos se han utilizado fuentes de datos primarias y secundarias. En diciembre de 2018, serealizó una encuesta de hogares con la ayuda de un muestreo de bola de nieve en Totopara, en el bloque Madarihaat del distrito de Alipurduar, Bengala Occidental. Se han utilizado métodos correctivos y descriptivos y técnicas cualitativas para el análisis de datos. Después del análisis, se concluyó que aumentar el nivel de educación y conciencia a través de talleres, documentales, campamentos, reuniones públicas, discusiones, discursos, mítines, seminarios y programas culturales jugaría un papel fundamentalpara poner un límite a la población en declive de los locales. y conduciría a su crecimiento y desarrollo sostenibles
Voices of University Teachers on Intercultural Professional Training Needs in La Araucania, Chile
No full textObjective. This study aims to present research results on the need for intercultural professional training in university teaching in colonization contexts from the voices of teachers. The goal is to promote the development of appropriate training plans and teaching strategies among those responsible for training new professionals. Method. This qualitative study is of a descriptive nature. It involves nine university academics who participated in semi-directed interviews to reveal their needs, focus areas, and desired contents for intercultural professional training. Content analysis techniques were employed. Results. The study showed that teachers who train new professionals need a broad knowledge of interculturality at a theoretical, methodological, and practical level, which enables them to redefine professional training from an intercultural educational approach. Discussion.The study emphasizes the urgency of transitioning vocational training to an intercultural perspective, which can serve as a tool for change and innovation in transforming and improving indigenous and intercultural social and educational contexts. It also highlights the need to explore gaps in intercultural professional training and how professional identity is constructed
Structural validity and reliability of the 'Oral Health Assessment Tool' applied by speech-language therapists in a population of older Chilean people
No full textTensiones epistemológicas entre el conocimiento escolar y mapuche en la relación educativa intercultural
Get PDFEl artículo pretende comprender las tensiones epistemológicas en las relaciones educativas interculturales entre profesor/a mentor/a, educador/a tradicional y el estudiantado en La Araucanía. La perspectiva teórica que sustenta la discusión es la escolarización fundamentada en el currículum escolar de corte eurocéntrico occidental y la educación familiar en contexto mapuche, por lo que el estudiantado es sometido a una doble inmersión: la educación escolar y familiar. La metodología empleada es la investigación educativa, basada en una etnografía escolar y un análisis de contenido. Los principales resultados muestran la reproducción de un racismo institucionalizado en la educación escolar, una diferencia epistemológica en relación con los contenidos deseables de transmitir en la implementación de la educación intercultural y una invisibilización sistemática, tanto de los saberes indígenas como de los estudiantes y educadores tradicionales en los procesos de escolarización
El Derecho humano a la identidad cultural de las mujeres migrantes -bajo una perspectiva de género- y su incorporación en Chile
Get PDFEn este artículo, se afirma el reconocimiento del derecho humano a la identidad cultural de las mujeres migrantes en el ámbito jurídico chileno, a la luz de su justificación y estándares desarrollados en el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Para ello, revisamos, bajo una perspectiva de género: sus fuentes, jurisprudencia internacional aplicable e incorporación de este estándar internacional en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno, atendiendo a los criterios juris-prudenciales emanados de los máximos tribunales de ese país. Se exponen los re-sultados en dos partes: (i) Revisión del Derecho internacional -Sistema Universal y Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos- aplicable en el reconocimiento del derecho a la identidad cultural de las mujeres migrantes; (ii) revisión del dere-cho chileno aplicable en el reconocimiento del derecho a la identidad cultural de las mujeres migrantes. Se ha empleado la metodología de estudio dogmático de las fuentes normativas, revisión bibliográfica de la doctrina y jurisprudencia.In this article we affirm recognition of the human right to cultural identity of migrant women in Chilean Law, considering its justification and standards developed in International Human Rights Law. To do this, we review, from a gender perspective, its sources, applicable international jurisprudence, and the incorporation of this international standard in the Chilean legal sys-tem, considering the jurisprudential criteria issued by the highest courts of the country. The results are presented in two parts: (i) Review of international law – Universal System and Inter-American Human Rights System – applicable in the recognition of the right to cultural identity of migrant women; (ii) Review of applicable Chilean law in the recognition of the right to cultural identity of migrant women. The methodology used is dogmatic study of normative sour-ces, bibliographic review and jurisprudential verification