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Políticas morales e ideas: el porte de cannabis para uso personal en Chile (1973-2015)
Get PDFEn el presente artículo hacemos una descripción de la política de drogas en Chile en relación al porte de sustancias ilícitas para consumo per-sonal, específicamente de cannabis. Para ello articulamos la teoría ideacional -a través de una propuesta conceptual, el esquema cognitivo-normativo que predomina en la dirigencia política- con la perspectiva de las políticas públicas morales. El objetivo es mostrar cómo el esquema cognitivo-normativo que se formó en la dirigencia chilena en los ‘70 cuando el problema de las drogas entra en la agenda legislativa ha perdurado a lo largo del desarrollo de la política de drogas. Examinamos los procesos que dieron como resultado las leyes 17.934 de 1973, la 18.403 dictada en 1985 así como la ley 19.366 de 1995 y la 20.000 promulgada en 2005. Finalmente analizamos el intento por regular el porte y el autocultivo de cannabis durante 2014-2015.In this article we describe drug policy in Chile in relation to the pos-session of illicit substances for personal consumption, specifically cannabis. To do so, we articulate ideational theory – through a conceptual proposal, the cognitive-normative scheme that predominates in the country’s political lea-dership – with the perspective of moral policies. The objective is to show how the cognitive-normative scheme that was formed in the Chilean leadership in the 1970s, when the drug problem entered the legislative agenda, has endured throughout the evolution of drug policy. We examine the processes that resul-ted in laws 17.934 of 1973, 18.403 dictated in 1985, 19.366 of 1995 and 20.000 promulgated in 2005. Finally, we analyze the attempt to regulate the possession and personal cultivation of cannabis during 2014-2015
Piedras pintadas en la desembocadura del río Loa (desierto de Atacama, Chile)
Get PDFEl presente trabajo describe nuevas evidencias de pinturas rupestres costeras, registradas durante prospecciones realizadas en la desembocadura del río Loa (Región de Antofagasta, Chile). Se presenta la caracterización espacial de los sitios, los atributos de los soportes, paneles y pinturas. Se plantea que estas nuevas evidencias se posicionan como un antecedente más para dis-cutir las particulares expresiones visuales de las poblaciones que habitaron la costa árida de Chile previo al contacto español. A partir del caso de estudio, se proponen otras líneas de acción para abordar y estudiar el arte rupestre.This paper describes new evidence of coastal rock paintings, recorded during surveys conducted at the mouth of the Loa River (An-tofagasta Region, Chile). The spatial characterization of the sites, the at-tributes of the supports, panels and paintings are presented. It is propo-sed that these new evidences are positioned as a further antecedent to discuss the particular visual expressions of the populations that inhabi-ted the arid coast of Chile prior to Spanish contact. Based on the case stu-dy, other lines of action to approach and study rock art are proposed
Gobernanza ambiental. Reflexiones y debates desde La Araucanía
Get PDFLa gobernanza ambiental tiene como propósito que los actores públicos, privados y organizaciones de la sociedad civil acuerden formas sustentables de relacionarse con la naturaleza
y sus recursos naturales críticos que deben ser resueltos para avanzar en esta materia. Los autores y autoras de este libro reflexionan sobre este tema desde La Araucanía, un espacio que históricamente ha sido objeto de grandes transformaciones que han afectado de manera profunda su naturaleza y cultura
Políticos contra los partidos. Experiencias antipartidos en Chile 1989-2017
Get PDFEste artículo analiza experiencias antipartidos que emergieron en Chile entre 1989-2017. Se propone una tipología para reconocer las formas y manifesta-ciones antipartidos que han surgido al interior del sistema político, en especial las adoptadas por partidos “tradicionales” y por quienes irrumpen por primera vez en la escena política. Se advierte que el fenómeno antipartidos puede ser adoptado tanto en organizaciones y liderazgos de izquierda como de derecha. Desde la iz-quierda la estrategia antipartido se utiliza para desplazar a los partidos que no han logrado impulsar transformaciones políticas y económicas profundas. En cambio, desde la derecha ha sido empleado como mecanismo de defensa del statu quo y que permite evitar transformaciones a la institucionalidad política vigente.This article analyzes anti-party experiences that emerged in Chile between 1989 and 2017. The text proposes a typology to recognize the anti-party forms and manifestations that have arisen within the political system, especially those adopted by traditional parties and by those who have burst onto the political scene for first time. It is noted that the anti-party pheno-menon can be adopted by organizations and leaderships situated both on the left and the right of the political spectrum. On the left, the anti-party strategy is used to displace parties that have failed to promote deep political and eco-nomic transformations. On the other hand, on the right it has been used as a mechanism for defense of the status quo, acting to prevent changes to existing political institutions
Descripción morfológica y diferenciación de dos estados de desarrollo de la larva de Oxelytrum lineatocolle (Laporte 1840) (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Get PDFSe describen morfológicamente dos distintos estados de desarrollo de la larva de Oxelytrum lineatocolle y se reporta por primera vez en cadáveres humanos. Se sugiere que la relación de la longitud de los segmentos de los urogonfios permite identificar estados de desarrollo larval. Además, se describen cuatro caracteres de las "larvas maduras" del género Oxelytrum que permiten diferenciar tres especies presentes en el Neotrópico. La utilidad forense de ésta y otras larvas de coleópteros necrobiontes depende de una correcta identificación, a nivel específico y de estados de desarrollo.Two different instars of Oxelytrum lineatocolle larva are morphologically described and for the first time reported found in corpses. We suggest using the relationship between length segments of urogomphs to identify instars. In addition, four characters of mature larvae of genre Oxelytrum are described, allowing three species to be differentiated in Neotropical region.The forensic utility of these or other carrion beetle larvae depends on correct identification of species and instars
Characterization and Analysis of Municipal Absenteeism in Chile
No full textUsing data from 134 Chilean municipalities for the period 2016-2018, we analyze the degree of absenteeism at the local level. Building on the extant literature, we identify several key predictors of absenteeism in the public sector, which we put to the test using count analysis (negative binomial regression). Our findings show that public programs that seek to improve municipal management, as well as larger share of women as part of the workforce, reduce the levels of absenteeism. Surprisingly, we did not find statistical evidence regarding the impact of the municipality's financial solvency, public servants' degree of professionaliza-tion, the mayor's gender, or whether it is an election year on the level of absenteeism
Arduino Soft Sensor for Monitoring Schizochytrium sp. Fermentation, a Proof of Concept for the Industrial Application of Genome-Scale Metabolic Models in the Context of Pharma 4.0
No full textSchizochytrium sp. is a microorganism cultured for producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Genome-scale metabolic modeling (GEM) is a promising technique for describing genprotein-reactions in cells, but with still limited industrial application due to its complexity and high computation requirements. In this work, we simplified GEM results regarding the relationship between the specific oxygen uptake rate (-r(O2)), the specific growth rate (mu), and the rate of lipid synthesis (r(L)) using an evolutionary algorithm for developing a model that can be used by a soft sensor for fermentation monitoring. The soft sensor estimated the concentration of active biomass (X), glutamate (N), lipids (L), and DHA in a Schizochytrium sp. fermentation using the dissolved oxygen tension (DO) and the oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) as online input variables. The soft sensor model described the biomass concentration response of four reported experiments characterized by different k(L)a values. The average range normalized root-mean-square error for X, N, L, and DHA were equal to 1.1, 1.3, 1.1, and 3.2%, respectively, suggesting an acceptable generalization capacity. The feasibility of implementing the soft sensor over a low-cost electronic board was successfully tested using an Arduino UNO, showing a novel path for applying GEM-based soft sensors in the context of Pharma 4.0
Cognitive impairment with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among community-dwelling older adults in Chile: Prevalence, risk factors and cognitive characteristics
No full textIntroductionThe aim of this study is to determine prevalence and risk factors of Cognitive Impairment (CI) and its association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in subjects aged 65 years and above. Additionally, we attempt to provide a cognitive profile for T2DM group. MethodologyA cross-sectional analytical study to assess CI was carried out. We evaluated a sample of community-dwelling residents from Chile. All participants underwent a general interview, lifestyle questionnaires and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate risk of CI with T2DM and influencing factors. Results between groups in the different domains of the neuropsychological assessment were compared by Student's t-tests and MANOVA. ResultsAmong all 358 subjects, overall T2DM prevalence were 17.3%. The prevalence of CI was higher in T2DM group compared to the healthy participants (30.7%, p < 0.001). The risk of CI was 2.8 times higher in older people with T2DM compared to older people without the diagnosis. Multiple regression analysis, adjusted for age and gender, demonstrated that age, education, presence of dyslipidemia, and T2DM duration were the predictor variables significantly associated with CI. T2DM group performed worse on global cognitive performance, attention, language, verbal memory, visual memory, visual constructional ability, and executive function. After adjusting for significant covariates from multiple regression analysis, a relationship between 'cognition' and T2DM is still observed. Amnesic multi-domain impairment was the specific cognitive identified pattern for T2DM group. ConclusionThe present study confirms the high prevalence of CI with T2DM among Chilean older adults in a community-based population. T2DM is significantly associated with a higher risk of CI, and age, education, presence of dyslipidemia, and duration of T2DM are risk factors. T2DM patients with CI are impaired in multiple cognitive domains, even after adjusting covariables, resulting in an amnesic multi-domain cognitive profile
Electric Vehicles and the Use of Demand Projection Models: A Systematic Mapping of Studies
No full textIn today's world, electric vehicles have become a real solution to the problem of pollution caused by petrol and diesel-powered vehicles. However, incorporating them successfully into the global vehicle park poses new challenges. Some of these challenges have to do with meeting the electricity demand, providing the physical installations for charging, and the size and capacity of the electric grid required to deliver the necessary supply. Solving these new problems requires determining or projecting the electrical and/or physical requirements involved, but there is no single model or methodology to do this, nor any single document which summarizes the existing information. To address this situation, this work presents the result of a systematic mapping study that seeks to provide organized information about the (mathematical) models for the demand arising from electric vehicles, as well as to answer a series of questions posed for this research. The results obtained show that there is a wide variety of models used to determine demand requirements -of either physical or electrical elements- in which mathematical modelling and operations research tools are normally used. Other results indicate that demand models are mainly focused on the electrical requirements rather than on physical ones, and that, in most cases, the type of vehicle for which the demand is studied is not mentioned
Vivir en la costa : El sitio Cueva La Capilla 1 en el contexto de transición Arcaico-Formativo en el extremo norte de Chile
Get PDFEl sitio Cueva La Capilla 1 es un contexto clave para entender los procesos de cambio social que vivieron las comunidades cazadoras, recolecto-ras y pescadoras costeras hacia fines del período Arcaico en la costa exorreica del extremo norte de Chile, Desierto de Atacama. Presentamos el análisis de múltiples evidencias provenientes de excavaciones realizadas a principios de la década 2010 asociadas justamente al lapso temporal de la transición Arcaico-Formativo. A partir de la presencia de materiales relacionados con distintos ámbitos de la vida social de estos grupos, como son la alimentación, tecnología y funebria, discutimos el tipo de actividades desarrolladas en su interior. El origen de los recursos asociados a cada ámbito permite profun-dizar aspectos vinculados con la movilidad de sus ocupantes e interacción con otras comunidades. En síntesis, con toda la nueva información disponible, incluyendo nuevas dataciones, ampliamos el conjunto de actividades identificadas previamente en el sitio, junto con ahondar en la relevancia de la costa y litoral para las poblaciones locales en el lapso conocido como de transición del Arcaico al Formativo en cuanto a su movilidad y/o redes de interacción con otras poblaciones asentadas en ambientes interiores de la región.The Capilla 1 cave is a key context to understanding the social dy-namics of the coastal hunter-gatherer-fishers of the Late Archaic Period on the exoreic northernmost coast of Chile, Atacama Desert. We present the analysis of multiple lines of data associated to the so-called “Archaic-Formative tran-sition” recovering from excavations carried out in the early 2010s. La Capi-lla 1’s material culture - which represents different social dimensions of these coastal communities related to food, technology and mortuary practices, are employed to interrogate the different activities that were carried out in the site. Furthermore, identifying the areas of procurement of diverse ranges of resou-rces enables us to indicate the networks of mobility and social interactions. In summary, by considering a new set of data and chronology, we broaden the set of activities previously identified on the site emphasizing the relevance of coas-tal and littoral environments had to the local coastal communities during the transition to the Formative Period in terms of their mobility and/or interaction networks with other populations settled in interior environments of the region