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Conflict in commons: collective action and institutions
Get PDFCommon pool resources (CPRs)are safe-guards and foundation for rural livelihood especially for the developing nationslike India. Cooperation is needed to conserve CPRs due to its very features. Community institutions sometimes faceconflictsto conserve commons cost-effectively. But,are conflicts always detrimental? Do they alwayshamper the local governance of commons?We have tried to view from close the activities of commons users and others and tried to understand the underlying symphonythereafter. In doing so,we have conducteda primary survey on 419 users of canal water, community forest and tank water in 11 CPRsdependent villages from West Bengal, India. We observed positive relations between conflict and collective action inconservation of commons. This finding seems to be conflicting with the notion that,conflict undermines collective action and therewith the potential for sustainability. We examined and foundthat successful informal communities are more conflictive and at the same time cooperativethan formal one.We tried to see the working of different factors influencing collective action and conflicts. We also viewed the role of formal and informal institution in this orchestra of CPRs. The occurrencesof supply, demand and policy side conflicts and conflict resolution methods are also not significantly different between formal and informal institutions. Therefore, conflict and informal institution havesome positive impact for the successful conservation. We suggest that authorities have to study the nature and types of conflicts before implementing rules and institutional arrangements thereafter
Acculturative Stress, Perceived Social Support, and Mental Health: The Mediating Effect of Negative Emotions Associated with Discrimination
No full textThe role of perceived social support in the acculturation process of immigrants remains unclear. In this study, we jointly evaluated the associations between acculturative stress and negative emotions associated with discrimination as antecedents of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms in 283 immigrants living in Chile. Three competing models were tested via structural equation modelling to assess (1) the association among these variables and mental health symptoms and (2) to clarify the role of perceived social support. The third model was theoretically more adequate, showed a better fit, and explained 42.7% of the variance of mental health symptoms. In this model, perceived social support was associated with acculturative stress by reducing mental health symptomatology. Moreover, a direct relationship and an indirect relationship were found between acculturative stress (through negative emotions associated with discrimination) and mental health symptomatology. These results contribute to the understanding of the acculturation process experienced by immigrants in Chile and provide empirical evidence to be used to improve migration policies
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INCLUSION LEVELS OF SHRIMP MEAL WITH FISH MEAL IN Oreochromis niloticus DIET
Get PDFA feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of shrimp meal with fish meal on growth, feed utilization, water quality and cost implication of the diet O. niloticusfingerlings. A total of two hundred and four (204) fish with an initial weight of 2.93+0.55g were stocked in twelve (12) tanks of dimension 1.8 x 1.3 x 0.36m3for 12 weeks. Four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) contained 100% SM, 70% SM and 30% FM, 50% SM and 50% FM, 30% SM and 70% FM respectively, were fed twice daily to satiation. Final weight gain was 4.65±1.72g, 3.89±0.96g, 3.58±0.65g, 3.73±0.80g for the treatments respectively. The highest mean weight gain (4.98±0.31g) and specific (4.57±0.69%) growth rates were in fish fed with 100% SM (D1) and lowest (3.59±0.15g, 17.7±0.17% respectively) in fish fed 50% SM and 50% FM (D3). Protein efficiency ratio was highest in D1 and lowest in D4. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in diet D1 and highest in D4. Survival rate was good in all the treatments having the highest in D2 and lowest in D1. Diet 1 had the best growth followed by D2, D4 and D3 respectively. Cost implication and water quality parameters showed no significant differences (p>0.05) among the diets. Results showed that SM could replace FM by 100% without having any negative effect on the growth and tend to be uneconomically efficient at such inclusion level.Se realizó un ensayo de alimentación para evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de diferentes niveles de harina de camarones con harina de pescado sobre el crecimiento, la utilización del alimento, la calidad del agua y la implicación de los costos de los alevines de O. niloticus. Un total de doscientos cuatro (204) peces con un peso inicial de 2.93+ 0.55g fueron almacenados en doce (12) tanques de dimensión 1.8 x 1.3 x 0.36m3 durante 12 semanas. Cuatro dietas (D1, D2, D3 y D4) contenían 100% SM, 70% SM y 30% FM, 50% SM y 50% FM, 30% SM y 70% FM respectivamente, se alimentaron dos veces al día hasta la saciedad. El aumento de peso final fue de 4,65 ± 1,72 g, 3,89 ± 0,96 g, 3,58 ± 0,65 g, 3,73 ± 0,80 g para los tratamientos, respectivamente. Las mayores tasas de crecimiento de peso medio (4,98 ± 0,31 g) y específicas (4,57 ± 0,69%) se dieron en peces alimentados con SM al 100% (D1) y los más bajos (3,59 ± 0,15 g, 17,7 ± 0,17% respectivamente) en peces alimentados 50 % SM y 50% FM (D3). La relación de eficiencia de proteínas fue más alta en D1 y más baja en D4. La relación de conversión alimenticia fue más baja en la dieta D1 y más alta en D4. La tasa de supervivencia fue buena en todos los tratamientos que tuvieron el más alto en D2 y el más bajo en D1. La dieta 1 tuvo el mejor crecimiento seguido de D2, D4 y D3 respectivamente. La implicación del costo y los parámetros de calidad del agua no mostraron diferencias significativas (p> 0.05) entre las dietas. Los resultados mostraron que SM podría reemplazar a FM en un 100% sin tener ningún efecto negativo en el crecimiento y tiendena ser antieconómicamente eficientes en dicho nivel de inclusión
Construcciones sociopolíticas del territorio. Movimientos indígenas y políticas públicas, la configuración de los espacios locales
Get PDFLos actuales territorios en que viven los pueblos indígenas están cruzados por diversos tipos de fronteras y delimitaciones administrativas que los constituyen. Se entrecruzan y superponen nociones tales como comunas y comunidades, junto a la irrupción de nuevas definiciones como “áreas de desarrollo indígena”, lof, ayllarewe, sector, entre otros. Estas denominaciones, algunas estatales, otras surgidas desde los actores locales refieren siempre a un mismo espacio, no obstante, los significados que encierran son distintos y a veces hasta divergentes y cada uno de ellos busca dar cuenta del uso, permanencia, presencia y control sobre el territorio. Desde una etnografía realizada en territorio lafkenche de la Araucanía observamos lo que ocurre con un mismo espacio territorial que es leído y vivido desde una mirada administrativa municipal con cruces de la política indígena nacional y desde una perspectiva cultural mapuche. Estas miradas y vivencias políticas del territorio dan cuenta de alianzas, disputas, estrategias, y discursos que lo configuran, donde muchas veces lo administrativo y la política local se vuelve el contenedor de la mirada histórica cultural- constriñéndose el territorio a los límites políticos del Estado y sus estrategias de acción e intervención.The current territories where indigenous people live are crossed by different kinds of boundaries and administrative boundaries which constitute them. Notions as communes and communities, as well as the irruption of new definitions such as "area of indigenous development", lof, ayllarewe, among others, overlap and intersect. These denominations, some of them state-owned, others arising from the local actors, always refer to the same space, nevertheless, the meanings that they contain are different and sometimes even divergent and each one of them aim to show the use, continuity, presence and control over the territory.From the ethnography conducted in a lafkenche territory of the Araucanía, we watch how the same space is read from an administrative state-owned view, influenced by national indigenous politics, and from a cultural mapuche pers-pective. These views and political experiences of the territory show alliances, disputes, strategies and discourses that configure it, where many times, the administrative becomes the container of the historical-cultural view, constraining the territory to the political boundaries of the state and its action and intervention strategies
Scale of beliefs towards vaccines and towards the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: Evidence of its psychometric properties
No full textBackground: Negative beliefs about vaccines can threaten herd immunity and pandemic control. Although beliefs about vaccines influence vaccination intention, there are no valid instruments that evaluate this in the Latin American population. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of two scales that measure negative beliefs towards vaccines in general and against SARS-CoV-2 and provide evidence of their association with vaccination intention (convergent validity) in a Chilean sample. Material and Methods: Two studies were carried out. The first included 263 people who answered the beliefs towards vaccines in general scale (CV-G) and the beliefs towards the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine scale (CV-COVID). Exploratory factor analyses were conducted. In the second study, 601 people answered the same scales. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling were performed to provide evidence of validity. Results: Both scales had an unifactorial structure and excellent reliability and showed associations with the intention of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, providing evidence of convergent validity. Conclusions: The scales evaluated here are reliable and valid measures that showed associations with vaccination intention in the Chilean population
In-Pit Disposal of Mine Tailings for a Sustainable Mine Closure: A Responsible Alternative to Develop Long-Term Green Mining Solutions
No full textIn the next decades many of the old tailings storage facilities (TSFs) could be re-processed if one considers the prices of metals, new uses of metals which today are not valuable, and the application of new, more efficient metallurgical technologies. In this context, in-pit disposal of mine tailings (IPDMT) is an attractive alternative to be used as part of responsible mine closure: mines could reprocess the mine tailings and place them in an open pit as part of sustainable mine closure. This article explores a little-explored tailings disposal technique that has the potential to be considered as an environmentally friendly solution, returning mine tailings to their place of origin and providing long-term stability under a climate change scenario. This article presents the main features, benefits, and potential drawbacks of IPDMT, with an emphasis on: (i) a description of the main advantages and disadvantages of application; and design issues related to (ii) IPDMT physical stability (pit slope stability, tailings transport, placement systems); (iii) IPDMT hydrological stability (water management, seepage control, hydrogeological monitoring,); and (iv) IPDMT geochemical stability (geochemical characterization, acid rock drainage control, covers). The novelty of this article is the proposal to change the status quo of traditional management of mine tailings to a new paradigm where the technique of in-pit disposal of mine tailings can be considered a green mining solution for mine closure. Finally, some successful cases around the world that involved the implementation of this technique are presented
Eating Patterns in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Get PDFThe purpose of this research was to analyze the eating patterns of preschool- and school-aged children with ASD, as provided by their families, in the La Araucania Region of Chile. It involved a cross-sectional study with 72 families with children diagnosed with ASD aged between 2 and 12 years old. Food selectivity, appetite, body mass index (BMI) and frequency of food consumption were studied. The research determined that 97.67% present food selectivity, corresponding to alterations in the frequency of consumption of specific food groups. Moreover, 93.06%, 90.28%, 80.56% and 62.50% of children in the study do not meet the daily recommendations for fruit, fish, water and vegetable consumption, respectively. Therefore, it is important for these findings to be considered when designing and carrying out educational interventions regarding food in families with children with ASD for greater assertiveness and effectiveness in improving health
PERCEPCION DE LOS ADOLESCENTES CHILENOS SOBRE LOS EFECTOS DE LA PANDEMIA POR COVID-19 EN LA ESFERA SOCIAL.
No full textThis study seeks to describe the perception of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chilean adolescents, identifying family coexistence, support networks that remained active and the impact of the pandemic on personal life and psychological well-being. To this end, a descriptive observational study was designed with a sample of 350 Chilean adolescents that was accessed by key agents in social networks, to whom an instruments validated by expert judges in congruence with the objectives set out in the study was applied. Among the main results, the good relationship with the family, the important role of teachers in the relationship with the school , and the maintenace of networks of friends; stand out as well as the impact on their mental health when their social life is interrupted. These results indicate the relevance of the social dimension as a protective factor of the quality of life and the psycological well-being of adolescents, in addition to the little visibility that has been had of this age group as it is not prioritized in health policies, which challenges socializing agents such as the family and the school to be attentive to the emotional and mental health manifestations that may occur at this time
Work overload in times of pandemic: an approach from mothers of La Araucania, Chile
No full textThe article exposes the mothers' perception regarding the work overload with and without pay that they experienced during the pandemic caused by Covid-19. The methodology used was a qualitative investigation based on 8 mothers from La Araucania, Chile. The research approach is descriptive, in which the personal and work experi-ences lived by the mothers are densely detailed, from their own voices, interpretations, and meanings attributed in the context of the pandemic. It is based on the interpretive paradigm to prioritize subjective awareness from the beliefs, values, and reflections of the women participating in this study. The data collection instrument is a semi-directed in-terview that consulted on the following topics: 1) workload experienced by women daily; 2) changes in your organization and free time during the pandemic; 3) affectation of emo-tions during the confinement. The data analysis technique used was thematic analysis to develop an inductive theory based on the testimonies of the women who participated in the study. Concepts, ideas, and meanings that result from the detailed analysis of the data are identified to specify and conceptualize the meanings and themes that the text contains about the work overload that women face in pandemic. The main results show a situation where the work overload of mothers has caused a negative impact on their mental health. In addition, there are patriarchal roots found in the conception of gender roles, increasing the stigma towards women as being in charge of raising and caring for their children and doing the housework. The main conclusions show that there is a high work overload on mothers, due to the high demand for work that increased as a result of the pandemic. It is also evidenced that despite living in a modern society, the perpetuation of gender roles still persists, meaning that women are the main ones in charge of taking care of the home and children, which has brought them negative physical and mental consequences
Análisis y críticas a las fuentes de financiamiento de los clubes de fútbol profesional chileno
Get PDFEl presente artículo tiene el propósito de analizar desde un punto de vista jurídico las fuentes de financiamiento privado con que cuentan los clubes profesionales de fútbol chileno. Se identifica que el carácter de la Organización Deportiva Profesional tendrá importancia para captar recursos, como también la relevancia de los derechos de transmisión en el total de los ingresos de los clubes, identificándose que su reparto genera una desigualdad deportiva que podría limitar el desempeño de algunos de los equipos y, en consecuencia, el acceso a otras fuentes de financiamiento.The object of the present article is to analyze from a legal point of view the different forms of private financing on which Chilean professional football clubs depend. We identify that the character of the clubs as Profes-sional Sports Organizations is important for attracting resources, and also the contribution of the sale of broadcasting rights to their total income. The distri-bution of this latter income generates inequalities affecting the sport that could limit the performance of some teams, and consequently their access to other sources of financing